Section I. Metals in Periodic Table

Grammar: Participle I; Absolute Participle Construction.

Word-formation: Suffixes of abstract nouns – ence, -ity, -tion.

Speaking: Discovery of Periodic Law.

Practise the reading of the words:

chemical	[′kemIkəl]
century	[′sentòərI]
science	[′saIəns]
analysis	[ə′næləsIs] sing; analyses – pl.
atomic	[ə′tɔmIk]
concept	[′kɔnsəpt]
weight	[weIt]
calcium	[′kælsIəm]
germanium	[dჳə:′meInIəm]
zinc	[zIηk]
characteristic	[/kærIktə′rIstIk]
iron	[′aIən]

 

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

valence	[′veIləns]	валентность
gap		промежуток, интервал, пробел
originator		автор, создатель, изобретатель
toughness	[′tΛfnIs]	жесткость
to process		обрабатывать (деталь)
to extrude	[eks′tru:d]	выдавливать
abundance		изобилие, избыток
ductility		эластичность, ковкость, тягучесть, вязкость
malleability	[/mælIə′bIlItI]	ковкость (в холодном состоянии), тягучесть
wrought	[rɔ:t]	сварочное железо
alloy	[′ælɔ:I]	сплав
to treat		обрабатывать
specimen	[′spesImIn]	образец, экземпляр
predominant	[prI′dɔmInənt]	преобладающий, доминирующий
sapphire	[′sæfaIə]	сапфир
impurity	[Im′pjuərItI]	примесь
nitrogen	[′naItrIdჳən]	азот
grinding	[′graIndIη]	шлифовка
laceration	[/læsə′reIòn]	разрывание, разрыв: здесь: разрезание

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1 . Translate the original and derivative words, using a dictionary and create several new words by adding suffixes:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (personal)	adjective
-	science	scientist	научный
to found	foundation	founder	-
to classify	classification	-	-
to depend	dependence dependability	dependent	dependent dependable
to predict	prediction	predictor	прогнозируемый
to discover	discovery	-	-
to originate	origination	originator	порождающий
to define	definition	-	определимый definite
to conduct	conductivity conduction conduct	проводник conductress	conductive
to treat	treatment	-	-
to compare	comparison	-	comparable comparative
to design	проект	designer	-

Exercise 2 . Define the tense forms and functions of Participle I and translate the following sentences:

1. Lavoisier studied the chemical elements, having started the quantitative analysis of them.

2. In 1875 gallium was discovered, having taken the place below zinc.

3. Scandium was discovered in 1879, filling the gap below calcium.

4. Later on germanium was discovered, taking place near gallium.

5. There were several scientists dealing with metals.

6. Aluminium oxide is used in production of superconducting devices.

 

Text

Read the text dealing with discovery of metals and opening the Periodic Law

Metals in Periodic Table

Chemical elements were being studied for a long time in the middle of thе 18^th century. French scientist Lavoisier laid the foundation of the chemical science, having started the quantitative analysis of the elements. Early in the 19^th century English chemist John Dalton tried to establish the atomic theory. By the middle of the 19^th century chemical elements had been classified into two general groups: metals and non-metals.

The step forward during this period was the idea of new concept called “valence”, which meant the capacity of atoms to combine with one another. Later, it was found that the properties of chemical elements depend on their atomic weight. So, a Russian scientist D. I. Mendeleyev (1834–1907) could build up a periodic classification of all the then known elements. According to his theory, Mendeleyev predicted the properties of some undiscovered elements for which he left blank spaces. The theory became true and in 1875 such elements as gallium was discovered, taking the place below zinc. Scandium was discovered in 1879, filling the gap below calcium and germanium – in 1886, taking the place near gallium, below zinc. In the memory of the originator of the Periodic Law the 101^st element discovered by American scientists in 1951 was named mendeleyevum. Mendeleyev’s Periodic law is regarded to be one of the most recognized and important achievements in science.

D. I. Mendeleyev was not the only Russian scientist dealing with metals. M. V. Lomonosov formulated the first definition of the word “metal” in the following way: “A metal is a bright solid that can be forged”. Besides, the characteristic features of metals are lustre, toughness, workability, electrical and heat conductivity and others. Metals are well processed materials. They can be cast, forged, stamped, extruded, rolled, cut, welded.

