Unit 12. Made in the USA: from coffee to wheels

FOR ALL MANKIND

In 1873, when Joel Owsley Cheek reached the age of twenty-one, his father gave him the traditional silver dollar. This represented his freedom to go out into the world to seek his fame and fortune.

Joel left the family farm in Kentucky and joined a firm of wholesale grocers as a traveling salesman, going from village to village. However, it was the coffee that held a special fascination for him and in his spare hours he experimented., selecting different beans, varying their proportions and roasting times - creating new blends.

He spent most of his time searching for the elusive «perfect blend» of coffee. In 1882, he felt that he had found it. Now he wanted to let the world know, but how could he do this?

Joel knew that the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville was where the president, senators, diplomats, and leading Europeans met and stayed. Could he persuade the management to let him demonstrate «his» blend there? He was sure this would be the best waу of testing his judgment. The hotel did co-operate and within weeks distinguished visitors were enjoying his coffee and singing its praises. Many years later, when President Theodore Roosevelt visited the hotel, he was heard to say of the coffee, «It is good to the last drop».

Unfortunately, in 1961, the Maxwell House Hotel caught fire and was destroyed. Few people may know of Joel Cheek, but around the world people drink his blend of coffee, Maxwell House, thus commemorating the inventor and the hotel where the coffee first found fame.

in many ways the tale of Henry Ford and the product associated with his name is a microcosm of American economic history - a story of trial and

error, of innovation and ultimate success. A farmer with a penchant for things mechanical, the young Ford quit school at 17, began building small steam engines, and drove his first bicycle-wheeled, engine-driven device in 1896.

It was a primitive affair, much simpler than cars already on the roads in Europe, and it was not until 1901 that the stubborn tinker, after several false starts, got enough financial support to start the Henry Ford Automobile Company. Financial disputes arose and Ford left. Two years later, with new backers, he established the Ford Motor Company. (When in 1919 Ford bought all outstanding shares original investors reaped heavy rewards; a share that cost $100 was then worth $260,000.)

Ford was convinced that he could produce a good car at a reasonable price, and on October 1, 1908, he realized his dream with the unveiling of the Ford Model T. This was a straightforward, sturdy machine made of the best metals young Henry could obtain and propelled by a single 4-cylinder, 22-horsepower, 167-cubic-inch engine. As early as 1913, his companywas able to produce an astonishing 1,000 7s per day.

The T was an instant success and within months was outselling other American cars combined. What is more, Ford promised to reduce the 7"s price. From $850 in 1909, the price dropped steadily to $260 for some models by 1924. By then, however, other manufacturers'inexpensive cars with better methods of changing gears and more speed were outperforming the T on America's improved roads.

Recognizing this, Ford and his engineers went to work, and in late 1927 they were ready with the company's second breakthrough - the Model A. The car caught America's imagination, and like its predecessor, the Model T, was an instant success. There was nothing revolutionary about the engine, but the car's classic good locks and sturdiness endeared it to millions. Some 4.5 million Model A's were built in five years, and even the most expensive version sold for under $600. Today the Model A Restorers Club has thousands of members, who proudly drive their prizes.

But times were changing. The Detroit manufacturers realized that the mass market was not only growing but would buy a wide variety of cars. This trend was encouraged by General Motors, which began to make annual model changes, supported by intensive advertising campaigns. The Detroit design syndrome was soon established. Each year the new models had to be sufficiently different from the ones before, to set them clearly apart (so that one's neighbors would be sure to know that a car was new); yet it could not be so drastically changed as to put it out of character with previous models.

Today the Big Three-General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler-manufacture many different products. But the automotive industry owes an enduring debt to a mechanical genius named Henry Ford, the man who first put Americans oh wheels.

Notes and Commentary

Kentucky - Кентукки, название одного из штатов США

Nashville - Нэшвил, небольшой город в США

Detroit-Детройт, один из центров автомобилестроения в США

General Motors, Chrysler-Дженерал Моторс, Крайслер, две крупней­шие автомобилестроительные компании, которые совместно с компа­нией Форд образуют так называемую «Большую Тройку»

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the questions,

1. When Joel Owsley Cheek's father gave him the traditional silver dollar, what did it represent?

2. Why did Joel want to demonstrate his blend of coffee in the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville?

3. Why is Henry Ford's life considered to be a microcosm of American economic history?

4. What was so special about Ford's cars?

5. Why does the automotive industry owe an enduring debt to a mechanical genius named Henry Ford?

Exercise 2. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.

