I Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы

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Industrial Engineering and Automation

1. A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks.

2. Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colors; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product.

3. These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers.

4. Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the development of system engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically.

5. Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.

 

II Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What was a later development to increase quality control on assembly line?

 

 

Контрольная работа № 5

(для специальностей ММ, САТ)

Вариант 2

I Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы

Текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы.

Four Industrial Revolutions

1.The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time when the man first tried to make machines. We can call the earlier rollers, levers and pulleys, for example, the work of mechanical engineering.

2. Mechanical engineering, as we understand it today, starts from the first Industrial Revolution. People have labeled as “revolutions” three episodes in the industrial history of the world and now we are entering the fourth.

3. The first industrial revolution took place in England between 1760 and 1840. Metal become the main material of the engineer instead of wood, and steam gave man great reserves of power. This power could drive not only railway engines and ships but also the machines which built them.

4. In the second revolution, from 1880 to 1920, electricity was the technical driving force. It provided power for factories that was easier and cheaper to control than steam. It was marked also by the growing importance of science-based industries such as chemicals and electrical goods, and the use of scientifically-designed production methods such as semi-automatic assembly lines.

5. The third industrial revolution coincided with the advent of automation – in its inflexible form. In this revolution, the main features were advances in the control of manufacturing processes so that things could be made more cheaply, with greater precision and (often) with fewer people. And this change, which occurred around the middle of this century, also featured a new machine that was to greatly influence the world, the electronic computer.

6. The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by automated machines that are versatile and programmable and can make different things according to different sets of computer instructions. It is characterized by flexible, automated machinery, the most interesting example of which are robots.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. advent – приход, появление

2. inflexible – негибкий

3. advance – успех, прогресс

4. versatile – гибкий

5. sets of computer instructions – программы компьютера