It is the presence of iron that divides metals into ferrous and non-ferrous. And it is by this reason that iron may be considered to be the most important element in Periodic Table. The abundance in which iron is founded, its great strength, its remarkable ductility and malleability make it specially suitable for many works where strength with lightness are required. However, in ancient states the use of iron, either cast or wrought, was rather limited, bronze being the favourite metal almost for all purposes. Bronze is known to be the alloy of copper and tin.

Bronze and other non–ferrous metals, such as gold and silver, may be treated in various ways, the chief of which are: casting in mould and treatment by hammering and punching. Along with bronze brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) is widely used because of its cheapness in comparison with bronze. Besides, analyses of the iron of prehistoric weapons showed that they contained a considerable percentage of nickel. And in many specimens of ancient bronze, small quantities of silver, lead and zinc were also found.

It is worth mentioning that both ferrous and non-ferrous metals are widely used in a great variety of works and non-ferrous materials are predominant in works of art. Many metals of Periodic Table can interact with each other and develop quite new materials and alloys. For example, aluminium oxide which is also referred to as corundum, sapphire, ruby or aloxite are mentioned in the mining, ceramic and materials science. Rubies are given their characteristic deep red colour and laser qualities by adding such metallic element as chromium. Sapphires come in different colours given by impurities of iron and titanium. Aluminium oxide is widely used in the fa­
brication of superconducting devices, particularly single electron transistors and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID).

Such metals as boron and nitrogen form boron nitride known as Borazon. The latter is a crystal created by heating equal quantities of boron and nitrogen at temperatures greater than 1800⁰C (3300 F) at 7 GPa (1 million lbf/in²). Borazon replaced aluminium oxide for grinding hardened steels due to its far superior abrasive properties. Other uses include jewellery designing, glass cutting and laceration of diamonds.

 

Exercise 3 . Complete the sentences:

1. Chemist who established the atomic theory was…

2. There are two general groups of metals:…

3. The capacity of atoms to combine with one another is called…

4. For undiscovered elements Mendeleyev left…

5. The 101^st element was named in the memory of …

6. The most important element in Periodic Table is…

7. In ancient works of art the most widely spread metal (alloy) was…

8. Aluminium oxide is widely used in …

9. Borazon replaced aluminium oxide due to …

 

Exercise 4 . Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. Chemists found a new (понятие) called (валентность).

2. (Свойства) of chemical elements (зависеть от) their (атомный вес).

3. According to Mendeleyev’s theory it is possible (предсказать) the properties of elements.

4. Lomonosov gave the first (определение) of metal.

5. Iron owing to its (эластичность) and (ковкость) is widely used metal.

6. Bronze is (сплав) of copper and tin.

7. In many (образец) of ancient bronze some (примесь) of other metals have been found.

8. (Цветные металлы) are mainly used in works of art.

9. Aluminium adds (сверхпроводимость) to its alloys.

10. Borazon is used for (шлифовать) hardened steels.

Exercise 5 . Find in the text the sentences that correspond to the following statements:

1. In the middle of 19^th century classification of chemical elements appeared.

2. Due to the quantitative analysis of chemical elements new concept emerged.

3. Mendeleyev’s theory gave the opportunity to foresee the properties of elements.

4. Gradually several elements which filled the gaps in the Table were discovered.

5. Metals can be processed by various operations.

6. Owing to its qualities iron is the most important element in the Table.

7. Earlier the most popular metal was bronze.

8. Ancient weapons contained impurities of several non-ferrous metals.

9. Interaction of metals can result in other materials and alloys.

10. Such metal as boron possesses high strength and is used for grinding hardened steels and cutting diamonds.

 

Exercise 6 . Translate into English:

1. Количественный анализ элементов, придуманный французским ученым Лавуазье, стал основой химической науки.

2. Понятие валентности означает способность атомов соединяться друг с другом.

3. Атомная теория Джона Дальтона была подтверждена русским ученым Менделеевым.

4. Свойства химических элементов зависят от их атомного веса.

5. Предсказанные свойства неоткрытых элементов подтвердились.

6. В результате новые элементы заполнили пропуски в таблице.

7. Один из вновь открытых элементов был назван в честь создателя периодической таблицы.

8. Одно из определений слова «металл» было дано Ломоносовым.

9. Основными свойствами металлов являются: прочность, эластичность, ковкость, электро- и теплопроводность.