1.	silver (n)	А. оптовый
2.	wholesale (n)	В. привилегированные акции
3.	wholesale (a)	С. рекламная кампания
4.	wholesale (v)	D. прорыв (новая исключительная
		модель машины)
4.	outstanding shares	Е. оптовая продажа, продажа оптом
5.	breakthrough (n)	F. серебро
6.	advertising campaign	G. продавать оптом

Exercise 3. Find the Russian equivalents ofthe following.

A microcosm of American economic history; to reap heavy rewards; to put the new model out of character with previous models; to test one's judgment; to join a firm of wholesale grocers; to put Americans on wheels; to search for the elusive «perfect blend» of coffee; annual model changes; a primitive affair; to commemorate the inventor; to set the models clearly apart; to be an instant success.

Exercise 4. Find the English equivalents of the following.

Классический внешний вид; финансовая поддержка; искать славу и богатство; радикально измениться; переключать скорости; основать компанию; коммивояжер; создавать новые сорта кофе; знаменитые посетители; продаваться лучше других машин вместе взятых.

Exercise 5. Translate in written Paragraphs 6 and 7 of the text beginning with the words «In many ways...» and ending with the words «... was then worth $260,000». When translating, please keep in mind the norms of the Russian language.

Exercise 6. Fill in the correct word or phrase from the list below. Use the words or phrases only once.

To seek; dream; debt; fire; traveling; success; to catch; to persuade.

1)... someone's imagination

2)... to owe an enduring...

3)... his fame and fortune

4) a... salesman

5) to catch...

6) to realize one's...

7)... the management

8) a story of innovation and ultimate..

Exercise 7. Fill in the correct preposition.

1....a reasonable price

2. to be good... the last drop

3. a penchant... mechanical things

4. to search... the perfect blend of coffee

5. to hold a special fascination... someone

6. the price... some models

7. to sell a model... under $600

8. nothing revolutionary... the engine

9. to drop... $260

10. to be ready... something

Exercise 8. Say whether these sentences are true or false and explain why. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

1. Ford was not sure if he would produce a good car at a reasonable price.

2. Americans liked the Model A at once

3. No one knows the blend of coffee called Maxwell House.

4. The car manufacturers were in the habit of producing new models every year.

5. Original investors did not get extra money when in 1919 Ford bought all outstanding shares.

Exercise 9. Look through the text again and write down words and word combinations appropriate to describe:

A. how Joel Owsley Cheek let the world know that he had found a new blend of coffee;

B. the «Detroit design syndrome».

Exercise 10. From the text, select those facts and ideas concerning Joel Owsley Cheek's fascination for coffee (in written form).

Exercise 11.

A Say what the text is about. Comment on the content of the text (orally).

B. Present the general idea of the text in five-six sentences. Do it in written form.

 

UNIT 13. MACRO ENVIRONMENT

 

Macro environment is the network of systems composed of culture, political and economic forces, technology, skill mixes, and consumer groups; a source of opportunities and constraints for the organization. Once the organization has built its product or defined its service, it must distribute it to consumer client groups who have wants and needs that they attempt to satisfy through the consumption of such products and services.

Every organization exists within an extensive and complex environmentai network. Organizational environment refers to all groups, norms, and conditions with which an organization must deal. It includes such thing, as the political, cultural, economic, religious, educational, and like systems that affect an organization and which m turn affected by it. Table 1 provides a summary of environmental subcomponents.

Culture, composed of values, norms, artifacts, and accepted behavior patterns, affects the way the organization is formed and how it operates once in existence. Indeed, one must recognize that all of the decisions

made in an organization are culture bound; i.e., they are a reflection of all these components of culture. Societal norms are those standards that mold behavior, attitudes, and values of those members who constitute a society. They come from laws, customs, religious teachings, and common practice. They are standards because members take them into account in their decisions and behavior. Dress, speech, what is considered to be in good taste, and the general understanding of what is right and wrong are all affected by societal norms. At the same time, almost every institution in a society is capable of transfusing some of its values, norms, and behavior patterns into its environment. Organizations can hardly afford to ignore such a vital ingredient in its macro environment. Political forces are classified as the form and role of government in a society. The source of law and other regulations that restrict or at least affect the organization, the political system also is the source of a rich variety of services for the organization. These services range from fire and police protection to the provision of recreational areas. When one thinks of the governmental sector, one might be likely to think of its negative connotation and red tape. Although there is an element of restriction originating from the political sector, it is by no means dominant. Even though the presence of the political system has served to complicate management's job, it has also made it easier at the same time. By knowing that all similar organizations must observe the same rules and regulations, managers can experience an element of certainty in their activity. They know that they have a source of protection and redress when violations do occur.

