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The problem of the category of aspect. The Interrelation of the categories of tense and aspect
THE CATEGORY OF ASPECT — grammatical category which reflects the inherent mode of the realisation of the process irrespective of its timing.
The problem of category of aspect is determined by the fact that linguists don’t have unanimous opinion on this point. Some of them (Kerm, Krazing, Poutman) see under this category “the indication towards the course of the action”. The typical features of this indication are the beginning of the action the end of the action the recurrence of the action
However according to this definition, aspect cannot been seen as grammatical category being characterized my lexical means. The positive side of this point of view —attention to the aspect character of the verb, the possibility of defining processual limit. As the result the division into limitive-non –limitive verbs
There are two tendencies towards the defining of the category of aspect. 1) tendency presented in foreign linguistics (two aspect oppositions) —relatively the moment of speaking —relatively some other time points – centres taken in the past or future 2) tendency presented in Russian linguistics (the category of aspect is taken in the interrelation with the category of tense)
THE CATEGORY OF TENSE — grammatical category denoting the correspondence between the time described in the situation and the moment of speaking taken as the starting point or some other time taken as the starting point.
The moment of speaking taken as the starting point is known as the absolute time The absolute time expresses the degree the time of the described situation correlates to the moment of speaking. It indicates when the action takes place either at the moment of speaking or earlier or after it. Usually we distinguish three main correlations Present tense — the action takes places at the moment of speaking Past tense — the action proceeds the moment of speaking Future tense — the action follows the moment of speaking The forms that correspond to the moment of speaking are seen as INDEPENDENT TENSE FORMS The forms that can’t correspond to the moment of speaking are seen as DEPENDANT TENSE FORMS
INDEPENDENT TENSE FORM (all Simple + all present forms) DEPENDANT TENSE FORMS (all the rest)
Some other time taken as the starting point known as the relative time (the taxis) The taxis expresses the degree the time of the described situationcorrelates not to the moment of speaking but to some other time or action. It may be expressed mostly by the verbals. Usually we distinguish the following taxis correlations: simultaneous actions ( while reading the book I enjoyed it a lot) prior actions (having read the book I wrote a composition onto it) Mostly detailed the interrelation between the category of aspect and the category of tense is described by I.P. Ivanova. She considers time to be seen as permanent verbal characteristics and aspect should be seen as the permanent characteristics of a verbal form. There are four aspect groups in English (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous). The first group (Indefinite) – corresponds to the moment of speaking, so can be seen as pure tense form. The second group (Continuous) expresses the processual contents of the action. The third group (Perfect) expresses the processual limit of the action The fourth group (perfect Continuous) expresses both the processual contents which leads to the processual limit of the action.
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