Major English-speaking countries

13.02.12.

80 баллов из 100 для зачета автоматом.

Максимально за все семинары – 49 баллов.

Проектная работа – 15 баллов.

Реалия – от латинского – вещественный, действенный. Реалии (Realis) – названия, присущих только определенным нациям и народам предметов материальной или духовной культуры, фактов истории и т.д.

В ходе курса формируется лингво-социокультурная компетенция.

 

English is a native language of hundred people. It is used as official language of Great Britain, USA and lingvo-franca (язык используемый людьми из разных стран). It`s a means of communication in a malty language. Parts of the world – English is spoken through out the North America, other British Isles, in South Africa, Australia and New Zeeland.

Chinese (китайский) is a language used by the greatest number of the native speakers. But English is far more widespread. Why is English so widespread?

There are some historical reasons for that: English spread all over the world in the time British empire (империя). When Britain got a lot of colonies in different parts of the world, but in 20^th century the British empire collapsed (рухнула). And most British colonies became independent (1950-60^th). And English remained (остался) an official language in many of this countries. And now is tough as a second language at schools. As the result English is spoken as one of the official languages in 79 countries in a world.

An English-speaking country is a country where English is the official language or one of the official languages.

 

English is also an international language of trade (торговля).

English is one of the 5 languages used in the United Nations Origination (ООН).

English is widespread thanks’ to the Common Wealth of Nations (Британское содружество наций). It`s unites 53 independent nations. the Common Wealth developed from the British empire. It was set up at 1931. It was established (основано) in order to incurred (поощрять) trade and friendly relations among it`s members. the Common Wealth. also joined cultural activities and Games which are held every 4 years.

The British queen Elizabeth the Second is the head of the Common Wealth.

 

На семинар: 1) найти информацию about the Common Wealth.

2) Назвать области, в которых the U.K. лидирует в мире.

3) Географическое положение Британских островов. Можно презентацию.

Population

How the nation was formed.

The British nation was formed of the different peoples. The first people settled in Britain in pre-historic-times, when Britain was joined to the continent. They were called the Iberians. They came to Britain from the Iberian Peninsula (полуостров), the area of Spain and Portugal between 3000-2000 p.c. They are supposed to have build stone structures called cromlechs (каменные сооружения), the most famous – the Stonehenge in the southern England.

In different periods of it`s history the country was occupied by different invaders (захватчики).

In the period between the 6-4 century’s b.c. (the Celts came from the central Europe and settled in Britain.

In the middle of the first century B.C. the Romans invaded Britain and in the fifth century the Germanic tribes (the Jutes, the Saxons and the Angles) came.

The Anglo-Saxons gave the name to the country.

Later Britain was attacked by the Norseman (древние скандинавы) and by the Normans, and by the Vikings at 850 a.d.

The Normans at 1066 were landed by the Duke (герцог) of Normandy, who went on to the history like the William the Conqueror in the battle of Hastings. Thus (таким образом) the British nation was formed of all these peoples. All the invaders have influenced the formation of the English language.

Traditionally Britain gave a lot of immigrants to the rest of the world. In the period between 1836-1936 about 11 million people left the U.K. That was a movement of the ruined peasants and the unemployed (разорившихся крестьян и безработных).

The people hoped to find new opportunities on new territories. They went mainly to North America. Then came to Australia, New Zeeland, South Africa and Asia. They settled there, spreading the economic, political and cultural influence of Great Britain as well as the English language which became the official language of many countries. Mass immigration from the U.K. stopped during and after the First World War. In the 1960^th many immigrants came to Great Britain and settled permanently in the country, especially from the West India, Asia and Africa. Today there are also groups of Americans, Australian, Chinese and various European communities living in the U.K. Therefore British society has become more multiracial (мультирасовое) in recent years.

Lecture 5.