The political system is coupled with the economic system. The type of economy a society has can range from private enterprise to planned economy. Whatever its form, the economic system is concerned with the allocation of scarce resources and the provision of some form of distribution. It is, in practice, quite difficult to separate the political and economic systems from each other.

The macro environment is also the source of technology-the machines, techniques, and methods required for production and distribution. To be able to compete successfully, organizations must have access to modern technology. It is simply not feasible for an organization to compete unless an adequate level of technology is available to it. It can be safely stated that organization success is measured by the ability of the organization to adjust to and to employ technological innovations. Among their responsibilities, managers today must count the obligation to maintain a spirit of creativity and ingenuity among members so that continued progress on the technological front can be made. The ever growing shortages of resources of all types are but one indication of the seriousness of this obligation.

Skill mix in the labor force is likewise an important facet of an organization's macro environment. All organizations depend to some extent on a supply of labor

that possesses the skill and ability to perform the work necessary to attain objectives. Consequently, labor market conditions and skill mixes are crucial to success.

The consumers are the ultimate arbiters ofthe organization's success, for it is they who make the critical choices to consume or not to consume an organization's output. Without the income (in whatever form) that results from this consumption, the organization is doomed to a relatively short life. This means that managers must be more aware of and sensitive to the total environmental complex of their organization in order to develop and implement plans for successfully coping with it. Otherwise, there is little chance for success, for no longer will yesterday's methods based on a placid environment serve in todays turbulent outside world.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is macro environment?

2. Why is macro environment a source of constraints and opportunities for an organization?

3. What is «the most influential element» ofthe environment?

4. What element can people influence?

Exercise 2. Ask ten questions on the text.

Exercise 3. Which subcontinent refer to the following major component:

Political system, culture, economic system, skill mix, customer/client groups, technology.

 

Major Component	Subcomponent
	Social values, norms, beliefs, artifacts, accepted behavior patterns, institutions
	National, state, and local laws, regulations and ordinances, governmental services, political parties and processes
	Resource availability and means of allocation, market structure, pricing mechanisms, economic regulations
	Techniques and science of production and distribution, machinery/automation, workflows and processing, state of industrial development
	Labor availability by skill and geographic area, mobility, training and development, unionization
	Buying power, expectations (time, place, quality, quantity, price), need, wants, perceptions

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below using the expressions in the box in the correct imperative form, positive or negative.

study	invest	be flexible
expect (x 2)	assume	judge
increase	beware	leave

1.... attitudes like "my way is the only way" behind.

2.... be curious and fascinated instead.

3.... some time in preparing yourself for encounters with other business and cultural styles.

4.... your understanding ofthe countries and cultures you are visiting by attending cross-cultural seminars.

5.... the general protocol and etiquette of the country or countries you are visiting.

6.... delays, frequent changes in plans and cancellations.

7.... to have easy access to your e-mail while on the road. In some cases it may be impossible to log on to your internet server remotely.

8.... when negotiating prices.

9.... that market or sales techniques that work in your country, work in others.

10.... of drinking too much alcohol over a business lunch; you might need to make important decisions.

 

Exercise 5. Revision of the past simple.

A. Match the forms ofthe irregular verbs.

sew sawed sewn

find sold bom

buy lay laid

lean sowed sought

seek taught thought

think sewed sawn

bind	bore	found
teach	learnt	bought
see	found	learnt
lay	bought	bound
bring	leant	taught
sell	laid	seen
bear	sought	leant
leam	thought	brought
saw	brought	sold
lie	bound	lain
sow	saw	sown

В. Insert the verb in the past simple.

