Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry

The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of "unmanned" indus­tries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life of machines. This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules which have only begun to be made on a large scale are well suited for "unmanned" industries.

Intense work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a workpiece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space, etc.

We also need machines that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed and are manufactured. Over the past few years this country has created new automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the continuous casting of steel, machines for spindles spinning and shuttle less weaving, machine-tools for electrophysical and electro­chemical treatment of metals, unique welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tool modules for flexible industries.

New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.

In the shortest time possible we are to start producing new generations of machines and equipment, which would allow us to increase productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced technologies.

Large reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of designing. At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing ma­chines proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new machines are still in the blueprint stage.

A promising reserve in increasing the life of parts is strengthening treatment. In recent years new highly efficient methods have been found.

First and foremost of them is the vacuum plasma methods for coating components with hard alloy com­pounds, such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tung­sten and boron. Methods have been designed for rein­forcing machine parts most vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to make them last several times longer.

Thus, it is not merely numbers engineers and scien­tists are after, rather it is a matter of major character­istics. In other words, this is a matter of quality, and not of the mere number of new machines, apparatuses and materials.

VARIANT 4

1а. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий:

Wide, early, big beautifully, regularly, prominent.

1б. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. Yesterday I came home... than usual. (late)

2. Ann sings far... than Nina. (well)

 

2. Употребите нужную форму личных и притяжательных местоимений:

1. (She)... friends often visit her.

2. (We)... son goes to school.

3. (We, us) always walk to school together.

4. He teaches (we, us) English.

5. I'm afraid they will take (your, yours) word against (her, hers).

6. (Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.

 

3. Заполните пропуски глаголом to be, to have, употребляя соответствующую форму в Present Indefinite (Simple):

1.We... both students.

2. Mr. Smith... sick today.

3.They... a new car.

4. She... green eyes.

4. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. John is angry with you.

2. She is a good tennis player.

3.Mr. Smith's office has three large windows.

4. We have many friends in Moscow.

5. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past, Future Indefinite (Simple):

1. They (take) a lot of trips together.

2. We always (travel) by car.

3. I (wait) almost two hours for Helen yesterday.

4. She (study) in our class last semester.

5. We (spend) two months in the South.

6. The plant (die) because of lack of sunshine.

7. I (be) hungry after so many exercises.

8. I (be) busy all day yesterday.

 

6. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1 The plane leaves at ten o'clock.

2. She always comes to class late.

3. They travelled there by train.

4. She decided to write a letter to her parents.

5. She will leave a message on the table for him.

6. They will write to us on Wednesday.

7. He and his brother were sick two days ago.

8. There were few passengers in the compartment.

 

7.Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной форме, употребляя во­просительные слова, данные в скобках:

1.She put the mail on my desk. (Where)

2. He walked to school with Mary. (Whom with)

3. The Romans made portraits in stone. (Who)

4. Poor lighting makes a piece of sculpture look uninteresting. (What)

8. Образуйте Past Indefinite (Simple) и Participle II от следующих глаголов. Проверьте себя по таблице неправильных глаголов:

to build, to think, to go, to see, to give, to meet, to write, to read, to know, to take, to teach, to feel, to have, to come, to begin, to find, to get, to say, to tell, to put, to leave, to do, to sing, to lose, to stand.