Health Service in Russia. Medical Insurance.

Health service in Russia is both preventive and curative. It is available to the whole population.
There are several types of medical institutions: polyclinics, hospitals and dispensaries. Most of them are state-controlled institutions.
Medical insurance is a form of social health protection in case of disability and illness. An insured person pay regular premium to the insurance company.There are 4 approaches to pay:
-out of pocket payments
-faxation
-social insurance
-private insurance
Medical insurance in Russia is provided in 2 ways: compulsory and volontary. Compulsory medical isurance covers all the population of Russia. Volontary medical insurance provides supplemental medical servises.
Citizens of Russia have the right to free choice of insuarening company, madical institution and doctors

 

 

National Health service in USA

There are 3 levels of health care in the USA:
-family doctor
-medical institution or hospital
-US Public Health Service
A private doctor gives his patients regular examination and vaccination. He recieves pay directly from the patients. Most phisicians have private practice.
Many americans have doctor and they come directly to the hospital for their medical needs.
There are goverment-financed and privated hospitals in the USA.
The cost of medical care in the USA is very high. Most of the population have private health insurance. There are 2 federal programms in the USA:
-Medicaid (poor)
-Medicare (old)
The main scientific problems, facing American medicine, are: cardio-vascular, oncological deseases, drug addition and age problems.

At the doctor.

When a person falls ill, he goes to the local policlinic or calls in a doctor. The doctor asked the patient about his complains, examines him. Makes up the diagnosis and administers treatment.
There are 4 main methods of medical examination:
-history taken
-physical examination (includes visual examination, palpation and so on)
-instrumental studies (X-ray, electrocardiography, bronchoscopy)
-laboratory studies (analyses of blood, urine, gastric juice)
Simptoms are the main signs of clinical manifectation of the deseases. Symptoms may be objective (f.e. hemmorage, vomiting, edema and so on) and subjective (pain, headache, nausea, loss of appetite)

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War.

Doctors Without Borders.

 

It’s already known that a nuclear war will be the human and environmental disaster. It would immediately become global, total and final. After it almost all medical service, staff and facilities would be destroyed.

For these reasons, professional and human duty of physicians and health organizations is to prevent the nuclear war and the nuclear arms race.

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) is a global physician’s organization. It was founded in 1980. The initiators of this movement are Academician Euvgeny Chazov (Russia) and Professor Bernard Lown (USA). The contributors are Professor John Boag (Britain), Doctor Naomi Shono (Japan) and others.

The aim of this organization is to bring together physicians and apply their medical knowledge to the cause of preventing the nuclear war and controlling the nuclear arms race. Participants of the IPPNW Congresses focused on the physiological, psychological and biological effects of nuclear war. In 1985 this organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the movement’s activities.

Another organization has become more significant nowadays. It is Doctors Without Borders, a private, nonprofit, international organization. It aims to provide medical relief to populations in crisis. Doctors Without Borders was founded in 1971 by a group of physicians. It offers emergency assistance wherever wars and man-made disasters occur. The organization operates independently of all political, economic, or religious influences. It depends on volunteer health professionals. Doctors Without Borders volunteers worked in Yugoslavia during the war, after earthquake in Armenia and during epidemic in African countries. In 1999 Doctors Without Borders was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its humane activities.