Training of primary and secondary school teachers in the USA 


Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!



ЗНАЕТЕ ЛИ ВЫ?

Training of primary and secondary school teachers in the USA



For decades, there have been two authorized routes in licensed training of teachers in the United States. The main is a four-year bachelor program embracing two years of general studies (the lower division of the undergraduate college) and two years (the upper division) of more specialized studies.

Requirements for education and certification of early childhood (kindergarten) and elementary (primary) teachers are regulated by state governments, which want multiple exams prior to entering teacher education and again following completion of teacher education but prior to certification.

The initial teaching qualification is the bachelor’s degree plus certification. Most states offer higher levels of certification based on experience and additional education, and many teachers at this level earn the master’s degree. Secondary school teachers are certified as competent in one or more academic or vocational subjects and spend their careers concentrating on these subjects, whereas elementary school teachers – especially for the lower grades – may be certified to teach the full primary course or may specialize, particularly if teaching the more differentiated upper elementary/middle school graders.

All states certify teachers according to subject specializations as well as grade levels/ranges. Specialized non-instructional personnel must also be certified in most states: these individuals include school administrators, school counselors, school health personnel (psychologists, nurses), school librarians and curriculum specialists.

The statements:

1. For decades, there have been three authorized routes in licensed training of teachers in the United States.

2. The main is a five-year programme embracing two years of general studies (the lower division of the undergraduate college) and three years (the upper division) of more specialized studies.

3. The initial teaching qualification is the bachelor’s degree plus certification.

4. Requirements for education and certification of early childhood (kindergarten) and elementary (primary) teachers are set by state governments.

5. Most states offer higher levels of certification based on experience and additional education and many teachers at this level earn the doctoral degree.

XIII. Find the information in the text to prove the following:

1. the main is a four-year programme;

2. the requirements for education and certification of early childhood and elementary teachers are regulated by state governments;

3. elementary school teachers may be certified to teach the full primary course;

4. secondary school teachers are certified as competent in one or more academic subjects.

XIV. Study the list of qualities a good school teacher should possess. Put them in order of importance (add your own ones if you wish):

A good school teacher:

a. has a lot of new ideas;

b. keeps in contact with parents of her or his pupils;

c. is able to maintain discipline and order;

d. works hard to be up-to-date in the subject;

e. encourages the children to learn happily;

f. sets high standards;

g. has a lot of patience and energy;

h. is friendly and helpful to the colleagues;

i. uses a lot of different materials, equipment and teaching methods to make the lessons interesting;

j. is kind;

k. openly admits her or his mistakes.

XV. Read the text and discuss the qualities pupils think necessary for a teacher to have. Make up a scheme of the qualities a teacher should possess:

Teachers should be understanding and patient, should listen to the pupils, give the pupils a chance to speak and share more activities with children. A teacher must establish links with parents, be punctual for lessons, recognize how important it is for a child to take the initiative in school work. And above all a teacher must be kind.

A teacher must praise pupils for good work because when a teacher praises a child, the pupil wants to carry on with it and does it better. A teacher must honestly know his work and his particular subject. A good teacher studies constantly and perfects his knowledge. He should be deeply interested in what he teaches. A teacher must love children and respect them.

 

kind strict just generous creative

 

 
 

A teacher should be

               
   
     
 
 

 

 


XVI. Render the following text in English:

Мастерство учителя

Современная педагогика утверждает, что хорошим учителем, мастером может стать любой учитель. Однако первым условием для этого является любовь к детям, желание отдать все силы, для того чтобы воспитать из детей достойных граждан нашей страны.

Равнодушный к детям учитель, безразличный к ним и не интересующийся их жизнью, никогда не будет пользоваться авторитетом у детей. Ученики поймут и оценят строгость, требовательность и даже суровость учителя, если они видят, что он глубоко и искренне заинтересован в воспитании учеников. А такая заинтересованность может быть лишь у учителя, который любит детей и свой предмет, работает, прежде всего, ради того, чтобы передать свои знания детям, привить любовь к науке, сформировать у них правильное мировоззрение.

В основе мастерства учителя лежит глубокое знание своего предмета и методики его преподавания. Только свободное знание предмета может пробудить у учеников интерес к знаниям, уважение к учителю и его требованиям. Для того чтобы хорошо знать свой предмет, нужно много и постоянно учиться, непрерывно пополнять свои знания. «Учитель, – говорил М.И. Калинин в выступлении перед учителями, – с одной стороны, отдает, а с другой стороны, как губка, впитывает в себя, берет все лучшее от народа, жизни, науки, и это лучшее снова отдает детям».

Хороший учитель – это вдумчивый, наблюдательный психолог, стремящийся как можно лучше узнать детей. Постоянное общение с детьми, не только во время урока, делает учителя более близким и доступным детям, вызывает доверие и уважение к нему.

Очень важно уметь определить взаимоотношения с учащимися, создать хорошую атмосферу в классе. А.С. Макаренко неоднократно подчеркивал, что общий тон общения должен быть радостным. Учителю необходимо, по словам А.С. Макаренко, уметь владеть собой и своим голосом.

В своей работе «Отношение, стиль, тон в коллективе» известный советский педагог писал, что при разговоре с ребятами учитель должен проявлять радость, он должен улыбаться. Однако, призывая учителя быть веселым и бодрым с учениками, Макаренко предостерегал их против излишней фамильярности, которая может привести лишь к подрыву авторитета учителя.

