Chapter 16—Anti-structure and the History of Psychical Research 


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Chapter 16—Anti-structure and the History of Psychical Research



The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1998, Mahwah, NJ: World Almanac Books, 1997, p. 250. Figures based on box office sales in the U.S. and Canada.

2 Warner, 1980.

Dawes, 1994.

Christensen & Jacobson, 1994.

It is true that some forms of psychotherapy have come under increasing criticism, and insurance providers refuse support for some. Nevertheless, many of the relatively ineffective forms have been institutionalized and remain so today.

6 See Gauld, 1968; Oppenheim, 1985.

7 Gauld, 1968, p. 138.

Psi Experiments with Random Number Generators: Meta-Analysis Part 1, by Dean I. Radin, Edwin C. May & Martha J. Thomson, in The Parapsychological Association 28th Annual Convention Proceedings of Presented Papers Volume 1, August 12-16, 1985, The Parapsychological Association, pp. 199-233, see p. 223.

The FRNM changed its name to the Rhine Research Center in 1995.

10 Mauskopf & McVaugh, 1980, p. 217.

11 Mauskopf & McVaugh, 1980, p. 217.

For comments on the role of the popular press in publicizing Rhine’s work see “Parapsychology’s Reliance on a Free Press” by J. B. R.[hine], Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 20, 1956, pp. 266-268.

Mauskopf & McVaugh, 1980, p. 139.

See Hansen, Deception by Subjects in Psi Research, 1990a, pp. 34-35.

The Hypothesis of Deception by J. B. Rhine, Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 2, 1938, pp. 151-152.

16 Mauskopf & McVaugh, 1980, p. 304-305.

For some reflections on leaving Duke, see “FRNM’s First Decade: Lessons in Retrospect” by J. B. Rhine, Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 36, 1972, pp. 317327.

Gardner, 1989; Hansen, The Research with B.D. and the Legacy of Magical Ignorance, 1992d.

Child, 1985; Ullman, Krippner with Vaughan, 1973.

Krippner, 1975, see p. 253.

21 Schechter, 1993b.

The ganzfeld method involves partial sensory deprivation. A telepathic receiver is put in a sound proof room and typically has halves of ping pong balls placed over the eyes with red light shown upon them. This creates an unpatterned visual field. White noise (noise without pattern) is played through headphones. A telepathic sender in another rooms tries to transmit an image or idea to the receiver.

E.g., Berger, 1985a, 1985b; Mauskopf & McVaugh, 1980; Osis, 1985.

Members, Publications and Endowment, Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 8, No. 11, pp. 527-529.

For biographical information on Hyslop see Anderson, 1985; Arthur S. Berger, 1988.

26 Osis, 1985, p. 506.

Osis, 1985.

For the following years the Journal did not publish its circulation figures, though postal regulations required it. In 1998 I inquired to the Society about the figures, but they did not respond. In fact I was even unable to learn if I was still a

member.

This general pattern is confirmed by Karlis Osis’ discussion of his years at the ASPR. He quotes Gardner Murphy telling him that “Karlis, money is actually thrown at me now [by foundations], but I cannot get anything for this [psychic research].” Osis went on to describe how they were more successful with individuals. See Osis, 1985, p. 513.

The same pattern was recently demonstrated in Japan. Masaru Ibuka, co-founder of Sony, established a parapsychology laboratory in the company. He died in December 1997, and a few months later the laboratory was closed. See Closing the Dream Factory by Patrick Huyghe, Fortean Times, No. 115, October 1998, pp. 44-46.

CIA’s Psychic Spies Under Scrutiny by Sally Lehrman, Nature, Vol. 378, 7 December 1995, p. 525. The Vision Thing, Time, December 11, 1995, p. 48. CIA Psychics and Spooks: How Spoon-Benders Fought the Cold War by Gregory Vistica, Newsweek, December 11, 1995, p. 50. In a telephone conversation on 24 August 1998 Ed May indicated that the $20 million figure was slightly understated.

The full story of the secret government psychic programs has not yet been told, but some accounts are available. For a bit more on the history of the SRI research, see the section on Psi Tech in the chapter Small Groups and the Paranormal. The early SRI work did not escape the problems of trickery. Uri Geller was one of the early subjects, and numerous allegations of fraud followed him. He

has been covered in an earlier chapter.

Telephone conversation 24 August 1998.

See Palmer, Honorton, & Utts, 1989; May, 1996.

The NRC made Rosenthal’s report available, but their published report did not even acknowledge its existence.

See Gardner, Science: Good, Bad and Bogus, 1979/1981b, p. 190.

37 Tart, 1979.

Schouten, 1993. Schouten’s data on psychologists came from Census of Psychological Personnel: 1983 by Joy Stapp, Anthony M. Tucker, and Gary R. VandenBos, American Psychologist, Vol. 40, No. 12, December 1985, pp. 1317—1351.

See Four Decades of Fringe Literature by Steven Dutch (1986).

See Truzzi, 1987; Thalbourne, 1995. See also MacLab, St Louis, to Shut by Tim Beardsley, Nature, Vol. 317, 5 September 1985, p. 6.

For biographical information on Slick, see Tom Slick and the Search for the Yeti by Loren Coleman (1989).

The figures for the Mind Science Foundation budget are from two researchers who worked there.

Per Gary Heseltine via telephone conversation and written note, 25 October 1998, 08 December 1998.

The PRL RNG was a modified version of one built by Dutch physicist

Dick Bierman.

Questions for the Cosmos by Steve Fishman, New York Times Magazine, November 16, 1989, pp. 50-55.

Hansen, Utts, & Markwick, 1992.

Letter from Richard Broughton, 10 December 1998.

Information on SURF from Gary Heseltine via telephone, 25 October 1998; and Rick E. Berger, 15 November 1998.



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