Sweet's Synthesis and Extension

Sweet is also a brilliant EM theoretician, working in four, five, or even six dimensions with ease. He immediately synthesized the entire PPCM and Whittaker theory, and developed a complete theoretical treatment of the device. [Ref. 8]

He also increased the nuclear potential utilized in the activated nuclei of the device, which increased the pumping energy and hence the energy output. He next produced an open-loop vacuum triode (VT) with an output of 500 watts, for an input of 33 microwatts.

Thereafter he produced several other models, including closed-loop systems and one with 5-KW output.

Purpose of This Paper

Our purpose is to explain the detailed scalar EM concept of the operation of the vacuum triode, since it is a universal method for cohering and tapping useful EM energy from the vacuum.

The author believes that this mechanism is the fundamental mechanism that must be invoked in any over-unity device that electromagnetically extracts vacuum energy as electromagnetic effects.

We also intend to demonstrate a full working model of the device at this conference. Sweet's detailed theoretical treatment will be completed and submitted to a major journal shortly, to complete the scientific exposition of the new methodology.

I must also express my deep admiration for my brilliant inventor colleague. It has been a privilege to work with him, though under great difficulties and at a distance. He has developed several other related devices that are of great importance to the emerging new physics of vacuum engineering, in the sense referred to by Lee. [Ref. 9]

To mention just one, he has produced a magnetic lens which apparently can directly display the vacuum's virtual particle flux, or a good analog of it. So far as I am aware, this is the only extant instrument today that can perform this feat.

When the vacuum triode has been proven to the scientific community, it is my intention to nominate Sweet for the Nobel Prize he so richly deserves, and seek high scientific endorsements for the recommendation.

INTRODUCTION

Entropy

As is well known, in any closed dynamic system the order existing in it will gradually be dissipated, as more and more interactions occur. This leads to the notion of entropy as the increasing disorder in such systems. The assumptions are

1.a closed system, and

2.a positive flow of time for the components of the system.

Actually no such thing as a completely closed system exists in nature. Every mass system is open to virtual particle flux exchange with the vacuum, for example, particularly in the nucleus of its atoms, where the bulk of its mass is located.

However, the closed system assumption is reasonably approximated by a great many systems which are in stable thermodynamic equilibrium, or nearly so.

On the other hand, in an open system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, the second law of thermodynamics does not necessarily apply, because the system violates both the closed system assumption and its equilibrium approximation. [Ref. 10]

Time Reversal

Since being discovered in 1972 in the open Soviet literature, the time-reversed (phase conjugate) EM wave has also been known. The phase conjugate EM wave is truly time-reversed, as has been shown experimentally. Since the time-reversed EM wave violates the second major assumption, the second law of thermodynamics need not necessarily hold for time-reversed entities.

Putting all this together, if one wishes negentropy and hence increased energy in a system, the candidate suggested would appear to be a system that was strongly

1.open loop,

2.time-reversed, and

3.far from thermodynamic equilibrium.

A good overview of time-reversal in physics has been provided by Sachs. [Ref. 11]

Engineering the Nucleus

Since the nucleus already provides a myriad of time-reversed processes, engineering the nucleus of an atom is a very good candidate for practical negentropy.

To engineer the nucleus directly, a Whittaker potential is first artificially constructed, by composing a harmonic set of phase-locked EM wave/antiwave pairs. It is accented that the antiwaves must be true phase conjugates; otherwise they will not constitute a gradient-free Whittaker standing potential wave.

In addition, at least one harmonic interval must be used, and additional harmonic sets are most desirable. The reason is that a space-time lattice must be formed in the vacuum, where the energy is additive spatially but oppositive in t-dot, the rate of flow of time, in the fourth dimension.

So a time-structure is required as well as a spatial structure, which is what is provided by n bidirectional harmonic Whittaker EM wave sets, where n is an integer greater than 1.

Once a specific Whittaker structure has been chosen, the local lattice of space-time is established. This establishes phase-locked lattice groupings of coupled photon/antiphoton pairs, or of gravitons. In turn, this Whittaker-structured vacuum now contains specific graviton vacuum engines, which directly engineer and structure the vacuum's virtual particle flux (VPF) exchange with the nucleus. [Ref. 12]

The nucleus is highly nonlinear, hence strongly phase conjugative, or time-reversed. The ambient potential of the local vacuum surrounding the nucleus is in a violent virtual photon exchange with it, accounting for its electrical charge.

Since the preponderant charge is positive, from the viewpoint of the ordinary light observer whose light interacts with electron shells, the nucleus may be taken to exhibit time reversal (phase conjugation).

Energy, Time, and Gravitons

We take the definition of "energy" to be fundamentally an ordering imposed upon the VPF of vacuum. We take photon scattering from the electron shells of atoms to be the fundamental exterior mechanism producing forward flow of external observer time.

It then follows that "time's arrow" for the EM observer is due to the universal scattering of photons from electron shells.

In this view, forward (positive) time flow and entropy are due to the same primary action: photon scattering from electron shells. It is unfortunate that the concept of "positive" energy has been tied to, and defined in terms of, the scattering and dissipation of VPF order as work, or energy expended.

Via the standard labeling, then, negative energy is the reconstitution of order in the vacuum VPF. It should be noted that, in a PPCM, dissipative or external pump wave stress energy can be scavenged and re-emitted in perfect order as the phase conjugate replica. This is a negentropic process, for it is capable of turning disorder into order. [Ref. 13]

In the time-reversed PPCM nucleus, we should expect to see appreciable negative energy —that is, energy removed from the EM scattering domain. This includes the binding energy of the nucleus, and the gravitational (G) potential energy of the EM energy removed from the "scattering interaction realm" and locked into the mass.

Following Sakharov, we hold that the G-field is not a fundamental field of nature, but a composite caused by, or made from, other fields. [Ref. 14]

To the first order, we assume the G-potential is comprised of coupled photon/antiphoton pairs, on the average, where the statistical coupled spin-2 photon/antiphoton pair is a graviton. [Ref. 15]

We follow the modern view of the field: because of vacuum fluctuations, rigorously one no longer speaks of "the" field, but of the probability of a particular field configuration. [Ref. 16]

We also hold the vacuum to be composed of potentials, and regard the three terms space-time, vacuum, and scalar potential as essentially synonymous.