Republicans and the Democrats

 

8. Most of the population of the mainland USA lives …

On the east and west coasts

 

9. The Beaver State is a nick name for …

Oregon

 

10. The state named after Queen Elizabeth I is …

Virginia

 

11. The most recent state to join the USA was …

Hawaii

 

12. In the USA the executive branch is headed by the …

President

 

13. As the Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations the USA is often called the …

«melting pot»

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 23 Тема: Канада

1. Lady of the Snows is another name for …

Vancouver

2. Canada’s two national sports are …

Lacrosse and ice hockey

 

3. Canada’s official national sport in summer is …

Lacrosse

 

4. Canada is one of the world’s leading ________ producers and exporters.

Wheat

 

5. The slogan associated with Canada's constitution is …

Peace, order and good government

 

6. The largest city in Canada is …

Toronto

 

 

7. The maple leaf, a Canadian symbol, appears on the …

Penny

 

8. Canadians measure things in …

Meters

 

9. The tallest and longest living tree in Canada is …

Douglas Fir

 

10. There are ________ provinces and territories in Canada.

Thirteen

 

 

11. One of Canada’s prominent national symbols is the …

Beaver

 

12. The Queen’s representative, the ________, carries out most of the royal duties in Canada.

Governor General of Canada

 

13. Canadians honour those who served in wartime on …

Remembrance Day

 

 

14. Canada gained its independence from Britain in …

ЗАДАНИЕ N 24 Тема: Выдающиеся личности англо-говорящих стран

1. An English musician one of the founding members of The Beatles is …

John Lennon

 

2. A Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics is …

Adam Smith

 

3. A famous American humorist and author of popular and outstanding autobiographical works, travel books and novels, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is …

Mark Twain

 

4. The greatest playwright and poet of all times whose works are still being staged is …

William Shakespeare

 

5. The Prime Minister who used to say to the Cabinet of Ministers: «When I want your opinion, I`ll give it to you!» is …

Margaret Thatcher

 

6. The most prolific of all inventors in history, who patented 1,093 different inventions in the USA including the incandescent electric lamp, the motion-picture projector and the phonograph is …

Thomas Edison

 

7. An American film producer, director and animator who made the first full-length animated musical cartoon is …

Walt Disney

 

8. The present Prime Minister of the UK is …

David Cameron

 

 

9. A handsome English actor who has made his career playing romantic roles (starring in «Bridget Jones’s Diary») opposite many divine leading ladies is …

Hugh Grant

 

10. A famous American writer of wit short stories with clever twist endings is …

O. Henry

 

11. A Scottish biologist and pharmacologist whose best-known achievement is the discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928 is …

Alexander Fleming

 

12. An American civil rights leader who fought through nonviolent action is …

Martin Luther King

 

Далее вопросы с 25 по 28!

Electricity
1. Electricity is a flow of negative charges called electrons. These electric charges are measured in units called coulombs. Electricity is a very versatile form of energy that can be converted into many other forms of energy, including light and heat, direct current (DC), which flows in one direction only, and alternating current (AC), which changes direction 60 times per second.
2. An electric circuit is an unbroken conducting path from, and back to, a power supply. It has three main parts: the power supply, the conductor, and the load. The power is provided by a generator or battery, the conductor carries the current, and the load is an electric device such as a lamp.
3. Unlike current electricity, static electricity does not flow. It is created when an electrically neutral substance loses or gains electrons, making it, respectively, positively or negatively charged. You can create static electricity by rubbing a balloon on your clothing. Electrons will move from the clothing to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and the clothing positively charged. The resulting static electricity on each will attract small, light objects such as pieces of paper.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

Electricity can be changed into various energy forms.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
The kind of electricity which can be created at friction is called …

staticelectricity

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27
What device is designated for the continuous flow of electric current?

Electrical circuit allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

Electricity is a very changeable energy form being presented by different kinds.

 

 

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

Technology
1. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.
2. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

 

3. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions.
ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

Some technological products can be dangerous for people.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
Peopletreattechnologiesdifferently …

because they can be created for various purposes

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27
Why is the development of technology vitally important for people?

Technology provides people with the ability to control and adapt to their natural environments.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

Technology promotes people’s development in different spheres but its possible outcomes should be carefully examined before its wide application.

 

 

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

Electromagnetism
1. Electricity and magnetism combine to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism. The two constantly interact, and the relationship between them is one of the most important in physics. For example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field; and if the lines of force around a magnet are cut by a passing object, an electric current will be produced.
2. Magnets are attracted to iron and to any material that contains iron. Magnets have two poles, a north pole and a south pole. Unmagnetized iron and steel have magnetic regions of atoms called domains that are jumbled up and point in lots of different directions. When iron or steel becomes magnetized, the domains become aligned and they all point in the same direction. One end of each domain points toward the magnetic north pole.
3. Electronics is a new branch of physics, and one that plays an increasingly important part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that carry information and control devices such as computers. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current flows. The controlling parts in a circuit are called components, and these include diodes and transistors. Components can amplify currents, switch them on and off, or change their

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

The controlling parts in a circuit can strengthen currents, turn them on and out, or change their direction.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26

The interrelations of electricity and magnetism …

are the most significant in physics

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27
Why is the study of electricity of paramount importance in electronics?