10. Металлы могут быть обработаны ковкой, штамповкой, прокаткой, резанием, сваркой и другими способами.

11. Металлы делятся на цветные и черные и могут взаимодействовать друг с другом, образуя сплавы.

 

Speaking:

Exercise 7 . Give the summary of the text, using key vocabulary and tell about:

a) scientists engaged in chemical science;

b) atomic theory;

c) discovery of unknown elements;

d) characteristic features of metals;

e) the ways of processing metals;

f) ability of metals to interact with each other.

 

Checklist for Section I:

1. How is Absolute Participle Construction translated into Russian?

2. What are the suffixes of abstract nouns?

3. What were the preconditions of appearing Periodic Table?

4. What are the main properties of metals?

5. How can metals be processed?

 

Section II. Types of Metals

Grammar: Passive Voice.

Word-formation: Suffixes of adjectives – ant, -ive, -full, -less.

Speaking: Characteristics of metals.

Practise the reading of the words:

specific	[spI′sIfIk]
environmental	[In′vaIərənməntl]
corrosion	[kə′rouჳən]
chromium	[′kroumjəm]
cobalt	[kə′bɔ:lt]

 

Learn the pronunciation and meaning of the words:

failure	[′feIljə]	авария, повреждение
formability		обрабатываемость
drawback		недостаток
density		плотность
pure	[pjuə]	чистый
pig iron		чугун (в болванках)
cast iron		чугун (расплавленный)
scrap		лом, отходы
puddling	[′pΛdlIη]	пудлингование
tungsten	[′tΛηstən]	вольфрам
lead	[led]	свинец
alkali	[′ælkəlaI]	щелочь
sulfuric acid	[sΛl′fjuərIk]	серная кислота
hydrochloric acid		соляная кислота
crankshaft		коленчатый вал
gear		шестерня

Vocabulary development: word building:

Exercise 1 . Translate the original and derivative words, using a dictionary and create several new words by adding suffixes:

verb	noun (abstract)	noun (personal)	adjective
to resist	resistance	-	resistant resistible resistive
to prevent	prevention preventer	-	preventive
производить	production product productivity	производитель	producible productive
to use	использование	user	useful useless usable
to apply	application appliance	applicant	применяемый
to modify	modification	-	modificatory modifiable
отличаться	variety variability variance variant	-	various variable variant varied
to destruct	destruction	-	destructive

Exercise 2 . Translate word combinations with the verbs in Passive Voice and define their tense:

engineering industry is based on…; metallic materials are divided into…; some materials are categorized as…; the main difference is based on…; ferrous materials are produced in large quantities; non-ferrous materials can be easily fabricated; the term “pure metal” is used for…; all chemical elements but one are eliminated; the designation “metal” is applied to…; almost all impurities have been removed; steel may be shortly defined as…; to non-ferrous metals are referred…; the requirements are met…; vanadium was discovered…

 

Text

Read the text telling about various types of metals:

Types of Metals

All engineering industry is based on processing and application of metals. The selection of material can play very important role in terms of their qualities to prevent failures. Selection of material for a specific purposes depends on many factors. Some of the most important ones are: strength, ease of forming, and resistance to environmental destruction.

Metallic materials are broadly divided into two types – ferrous and non-ferrous ones. Ferrous materials are those in which iron (Fe) is the principle constituent. All other materials are categorized as non-ferrous materials. The main difference between both types of metals is based on their formability.

Ferrous materials are produced in large quantities. One main drawback of ferrous alloys is their environmental destruction, i.e. poor corrosion resistance. Other disadvantages include: relatively high density and comparatively low electrical and thermal conductivities.

Non-ferrous materials have specific advantages over ferrous ones. They can be easily fabricated, have relatively low density, and high electrical and thermal conductivities. However, different materials have distinct characteristics, and are used for specific purposes.

The term “pure metal” is used for materials in which almost all chemical elements, but one are eliminated. The designation “metal” is applied to any metallic materials in which metallic lustre and the ability for plastic deformation being characteristic features.

To ferrous metals belong: pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron, steel and others. Pig iron is the starting material in the production of all ferrous metals. It contains iron as the main ingredient, the impurities being carbon, silicon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorus. Cast iron is the pig iron modified in structure by remelting it with addition of steel scrap. Wrought iron is the iron from which almost all impurities of carbon, sulphur, phosphorus and other have been removed by the process known as puddling. Steel may be shortly defined as an alloy of iron and carbon. The chief alloying elements used being nickel, chromium, molybdenum, silicon, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt and copper.