What the English of themselves. They consider their important values are: tolerant, decency, moderation, consensus, fair play, a genius for compromise. A typical English man is a bowler head and reading the Times news paper. A typical English man should look like John Bull and be crazy about dogs. John Bull is a imaginable typically English man, a nickname of an English. He is a fat man with a red face wearing a top-head a waste coat and high boots. He often has a bulldog, suggesting that he is like this dog in having brave, fears and independent character. But he is simple, honest, straight forward and he is easy to trick, but he has common sense, and this common sense shows him the right way out of any situations. On the whole the English opinion about themselves is the following: on the one hand there is self irony, light dig at oneself, and on the other hand they are hidden, deep, respect for oneself. British conservatism is quietly known they cling to the old traditions and ceremonies. They love and respect the monarchy. The British are low abiding. Snobbery is not so common now, then earlier, but it still takes place. The British love hierarchy. British people are sport lovers. Popular national games are: golf, cricket, football, rugby. Upper class pass time is foxhunting, rowing, horseracing. The English like gambling, may can stakes. The English are the world’s greatest tea drinkers. The English are also known to be practical and realistic, but they are polite.

The Scots. The Scots are known to be: dour, implacable, pawky, courageous, they also have a reputation of being the stingiest people of Earth. Family relations are very important to the Scots, because every Scots men belongs to a clan a big family group. Tartan is symbol of clan.

The Welsh. As far as Wales is concerned it is the part of the UK where national spirit, national pride are the strongest. The Welsh cling to their traditions, customs, their language and there own way of life. They have a highly developed artistic sense, they love music, poetry and drama. The Welsh are known in the UK for there singing. They like do it together.

The Irish. They have a reputation of being optimistic, reckless, “leg – pulling”, ironical about themselves. The Irish are very nationalistic and even now they tend to separate from GB. IRA rebel against the British.

State system.

The UK is a constitutional monarchy, which means that a monarch (a king or a queen) is the head of State. The British State system is complex and unique. Practically speaking there is no written constitution in The UK. The tree Branches of power: legislative branch is represented by Parliament, the executive branch is represented be prime minister, the Cabinet and the Government. The Judicial Branch is represented by the Supreme Court of Judicature including the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal. The Monarch is the head of each Branch, but the power of the Monarch is not absolute, it’s great limited by Parliament. So often the system is called King in parliament or Queen in parliament. The Monarchy is the most institution in The UK. It goes back at least to the 9 century. The now reigning monarch is Queen Elizabeth II. Queen Elizabeth the II is the 40 monarch since 1066. She is the oldest and the longest reigning monarch in the 20 century. Monarchy is founded on the hereditary principle, which is strictly observed, but the rules of succession have been changed. Previously, the succession passed automatically to the eldest mail child or on the absence of males to the eldest female of spring of the ruling monarch. Quite recently the rules have been changed. Now the succession passes to the eldest child of a royal family be it a man or a woman. The British low provides that the Monarch must be a protestant.

The Queen’s title in the UK is: “Elizabeth the II by Grace of Guard of the UK of Great Britain Northern Ireland and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the common Wealth defender of faith”.

The functions of the Monarch:

1. The head of State

2. A part of the legislature

3. The head of the executive branch

4. The head of the judicial branch

5. The commander – in – chief of the armed forces of the crown

The temporal governor of the established church of England. The Queen acts on the advice of her Government (ministers) which she can’t ignore and the monarch takes small part in decision making. That is why it is often said, that the monarch reigns, but does not rule and never the less the monarch’s functions are very important.

The powers of the Monarch.

The monarch acts in international affairs where she has the power to conclude treaties, to declare War or make Peace, to recognize foreign Government and States. The Queen is the head of the Common Wealth, which is an interstate association of the former members of the British Empire. The Common Wealth was founded in 1949. It comprises 53 countries governed two one or another extent by the UK. 17 of them recognize the British Queen as there head of State. They are: Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The citizens of the common wealth countries have also citizen sheep. The second power: as the head of the legislature the Queen summons, prorogues and dissolves the Parliament. Gives royal accent to a legislation passed by Parliament. The third: as the head of the executive she appoints or dismisses all the ministers, judgers, governors and members of diplomatic corps. The fourth: as the head of the judicatory the Queen can on the advice pardon convicted criminals. The fifth: as the commander- in- chief she appoints cilia officers. The sixth: as a temporal head of the Anglican church, she appoints. The royal family is the main aristocratic house in the country, it is the biggest land owner of the UK.

