Exercise 3. Translate the following word and word-combinations. 


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Exercise 3. Translate the following word and word-combinations.



To be constructed of wood, to be commonplace, conventional springs, four-wheel bogie, 'skyscraper' cars, plastic domes, spectacular scenery, by means of, lighting, sleeping accommodations, onboard effects, brand image, smoking saloon, graceful designs, richly carved polished mahogany, image of opulence and luxury, underfloor heating, lighting from elaborate chandeliers, brocaded fabric seat upholstery, walnut interior finish, gilt-edged mirrors, inlaid mosaic tile flooring, the era of streamliners.

 

Text 1: HISTORICAL REVIEW

 

In the early days, coaches were constructed entirely of wood, including the frames. Ву 1900, steel frames were commonplace; then coaches were constructed entirely of steel and became very heavy. One American 85-foot (26 m) coach with two six-wheel bogies weighed more than 80 tons. New lightweight steel alloys and aluminium began to be used; in the 1950s the Budd company in America was building an 85-foot coach which weighed only 27 tons. The savings began with the bogies, which were built without conventional springs, bolsters and so on; with only two airsprings on each four-wheel bogie, the new design reduced the weight from 8 to 2,5 tons without loss оf strength or stability.

In the I880s, 'skyscraper' cars were two-storey wooden vans with windows used as travelling dormitories for railway workers in the USA. After World War II double-decker cars of а mоrе compact design were built, this time with plastic domes, so that passengers could enjoy the spectacular scenery on the Western lines, which pass through the Rocky Mountains.

Lighting on coaches was by means of oil lamps at first; then gas lights were used, and each coach carried а cylinder оf gas, which was dangerous in the event of accident or derailment. Finally dynamos on each car, driven by the axle, provided electricity, storage batteries being used for when the car was standing. Heating on coaches was provided in the early days by metal containers filled with hot water; then steam was piped from the locomotive, an extra drain of the engine's power; nowadays heat as well as light is provided electrically.

Sleeping accommodations were first made on the Cumberland Valley Railroad in the United States in 1837. George Pullman's first cars ran on the Chicago & Alton Railroad in 1859 and the Pullman Palace Car Company was formed in 1867. The first Pullman cars operated in Britain in 1874, а year after the introduction of sleeping cars by two Britishrailways. In Europe in 1876 the International Sleeping Car Company was formed, but in the meantime George Nagelmackers of Liege and an American, Col William D'Alton Маnn, began operation between Paris and Vienna in 1873.

 

Using fabrics and textiles to create onboard effects, almost always as a package along with panelling, glazing and ceiling features, is only slightly younger than train travel itself. They were used to create brand image, long before they were used in competition with other companies.

One of the most spectacular early examples of using interior features to create a brand image concerns the Eastern Countries Railway (ECR) between London and Colchester, Cambridge and Newmarket. By 1845, George Hudson had added this line to his empire and the following year a smoking saloon was ready for use by the first class passengers. The vehicle’s introduction was widely reported in the press:

“The internal decorations are of the most recherché description. The seats extend the full length of the side, and are handsomely covered with Morocco leather… The sides are lighted by eight plate-glass windows of unusual size, while the ends are fitted up with four plates of looking glass. Its drapery is composed of bright crimson silk framed in very graceful designs. The roof presents an exceedingly chaste appearance. The groundwork is painted white, the mouldings being gilt. The general furniture is of richly carved polished mahogany… They will be attached to all the fast trains to and from Cambridge.”

A similar use of fabrics and other materials to create a brand image of opulence and luxury marked the US work of George Pullman. His famous Pioneer of 1864-1865 involved underfloor heating, lighting from elaborate chandeliers, rich red floor carpet, brocaded fabric seat upholstery, a polished black walnut interior finish, gilt-edged mirrors, and marble washstands in the lavatories.

The other example is Great Central’s London extension (1899). First-class compartments and diners in the trains on this line were paneled and finished in figured mahogany, relieved with gold, and third-class in polished teak, plus light and brown oak for the diners. Both classes had separate ladies’ and gentlemen’s lavatories, with inlaid mosaic tile flooring. All other areas were floored in cork, with rugs in the first class compartments.

The “Flying Scotsman” (1928) had a Louis XIV-style first class restaurant car, a hairdressing saloon, and a ladies’ retiring room. There were millions of examples in the history of great designs but we choose only the most extraordinary and the most significant of them.

 

 

Then, the era of streamliners broke out. Companies began to invent and create modern, refined projects to attract more clients. The fierce competition and even a brand war in terms of interior between companies producing passenger cars have begun. It is clear that textiles and fabrics throughout most of the train’s 150-plus-year history have consistently played a major part in the defining the passenger experience being offered.

 

 



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