To non-ferrous metals are referred: gold, silver, aluminium, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, magnesium, titanium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt.

Some of these are the ingredients of cutting-tool materials which must combine strength, toughness, hardness, and wear resistance at elevated temperatures. These requirements are met in varying degrees by carbon steels (containing from 1 to 1,2 per cent of carbon), high-speed steels (iron alloys containing tungsten, chromium, vanadium and carbon), tungsten carbide and aluminium oxide.

Let’s consider one of the mentioned metals – Vanadium. It is the chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. Vanadium was discovered in 1801, but renamed by its modern name in 1831. It is a soft, silvery, grey, ductile transition metal. It has good resistance to corrosion and is stable against alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Vanadium is used in the form of ferrovanadium as an additive to improve steels. The considerable increase of strength in steel containing small amounts of vanadium was the reason for using it for applications in axles, bicycle frames, crankshafts, gear, and other critical components.

 

Exercise 3 . Complete the sentences:

1. The selection of material is important to prevent…

2. Metallic materials are divided into…

3. Iron is the principle constituent in…

4. Beside ferrous materials, all other are categorized as…

5. The main drawback of ferrous alloys is …

6. Different materials have distinct…

7. To ferrous metals belong…

8. Steel may be defined as…

9. To non-ferrous metals are referred…

10. The strength of steel was the reason for…

 

Exercise 4 . Insert the proper words into the sentences:

1. The selection of material is important (с точки зрения) their qualities.

2. One of the most important quality is (сопротивление) to (окружающая среда) destruction.

3. Iron is (главный составляющий) of ferrous materials.

4. The main difference in the types of metals is their (обрабатываемость).

5. One of the drawbacks of ferrous metals is poor (сопротивление к коррозии).

6. The designation “metal” (применяется) to metallic materials with specific (свойствами, характеристиками).

7. Most of the non-ferrous metals are (составная часть) of (режущий) materials.

8. Vanadium has good (сопротивляемость к коррозии и кислотам).

9. Vanadium as (добавка) (улучшать) the (свойства) of steels.

10. The strength of steel is the reason of its (применение) in (коленчатый вал) and (шестерня).

Exercise 5 . Find in the text the sentences that correspond to the following statements:

1. The choice of material is very important factor in machinery.

2. Strength, formability and corrosion resistance are the most important features.

3. Iron is the main ingredient of ferrous materials.

4. High density and low conductivity are the drawbacks of ferrous metals.

5. The word “metal” is used referring to metallic materials possessing specific characteristics.

6. Alloying ingredients of steel are the majority of non-ferrous metals.

7. Tools for processing materials should be strong, hard and wear resistant.

8. Carbon steels meet the requirements necessary for cutting- tool materials.

9. Some metals are resistant not only to corrosion but to acids.

10. Many metals are used in parts where strength is needed.

 

Exercise 6 . Translate into English:

1. Машиностроение имеет дело с обработкой различных металлов.

2. Металлы должны обладать такими качествами, как прочность, ковкость, обрабатываемость.

3. Черные и цветные металлы обладают различными свойствами.

4. Недостатком черных металлов является их низкая сопротивляемость коррозии.

5. Цветные металлы имеют низкую плотность и легко обрабатываются.

6. Термин «чистый металл» означает материал, в котором содержится только один элемент.

7. Отличительной чертой металлов является блеск, тягучесть и способность к пластической деформации.

8. К черным металлам относятся чугун, литой чугун, сварочное железо и стали.

9. Элементами сплавов, как правило, являются никель, хром, молибден, ванадий, вольфрам, кобальт и другие.

10. К цветным металлам относятся алюминий, золото, серебро, медь, магний, титан, ртуть и другие.

 

Speaking:

Exercise 7 . Give the summary of the text, using key vocabulary and tell about:

a) division of metallic materials into groups;

b) qualities of ferrous metals;

c) characteristics of non-ferrous metals;

d) what materials can be alloying elements;

e) the role of alloying elements.

 

Checklist for Section II:

1. What are the Tense forms of Passive Voice?

2. What is the meaning of suffixes – ful and - less?

3. What are ferrous and non-ferrous metals?

4. What are characteristic features of these groups?