H/T. (for Прибылова) Report about Queen Elizabeth II, the symbols of the royal family. (for Арламенкова) history of British monarchy, catholicons and protestants.

 

14.05.12.

The British Parliament

Parliament reflects the legislative brunch (законодательная власть). Like the Monarchy Parliament is an ancient institution in the U.K. It`s dates from the beginning of the 13^th century. There was «short» and «long» parliament in British history. The «short» parliament lasted 2 weeks, the long – 19 years. But since 1911 every parliament is limited to 5 year term of work.

The functions (функции) of Parliament:

- To make lows.

- To enforce lows. (следить за исполнением законов)

- To collect taxies. (собирать налоги)

- To debate in important politic issues.

The British parliament is bicameral (двухпалатный). It`s composed of 2 houses or 2 chambers – The House of Lords (the upper chamber) and the House of Commons (the low chamber).

The building of The British parliament is known as the Palace of Westminster.

The House of Commons

The House of Commons is an elected chamber with a nationwide representation. There are currently 649 elected members known as MP (член парламента). Thou the House of Commons is a low chamber of parliament, it plays the major role in low making. It`s a center of real politic power and activity. Most of it`s members are professional politicians, lowers and economists.

The majority of the House of Commons is made up of the party that has won the general election (партия, выигравшая выборы). The party with the next largest number of seats in the House of Commons forms the official opposition. The leader of opposition is an official post. The presenting officer in the House of Common is the Speaker (спикер) and he is it`s chairman. The Speaker is an important figure in parliament. When there is a debate, the order of Speaker..

It`s the Speaker who selects MP to speak. And MP have to catch the Speaker`s eyes when they want to speak. The tradition of «catching the Speakers eye» gives him great power.

The MP are paid salaries. The House of Commons has seats only for 370 members. The presents of all members is not necessary, except on matters of great interests and importance. The House meets 5 days a week at 2. P.m.

The House of Lords.

The House of Lords is the upper chamber in the British parliament, but the less powerful part of it. It`s the oldest part of parliament. Nowadays real political power rests (в руках) with the lower chamber of parliament, although the members of the House of Lords may occupier important cabinet posts. Now the House of Lords is a partly hereditary upper chamber.

It comprises – 26 Lords Spiritual (высшее духовенство), 2 of them are archbishops of Canterbury and York. The archbishop (архиепископ) of Canterbury is the Spiritual head of the Church of England. The other 24 are Senior Bishops of the Church of England.

The other Lords are called Lord Temporal. The second part 92 hereditably peers. They have the right to seat the parliament during their life-time and to transit the right to their elder sans. The title is inhabited by their children.

Third part is over 500 life peers. They are man and woman who were given a title as a reward for important public serves. One forth of life peers are women. The term life-peers means that their children do not inhered the title. Half of the life-peers are former MP, the rest the outstanding writers, deployments, bunkers, trade union leaders.

The 4^d part about 30 Low Lords, who seat there as the Highest cord of a peer. By custom the Royal Dukes do not attend the seating’s of the House. Many members turn up very rarely. They are called back-wood`s-man.

The Monarch belongs to the House of Lords. So there is a thorn is the Lord`s chamber. From there the Queen makes her opening speech at the beginning of each parliament session.

From the middle ages until 2006 the persisting officer in the House of Lords was the Lord Chancellor. He seats on a wool sack which is tradition introduced at the early 14^th century by Edward the Third as the symbol of prosperity since wool was the main item of the British export. The wool sack is a large square sack packed with the wool from the 4 parts of the U.K. and covered with the red cloth.

21.05.12.