1. They... a private meeting, (arrange)

2. He... for a new appointment, (look)

3. Charles... his name at the employment agency, (list)

4. She... her appointmentwith the Transport Department Manager, (keep)

5. The agency... some more employees, (hire)

6. Jack and Mike... for jobs as sales representatives, (apply)

7. I... my doctor's appointment, (cancel)

8. He... the application form. (Jill in)

9. I... my door when I went to work, (lock)

10. He... the meeting until next Friday, (postpone)

11. I... Mary Cooper for a permanent position, (interview)

12. They... us when they were ready, (call)

13. Mary... a date for Saturday, (make)

 

UNIT 14. THE SMALL BUSINESS

 

1. owner

2. operato

3. franchise

4. distribute goods

5. sell smth at retail

6. management consulting

7. preserve competition

8. prevent monopolistic control

9. benefits of competition

10. incentive

A. собственник, владелец

B. амер. владелец поедприятия

C. франшиза (страх.)

D. распространять (распределять) товары

E. продавать в розницу

F. консалтинг по менеджменту

G.сохранить конкуренцию

H. предотвратить монополисти­ческий контроль

I. преимущества конкуренции J. стимул, побудительный мотив

11. procurement assistance

12. gross national product

13. create new jobs

14. supply

15. ownership

16. retailing

17. wholesaling

18. manufacturing

19. total assets

20. net worth

21. gross profits

22. net profits

23. payroll

24. net receipts

25. total sales return

26. allowances

27. keep records

28. tax

29. bank loan

30. partnership

31. business premises

32. labour force

33. business failure

34. profit

35. Assets

36. liabilities

37. earnings

38. advertising agency

К. материально-техническая помощь

L. валовой национальный продукт М. создавать новые рабочие места

N. снабжать, поставлять О. собственность Р. розничная торговля Q. оптовая торговля R. производство S. общая стоимость имущества, сумма баланса Т. стоимость имущества за вычетом обязательств, собствен­ный капитал (предприятия) U. валовая прибыль V. чистая прибыль W. платежная ведомость X. чистая выручка, чистьте дохо­ды, чистые денежные поступления Y. общий объем продаж, товаро­оборот возмещение, возврат; pi. возвращенный товар;возращен­ные чеки, векселя Z. начисления (напр. Сумма накладных расходов) АА. вести учет ВВ. налог

СС. банковская ссуда DD. Партнерство ЕЕ. торговое помещение; поме­щение фирмы FP рабочая сила GG. коммерческий крах НН. прибыль

II. активы; фонды; средства JJ. пассивы; денежные обяза­тельства, долги КК. 1. заработок pi.; 2. доход, прибыль, поступление LL. рекламное агентство

39. warehouse

40. tangible

41. Intangible

42. notes receivable

43.cash

44. equipment

45. real estate

46. retail business

47. surplus

MM. склад; оптовый магазин NN. материальный ОО. нематериальный PP. амер. векселя к получению QQ. наличность RR.оборудование SS. недвижимость ТТ. розничная торговля UU. излишек, избыток; нераспре­деленная прибыль W. общая сумма поступлений WW. бухгалтерский учет XX. Товары

YY. деньги, взятые взаймы ZZ. заказ в большом количестве AAA. финансовые инвестиции

48 total receipts

49. bookkeeping

50. merchandise

51. money borrowed

52. in bulk orders

53. financial investment

Today small businesses are the heart of the market economy. There are a great number and variety of small businesses. People become owners and operators of small business firms in one of three ways, start a new firm, buy a franchise, buy or inherit an existing firm.

Small firms have been established to do just about any kind of business imaginable. They have been established to manufacture and distribute goods, to sell them at retail, and, of course, to provide all kinds of needed services. Some serve only the local community, while others function in national and international markets.

The vast majority of small firms concentrate on selling material products, although an increasing number of firms provide a service. Although an increasing number operate in local markets, services, too, are exported, (r, recent years there has been a great increase in the export of sen/ices, such as management consulting, medicai, and technological services.

The existence of a strong, healthy small business community has always been recognized as the best way to preserve competition, prevent monopolistic control of any industries, and thus assure the population of the benefits of competition through better prices and quality products. Incentives have been provided to assist small firms. The government ofthe US created the Small Business Administration (SBA) in 1954 to provide financial, management, and procurement assistance for small firms.

There are some facts that illustrate the importance of small business. According to the Small Business Administration:

99% of all businesses in the US can be classified as small;

43% of the gross national product is contributed by small business;

while large business has been cutting back employment, small business has been creating new jobs;

many of new products and services in the US are created by small businesses.