Учитель, как актер на сцене, находится все время в поле зрения зрителей-учеников. Многое зависит от того, как он сидит, стоит, говорит, улыбается. А.С. Макаренко считал, что этому можно и нужно учить, перенимая опыт учебных заведений, готовящих актеров.

XVII. Put the verbs in the text “My school teacher” in brackets into the correct tense forms and answer the questions after:

Now I am 30. Many years have passed since I finished my school. But, anyway, the school days (to recall) often by me. Again and again I (to carry) away to this bright and untroubled life. The school years were untroubled because we (to surround) with a lot of love, care and attention from our teachers.

My favourite teacher at school was the English teacher. She was a very pleasant woman who (to be deeply interested) in her subject. Many amusing tasks and exercises (to give) to us during the lessons that’s why English (to love) by everybody in our class. From time to time we (to bring) to different English conferences where we tried to show our good knowledge. Sometimes foreign guests, who (to invite) by the teacher, came to us and we had an excellent opportunity to master our language.

The teacher often told us that soon English (to use) everywhere, in each field of our life. And she was right. Now my work (to connect) with English: I am an interpreter. Since my school time many warm and thankful words (to address) to my teacher of English.

The questions:

1. Are all your lectures delivered in Russian?

2. Have you ever been told how to organize your work?

3. Education is paid great attention to in our country, isn’t it?

XVIII. Speak on one of the topics below (See Appendix 1):

1. Training elementary school teachers in the United States.

2. Training secondary school teachers in the USA.

3. Educational opportunities for school-leavers in America.

4. Children are always ready to learn, but they don’t like to be taught.

5. The best way to get along with children is to give them good cheer and amusement.

6. One of the secrets of the experienced teacher is to keep children’s intellectual curiosity through play.

XIX. Read the dialogues, translate it into Russian and be ready to act it out in pairs:

1. Mary: Ann, I have great news to tell you. I’ve made a very big decision.

Ann: Well, what is it?

Mary: I’m going to apply to a medical school.

Ann: But I thought you wanted to teach.

Mary: I’ve decided to give that up. Teaching jobs are being cut back now at many universities.

Ann: Yes, and I’ve read that a number of colleges have been closed.

Mary: I have a friend who finished his PhD in History last year. He has been looking for a teaching position for a year.

Ann: I think a PhD in Humanities isn’t worth very much these days.

Mary: No, it isn’t. And even if you find a teaching job, the salary is very low.

Ann: Yeah, college teachers should be paid more. But, Mary, it’s very difficult to get into medical school today.

Mary: Maybe you are right.

2. Teaching is an amusing job!

Jack: Hello, Barbara!

Barbara: Hello, Jack!

Jack: I know you’ve just graduated from the college, haven’t you?

Barbara: Yes, I have.

Jack: What are you going to do?

Barbara: I’m going to teach children.

Jack: Oh, but don’t you think you will get bored with the same routine year after year, teaching and teaching …

Barbara: Well, you are completely wrong. Teaching is terribly stimulating. Children like to play, investigate the world. They are full of energy and amusement. Try and find some other job in which you can play and entertain yourself.

Jack: Do you intend to play with them?

Barbara: Just to the point. Each lesson can be a game in which children are taught to discover something interesting and new for them. They are playful by nature that is why I’ll be involved in play too. And it’ll give me a real joy for all my working life.

Jack: Well, it sounds nice. Good luck in your future career.

XX. Make up your own dialogues in which you express your agreement or disagreement on one of the following points:

1. We need to value our teachers more. There is something to value in almost every teacher.

2. Schools often get the teachers they deserve. Teachers who are devalued become bad teachers.

3. Teaching is difficult.

4. To be a good teacher you must be genuinely interested in what you are doing.

5. Like teacher, like pupils.

6. A professional teacher is one who learns all the time from life, from colleagues and children.

7. Teaching as a professional activity requires special training.

8. An impact of a teacher on people’s lives.

9. Every person has the potential to be a teacher.

10. You know that very much depends on your first teacher.

11. The relations with the head and colleagues making teacher’s work easier.

12. It’s not an easy way to become a good teacher. What qualities make a good teacher?

13. The purpose of education is to prepare children for working life.

14. Should there be different schools for bright children and less intelligent ones?

15. Should homework be compulsory?

16. Should examinations be abolished?

17. Educational opportunities for school-leavers in Russia.

18. Teaching practice as one of the most valuable parts of the teacher’s education.

19. How are you going to widen your experience as a teacher?

XXI. Make up a dialogue (a polylogue) on one of the following topics:

1. Imagine that you are headmaster of a school. You have come to a teachers training college to meet a group of undergraduates wishing to find out as much as possible about their future work. What recommendations would you give them?

2. You are a participant of an international conference, which considers different problems of teaching. You are to make a report on the work of Russian teachers. You should be also ready to answer all kinds of questions.

XXII. Role-playing:

Imagine you are members of an international conference devoted to training of teachers in the USA and Russia. Discuss the problems of teacher training in these countries.

XXIII. Write a composition on one of two topics (not less than 20 sentences) (See Appendix 2):

1. My first teacher.

2. My best teacher.

3. Why I have chosen a teacher’s profession.

4. My intentions as to my teaching career.

5. Some traits of character which a perfect teacher must obtain.

6. Educational opportunities for the Russian school-leavers who have chosen teaching as their future job.

 

 



Поделиться:


Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2017-02-08; просмотров: 2884; Нарушение авторского права страницы; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!

infopedia.su Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав. Обратная связь - 18.234.139.149 (0.06 с.)