In 2006 the first of Lord Speaker was created. The Lord Speaker has little power compared to the Speaker of the House of Commons. He can`t determine which members may speak, he can`t discipline (принимать меры) members for violating the rules (нарушать правила). These majors may be taken only by the House itself. The power of the House of Lords has been reduced (сокращать) over the time. Since 1911 the Lords have had no control over financial matters and since 1949 they were can`t refuse to take the bill (принять закон), thou they may suggest an amendments (поправки). Previously the Lords had the power of absolute veto over any legislation passed by the House of Commons. Nowadays the lords can only delay a bill for a year (отложить принятие закона). During a year the political situation may change and the uneasy bill may be amended greatly or even forgotten. This is still a great privilege of the Lords.

Traditionally the Lords hadn`t been receiving salaries for their parliamentary work. And not long ago the situation change and a special money compensation; was allotted to them to get them interested in attending sessions. They are paid up to 40 pounds for each. The House of Lords has always been very conservative (консервативны).

Ironical nick-names of the House of Lords – the best of London, the gilded chamber, the house of abstraction (препятствие), a hank over (похмелье) from the past years.

 

From time to time a discussion is remind in the UK of or wither or not it`s advisable to have undemocratic constitution as the House of Lords. And in 1999 there was a reform of the House of Lords were they tried to abolish (отменить) the right of hereditably peers to seat in the House of Lords.

28.05.12.

The last general election was held in the U.K. on the 6^th of May 2010 to elect members to the House of Commons. The election took place in 649 constituencies across the U.K. under the first-past-the post system. The Conservative party under David Cameron won the largest number of votes and seats.

Parties

Political parties first emerged in the U.K. in the late 17^th century. The oldest are the Conservative party. It`s nickname is Tory-Party (from 1867) and the Liberal party (also called Whigs).

Until the end of the 19^th century these 2 parties were the only ones elected to the House of Commons. But nowadays the situation is different. The two major political parties dominating British Political scene are the rivals (соперники) and they change each other.

The Conservative party is on the political right and the Liberals is to the left. The Conservative party is a right-wing party supporting capitalism and free enterprise (свободное предпринимательство). It formed the government in the U.K. from 1979 to 1997. During each time it`s leaders were Margaret Teacher and John Major. And returned to power in 2010 with it`s leader David Cameron.

The Liberal party was established to represent the interests of the working class. And it`s traditionally supported by triad unions. It formed its first government in 1924 under Ramsey Macdonald. Its Prime minister were Tony Blair.

There is also a party of liberal democrats. It was organized at 1988. It is considered to be a central party.

Each party has its own emblem and color. The Conservative has a blue torch. Liberal party has a red rose. And liberal democrats – a yellow bird.

The social democratic party was formed in 1981 and made an alliance with a liberal party in 1988.

Some other parties: the Scottish national party, The Walsh nationalist party, the Communist party of Great Britain.

 

Задание на семинар: State System. Население. Национальный состав Британии. Партии Виги и Тори. Откуда взялись такие названия. Альтернативные партии Великобритании.

 

 

04.06.12. The executive branch of the government.

The executive branch of the government is represented by the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and the Government. The seat of government is White Hall and it`s center is Downing street 10, where the Prime Ministers residents is situated. The British government is called Her Majesty`s government. But in spite of it`s name it`s not the queen who gives it`s authority and power. But it`s party representation in Parliament.

It is so because the party that wins the majority of seats in Parliament forms the government. The government of the U.K. consists of a group of ministers lade by the Prime Minister. The number of ministers in the government may vary from 82 to 100.

The Prime Minister is the head of government and the leader of the majority party. He is appointed (назначен) by the Monarch. But the appointment is a formality. And all the other ministers are also appointed by the queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

Ministers are attached to specialist departments (относятся к министерствам конкретным) which carry out (реализуют) government policy.

All ministers seat in Parliament and most in the House of Commons. Naturally the PM belongs to the Commons.

There are different ministers in the U.K:

1) The head of a major government department is called the Secretary of State (министр). There are 11 secretaries of state (11 глав министерств). For example the Secretary of State for foreign affairs (министр иностранных дел). He has a short name – a foreign secretary. The finance minister is known as the Chancellor of the Exchequer (канцлер казначейства) and he is the head of Treasury (министерство финансов).