Numerous definitions of the term «small business» exist. A small business is one which is independently owned and operated and not dominant in its field of operation. A small business is one which possesses at least two of the following four characteristics: 1) management of the firm is independent. Usually the managers are also the owners; 2) capital is supplied and the ownership is held by an individual or a small group; 3) the area of operation is mainly local, with the workers and owners living in one home community. However, the markets need not be local; 4) the relative size of the firm within its industry must be small when compared with the biggest units in its field. Ofthe characteristics cited, most scholars believe that the fourth, relative size, is the most important.

The SBA traditionally uses the following criteria for defining small business: retailing (saies volume), service (sales volume), wholesaling (sales volume), manufacturing (number of employees).

The following is a list of terms that can be used to describe a business. Each term tells something about the size of a business.

Total assets - all that a business owns.

Net worth - business assets less what is owed.

Gross profits - money left from sales after all expenses (except taxes) have been paid.

Net profits - what is left from gross profit after business income taxes are paid.

Employees - total number of workers and managers listed-on the payroll.

Income - net receipts, the total sales less returns, allowances, and discounts.

It is necessary to keep records of a business for tax purposes and as a measure of growth. Some businesses fail because they are improperly expanded. Other businesses are unsuccessful because they expand too quickly and cannot handle problems that come with rapid growth. Many businesses remain small and provide excellent income throughout their lifetime.

Business operations are subject to review by local, state, and federal authorities. These reviews insure that rules and regulations are being obeyed and standards maintained. Some of the operations subject to review are listed here.

Income. Business income must be reported for income tax purposes. Other reasons for reporting business income include providing information for bank loans, attracting investors, making equitable distribution of profits in partnership, and as a measure of business growth. The records are usually subject to an audit.

Working conditions. Clean and safe working conditions must be provided for employees and if required, medical and safety equipment must be provided.

Wages and hours. Work regulations and announcements must be posted where employees can read them. Employers must pay at least the minimum wage that applies to their employees.

Advertising, labeling, and packaging. Businesses must not be guilty of false advertising, mislabeling, or providing less than the labeled weight in a package.

Unfair practices. Laws prevent business persons from engaging in various unfair practices, such as price fixing and other means of restraining trade.

Discrimination. Federal and state regulations prevent an employee from being discriminated against because of color, race, sex, religion, or national origin.

Liability and compensation. Employers are required to carry insurance and provide adequate compensation for workers injured on the job ana customers injured on the business premises.

 

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.

1. incentives А. стоимость имущества за вы-

6. retailing

2 procurement assistance

3. the gross national product

4. to be supplied

5. the ownership

7. wholesaling

8. manufacturing

9. total assets

10. net worth

11. gross profits

12. net profits

13. payroll

14. net receipts

15. total sales

16. less returns

17. allowances

четом обязательств, собственный капитал(предприятия)

B. розничная торговля

C. партнерство

D. платежная ведомость

E. начисление (напр. Сумма накладных расходов)

F. общий объём продаж, товарооборот

G. валовой национальный продукт

H. банковская ссуда

I. материально-техническая помощь

J. вести учёт

К. стимул, побудительный мотив L. возмещение

М. общая стоимость имущества, сумма баланса N. собственность О. валовая прибыль R оптовая торговля О.чистая выручка, чистыедоходы, чистые денежные поступления

18. to keep records

19. bank loans

20. partnership

R.производство S снабжать, поставлять Т. чистая прибыль

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.

1. How do people become owners and operators of small business firms?

2. What are the aims of establishing small firms?

3. What has always been recognized as the best way to preserve competition, prevent monopolistic control of any industries?

4. What facts illustrate the importance of small business?

5. Can you define a small business?

6. What is the most important characteristic of a small business?

7. What criteria are used for defining small business?

8. What terms describe the size of a business?

9. What operations of a small business are subject to review?

Exercise 3. In each of the following select the word or phrase that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) A fact that demonstrates the role of small business in the United States is that.

a. 95% of labor force is employed by small businesses

b. 20% of businesses are small

c. 43% of all businesses are small according to the definition of the Small Business Administration

d. 51 % of all businesses are small according to the definition of the Small Business Administration

2) Which statement is not true in relation to business success?

a. As the population expands, there is a greater need for small businesses.

b. People with more education and experience usually have a better chance of success

c. There is little or no risk in operating a small business if you have adequate capital

d. The chances of business failure are reduced if you get sufficient and adequate training

3) All of the following measure business size except.

a. profits c. location

b. assets d. number of employees

4) Which of the following would most likely be self-employed?

a. teacher c. grocery clerk

b barber d. minister

5) Which ofthe following is the definition of net profit?

a. income after expenses are paid

b. income after all taxes have been paid с gross income after taxes

d. assets minus liabilities

6) Which of the following is not a level of trade proficiency?

a. apprentice c. foreman

b. master d. senior

7) It is necessary to keep accurate business records.

a. for tax purposes

b. to determine business size

c. to determine earnings

d. for all of these reasons of business

8) The fastest growing type is.

a. manufacturing c. franchising

b. farming d. fishing

9) Which of the following is true?

a. there are more small businesses than large businesses

b. there are more people employed in large businesses

c. there are more large businesses than small businesses

d. none of these statements is true.