Electricity is used to produce signals that carry information and control electronic devices.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

Electromagnetism is one of the essential forces of the universe finding an increasingly wide application nowadays.

 

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

Solid
1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.
2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

A solid’s properties are quite different from those of a gas or a liquid due to its structure and the ability to resist.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
A solid has a constant form …

as the atoms in it are tightly bound to each other

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27
Why do there exist different types of solids?

This is due to the type of a chemical bond a certain solid possesses.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

A solid has its own distinctive characteristics which are studied by different branches of sciences.

 

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

Light
1. The form of energy that illuminates our world is called light. It usually comes from hot objects, like the sun or fire, but it is also produced by electricity and some chemical reactions. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (which includes microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays) that is invisible to the human eye. It travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, and nothing can travel faster. Like other forms of energy, light travels in waves, but it can also travel in packets of energy called quanta. This enables it to travel through a vacuum.
2. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays: the incoming ray and the reflected ray which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.
3. Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travel in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

In the form of quanta light rays can travel through a vacuum.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
Unlike all other kinds of electromagnetic radiation light …

is able to be seen

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27

What quality do all energy forms travelling in ways hold?

They possess the property of refraction.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

Light possesses both its own distinctive characteristics and properties belonging to many other energy forms.

 

 

Началоформы

Конецформы

 

 

Началоформы

Конецформы

 

How Batteries Work
1. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.
2. Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces the electrons. The speed of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's internal resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals. Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a battery can be stored on a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power. Once you connect a wire, the reaction starts.
3. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

The conversion of chemical energy into electrical makes batteries the source of power.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
Batteries’ long life is provided by…

the peculiarity of chemical reaction taking place inside them

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27

Why do people use batteries?

People use batteries due to their convenience and significance of application.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

Battery has become a common power source due to peculiarity of its energy generation as well as simplicity and significance of its application.

 

Началоформы

Конецформы

 

Vacuum
1. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2. The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account.
3. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

Industry is not the only application sphere of vacuum technologies.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26

A great variety of vacuum technologies have become possible …

when incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes began to be applied in industry

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27

What are the contemporary spheres of vacuum application?

Vacuum is widely adopted nowadays in the domain of human spaceflight.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

The capacities of vacuum enable its use for industrial as well as medical purposes.

 

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

Plasma Cutters
1. Modern industry depends on the manipulation of heavy metal and alloys. We need metals to build the tools and transportation necessary for day-to-day business. The reason is simple: metals are extremely strong and durable, so they're the logical choice for most things that need to be especially big, especially sturdy, or both.
2. The funny thing is that metal's strength is also a weakness: because metal is so good at resisting damage, it's very difficult to manipulate and form into specialized pieces. People can precisely cut and manipulate the metals using the plasma cutter. The plasma cutter is actually a common tool that has been around since World War II.
3. Plasma cutters are not the only devices to harness the power of plasma. Neon signs, fluorescent lighting and plasma displays, just to name a few, all rely on it to get the job done. These devices use "cool" plasma. Though cool plasma cannot be used to cut metals, it has tons of other useful applications.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

The drawback of metal is in its difficulty to be manipulated and formed into specialized pieces.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
Modern industry relies on plasma cutters as …

they are the most effective devices in manipulating with metals and their alloys

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27 How is the effectiveness of plasma used in industry?

Plasma cutter is irreplaceable for manipulations with metals and “cool” plasma can be used for illumination.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

Modern industry relies on plasma as it has a lot of valuable applications.

 

 

Начало формы

Конец формы

 

Automation
1. Automation is the use of control systems in concern with other applications of information technology to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.
2. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.
3. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

Automation is not a universal substitute of human’s role in industrial processes.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
People need automation nowadays because …

it facilitates their daily life and work

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27

How does automation benefit to people?

Automation controls industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention.

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

In spite of playing a great role in industry, world economy and people’s daily activities, automation can’t entirely substitute people.

Делаем сами.

ЗАДАНИЕ № 31 Письмо / Оформление резюме, письма-заявления, письма

Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже отрывок. Offer Letter

Inquiry Letter

Letter of Complaint

 

Letter of Complaint

 

Letter of Complaint

 

Statement

 

Invitation Letter

 

Contract

 

InquiryLetter

 

OrderLetter

 

InquiryReplies

 

Advertisingletter

 

InvitationLetter