2) Junior ministers (заместители министра) or parliamentary undersecretaries.

3) Some government departments are headed by ministers. For example minister of agriculture.

4) Non-departmental ministers or ministers without portfolio. The Lord Privy seal (лорд-хранитель печати).

 

Some departments for example the Ministry of Defense have responsibility for the whole of the U.K. But others cover only part. For example the department for education and skills which operates only in England and Wales.

Scotland and Wales have special departments. For example the Scottish office and the Walsh office bases in the capitals.

There is a strong tendency for devolution (делегирование власти) which involves the transfer of the politic power from a central government to a regional government.

As a result in 1999 the Scottish Parliament and the Walsh assembly were set up after a referendum in both Scotland and Wales.

 

The central institution of the government is the Cabinet. It consists of about 20 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister.

13.02.12.

80 баллов из 100 для зачета автоматом.

Максимально за все семинары – 49 баллов.

Проектная работа – 15 баллов.

Реалия – от латинского – вещественный, действенный. Реалии (Realis) – названия, присущих только определенным нациям и народам предметов материальной или духовной культуры, фактов истории и т.д.

В ходе курса формируется лингво-социокультурная компетенция.

 

English is a native language of hundred people. It is used as official language of Great Britain, USA and lingvo-franca (язык используемый людьми из разных стран). It`s a means of communication in a malty language. Parts of the world – English is spoken through out the North America, other British Isles, in South Africa, Australia and New Zeeland.

Chinese (китайский) is a language used by the greatest number of the native speakers. But English is far more widespread. Why is English so widespread?

There are some historical reasons for that: English spread all over the world in the time British empire (империя). When Britain got a lot of colonies in different parts of the world, but in 20^th century the British empire collapsed (рухнула). And most British colonies became independent (1950-60^th). And English remained (остался) an official language in many of this countries. And now is tough as a second language at schools. As the result English is spoken as one of the official languages in 79 countries in a world.

An English-speaking country is a country where English is the official language or one of the official languages.

 

English is also an international language of trade (торговля).

English is one of the 5 languages used in the United Nations Origination (ООН).

English is widespread thanks’ to the Common Wealth of Nations (Британское содружество наций). It`s unites 53 independent nations. the Common Wealth developed from the British empire. It was set up at 1931. It was established (основано) in order to incurred (поощрять) trade and friendly relations among it`s members. the Common Wealth. also joined cultural activities and Games which are held every 4 years.

The British queen Elizabeth the Second is the head of the Common Wealth.

 

На семинар: 1) найти информацию about the Common Wealth.

2) Назвать области, в которых the U.K. лидирует в мире.

3) Географическое положение Британских островов. Можно презентацию.

Major English-speaking countries

4 countries in Europe – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (a constitutional monarchy, the capital is London), Ireland – a republic of Eire (the capital is Dublin), Gibraltar (British colony), Malta (a republic, Valleta is the capital)/

 

America – 22 countries. The USA (a federal republic, a union of 50 states), Canada (Ottawa is a capital. It`s a federal state) and many others.

 

Africa – The Republic of South Africa (Pretoria capital, a republic) and others.

 

Asia – 9 countries. India (Delihi capital), Pakistan (Islamabad capital), Singapore.

 

Australia and Oceania – 28 countries. The Commonwealth of Australia (Canberra is capital), New Zealand (capital – Wellington).

A country study scheme

1. Location

2. Relief

3. Climate

4. Inland Waters

5. Flora, animal life. – it is all about nature.

6. Population

7. State

8. Economy

9. The country’s regions.

Location of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The U.K. is an insular (островное) country. It is situated on the British Isles. The total area is 94 217 squire miles. The U.K. is a small country. It`s twice smaller than France or Spain. It occupies the 75th place among others countries (на 75 месте по размерам в мире). In fact the British Isles consist of 4000 islands of different size. The largest island is Great Britain.