10) Regulations are necessary because they.

a. help politically powerful big business

b. make business practices more equitable and fair

c. give government officials power

d. create jobs

11) Which ofthe following would probably not be self-employed?

a. attorney c. artist

b. airline pilot d. plumber

12) Which one ofthe following is a distributive kind of business?

a. radio station

b. advertising agency

c. canning factory

d. warehouse

Exercise 4. Match the words with their definitions.

loan, partnership, assets, retailing, payroll, sales, gross profit, net worth, net profit, profit

1. The entire resources of a person or business, tangible and intangible, such as accounts and notes receivable, cash, inventory, equipment, real estate, good will, etc.

2. The act of operating a retail business.

3. The capital investment an individual or partners have in a business after the liabilities have been subtracted from the assets, that is, the capital value of the business.

4. A surplus that remains after the cost of goods is subtracted from the total, receipts.

5. Asurplus after all the expenses have been paid, including opera ting expenses such as heat, light, rent, and wages, but excluding taxes.

6. A list of employees who are paid periodically by a firm, along with other information; also includes the money to pay employees.

7. A bookkeeping term referring to the amount of income derived from the sale of merchandise or services, both for cash and on account, less taxes, returns, and allowances.

8. An amount of money that is borrowed and must be paid back by a certain date or on demand; usually interest is charged on the money borrowed.

9. A business owned by two or more people.

Exercise 5. Supply the sentences with required words, if necessary change their grammatical forms.

manufacturing, keep records, ownership, incentive, product, returns and allowances, supply, gross national product, wholesaling, assistance

1. The chemical in the... was too harsh for her, and she lost most of her hair.

2. Most large towns are... with electricity.

3. She persuaded the Cabinet to agree to 1.2 million pounds... for the industry.

4. Money is being used as an....

5.... includes the sale, and all activities directly related to the sale, of products or services to those who are buying for business use.

6. With the introduction of the computer, large manufacturers applied the electronic advances to the... process.

7. The law of warranties also applies to....

8. Remember that the time business owners spend on takes the owners away from other aspects of their business.

9. Transfer of... is probably not the most important aspect of privatization.

10.... is the basic measure of the total output of goods and services in

the economy.

Exercise 6. Complete each sentence with the correct form ofthe word in capital letters. In some cases you will have lo тике ii negative by using the prefix il- or un-.

A employ

1. In an area of high... people are desperate to find jobs.

2. Every... of the firm is entitled to a 10% discount.

3. Her.. gets very angry if she uses the phone too much.

4. I'm looking for temporary... during the summer holidays.

B. engage

1. The line is... so I'll have to try again later.

2. Cancel all my... for the rest of the day, please.

C. finance

1. Her... adviser is convinced the project will be a success.

2. If the company is... sound we might consider taking it over.

D. grew

1. There is a... awareness ofthe need to impove productivity.

2. The government is worried about the... in public expenditure.

E. legal

1. It's... to sell such goods without a proper permit.

2. They questioned the... of the company's action.

F. possess

1.1 had in my... a portion of money.

2. lama proud... of two kiosks in Plekhanov Street.

3. A small business is one which..at least two characteristics.

G. от

1. The... is held by an individual or a small group

2. Julie's father... a business that dealt in bulk orders.

3. The... ofthe bookstore was sitting at his desk.

H. distribute

I. British Leyland... their cars throughout the world. 2. His job is to organize the... of money to students. I. know

1. We need somebody with a good working... of French.

2. Our company is virtually... abroad.

3. She's obviously very... as far as marketing is concerned. J. establish

1. There he had set out to... his own business.

2. The... of legal minimum pay is one of the objectives. K. existence

1. These institutions do not come into.. except as a result of state policy.

2. We have to find ways of making the... system work better.

3. Numerous definitions of the term «small business»....

Exercise 7. Combine a noun from the list on the left with a preposition from the list on the right to complete each sentence. You must use each noun once only, but each preposition can be used more than once.

1. We need to put more... improving staff morale rather than buying more equipment.

2. Have you had any... this type of work?

3. There seemed to be little... continuing the discussion.

4. They have been offered a considerable... salary in return for more flexibility.

5.1 have no... resigning. It's up to them to dismiss me if they aren't satisfied.

6. By the way,... winning the Waverley contract.

7. As a... the adverse publicity, their sales went down.

Exercise 8. verb + preposition

Look at the following sentences taken from the reading passage

«While large business has been cutting back employment...» «Business must not be guilty of false advertising...»

Now complete the following sentences with the correct preposition.

1. They put a lot of money... the project.

2. The project had to be put... due to production delays.

3. Once we had got... the joint venture, it was very difficult to get... of it.

4. Companies are often unwilling to give... their independence.

5. I'd like to take... your offer of collaboration.

6. The company was put... by the size ofthe investment. They decided instead to go... partnership with a local firm.

7. They made... for their lack of financial investment by doing a lot of the ground work.

8. We could only pull... of the joint venture if they gave... their position in the market.

Exercise 9. Answer the questions.

1. How does the Committee for Economic Development measure a small business?

Congratulations emphasis experience increase

intention

point

result

in of on

2. Does the US government support small business firms? How?

3. Can you name an example of a manufacturing firm? A wholesaling firm? A retailing firm? Afirm in the field of finance?

4. Prepare a list of 5 different business firms. Explain how you would classify each of these firms as small, medium, or large according to the size measurement ofthe Small Business Administration.

 

1. become giants

2. distinct advantage

3. have much flexibility

4. make decisions

5. daily operations

6. supervise

7. beauty parlor

8. real estate

9. interior-decorating firms

10. daily operations

11. render

12. offset

13. overheads

14. less efficiently on the job

15. a scale of operations

16. exceed the local market demand

17. transportation costs

18. adjust to smth

19. maintain better morale

20. secure

21. cope with monopolistic Practices

A. становиться гигантами

B. отчетливое (заметное) пре­имущество

C. иметь гибкость

D. принимать решения

E. ежедневное ведение хозяй­ственной деятельности

F. контролировать, наблюдать; инспектировать

G. косметический салон

H. недвижимость

I. фирмы по внутреннему офор­млению интерьера

J. ежедневное ведение хозяй­ственной деятельности К. оказывать (помощь) L. возмещать (компенсировать) М. накладные расходы N. менее эффективны на работе О. масштаб операций Р. превышать спрос местного рынка

Q. транспортные расходы R. приспосабливаться к чему-либо

S. поддерживать лучший моральный климат Т сохранить, обеспечить, гарантировать

U. справиться смонополисти ческой практикой Practices

22. finance expansion

23. tax burdens

24. good will

25. lack of time

26. handle multiple assignment

27. lack of research facilities

28. overcome with positive planning

29. Reveal opportunities for success for success

30. be contemplated

31. be undertaken

32. reward

33. an outlet for one's creativity

34. guarantee

35. consumerism

36. causes of failure

37. rely on the inherent

38. advantages

39. competent management

40. achieve success

41. decrease employment

42. insurance company

43. license

44. facilities

45. law of supply and demand

46. expenses incurred

47. vendor

48. distribution

49. supply a retailer

50. suffer from the recession

V. финансировать расширение W. бремя налогового обложения X. гудвилл, престиж фирмы (условная стоимость репутации и деловых связей) Y. нехватка времени Z. управлять (осуществлять контроль за) многочисленными заданиями

АА. нехватка средств на исследование

ВВ. преодолеть путем позитив­ного планирования СС. раскрыть возможности для успеха

DD. быть задуманным

ЕЕ. быть предпринятым

FF. поощрение, вознаграждение

GG. выход для чьего-либо

творчества

НН. гарантировать

II. консюмеризм (движение в

защиту интересов потребителей)

JJ.причины провала

КК. полагаться на свойственные

LL. преимущества

ММ. компетентное управление

NN. достичь успеха

ОО. уменьшить безработицу

PR страховая компания

QQ. лицензия, официальное

разрешение

RR. денежные средства;

возможности

SS. закон спроса и предложения

ТТ. понесенные расходы

UU.продавец

W. распределение

WW. снабжать розничного

торговца

XX. страдать от спада