Great Britain is the 7^th largest island in the world.

England, Wales and Scotland are situated at Great Britain. Ireland comprises (включает) the Republic of Ireland(Ulster) and it`s an independent state. The capital is Dublin.

The capital of The U.K. is London.

The isle of Man (in the Irish sea), the Hebrides, the Isle of Wight, The Orkney Islands – they are the biggest islands also.

 

The U.K. is washed by the Atlantic ocean in North and the country is separated from Europe by The North Sea and by the Strait of Dover and with the English Channel.

Great Britain is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea. The seas around the Britain are shallow (мелкие). But they are rich in fish.

Neighbours of the U.K. – the Irish republic and France.

Local divisions – the U.K. is divided into 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland.

English and Wales are divided into 53 counties (графства). Scotland has 9 regions and 3 island areas. And Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts.

 

 

27.02.12 Relief of the U.K.

Despite the countries’ small area it`s relief is varied. There are High land Britain (горные возвышенности) and Low land Britain (равнины). High land Britain includes mountain parts of the country which lie above 1000 feet (305 miters).

British mountains are among the oldest in the world. They are more then 3-5 billion years old. That is why they are not very high. The mountains are suited in Northern, Western and Central Great Britain.

Mountains, The Highland Britain - The Cambrian mountains (Кембрийские горы) in Wales, run along the western coast. The highest peak is Snowdon (1085 m above sea level).

- The Pennine Chain (Пеннинские горы). Lies to the east of the Cambrians. It`s cold as a backbone (позвоночник) of Britain. The Pennies has few sharp peaks and consist of plateaus (плато, плоские возвышенности).

-The Cheviot Hills – to the north of Pennies. It`s a natural border between England and Scotland. In Scotland there are also the Grampian Mountains and the Northern Highlands. Together they form the Highlands of Scotland.

At the south-west end of the Highlands raises Ben Nevis (гора Бен Невис).It`s the highest mountain at the British Isles.

The Southern Uplands (Южно-шотландская возвышенность) occupies the southern part of Scotland. They are smoothed, rounded hills.

 

Lowland Britain includes the Lowlands (Шотландская низменность) and the South-east part of England which is also lowland and it interrupted at places buy low hills and chalk ridges (меловые горы).

In Northern Ireland there is a large central plane with the boggy (болотистые) areas. The plane is surrounded by mountains and hills.

Семинар – 1. about the Pinnians, the Scotish highlands, The Cambrian mountains and about the Lowland Britain.

2. The relief of each of the 4 historical parts of a country – рельеф каждой из 4х частей Великобритании.

3. Are the Russian mountains higher than those in the U.K.?

 

Climate

The climate of the British Isles is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream which is the warm ocean current (течение). The U.K. enjoys the temperate maritime climate (умеренный морской климат).

It`s is humid (влажный) and mild. Great Britain has a mild climate due to the Golf Stream. It`s seldom too hot or too cold.

Weather extremes (перепады погоды) are rare (редко). The prevailing winds (преобладающие ветра_ blow from the south-west. As they blow from the ocean they are mild in winter and cool in summer. And there is a lot of moisture (влага) in them. That is why winters in the U.K. are rather mild and summers are cool with the rainfall throughout the year.

An average temperature in England and Wales varies from 4 in Jan and to 16 in July.

In Scotland average temperatures are a few degrees cooler.

In winter snow falls occasionally and doesn`t remain for long. And there are some places in the South where people have never seen snow.

Average annual rainfall (среднегодовое количество осадков) in the U.K. is about 1100.

The wind brings rain from the Atlantic Ocean. The Western parts of the Scotish Highlands and the North-west Pennies, the Northern part called the Lake District receive more than 2000 of rainfall a year.

In contrast the eastern lowlands lying in the rain-shadow (район в котором мало осадков) are much dryer. And the snow falls only on 15-19 days on the everage.

The weather on the British Isles changes very often. One day may be different from the next.

Fogs are frequent visitors (туманы – частые гости), especially in November and March.