Exercise 12. Translate these sentences into English.

1. Кто этот парень? - Это Дима. Он мой друг. 2. Чем он занимается? (Кто он?) - Он студент. 3. Кто эти люди? - Они наши соседи. - Чем они занимаются? (Кто они?) - Они служащие. 4. Чья это папка? - Она моя. 5. Какого рода эта работа? - Она неплохая. 6. Сколько лет твоей жене? Сколько лет твоим детям? - Вы ведь не инспектор, не правда ли? 7. В Англии много хороших традиций, не так ли? 8. Что это за фильм? - Это комедия. 9. Который из этих дисков твой? - Они все мои. 10. Как Вы? Как жизнь? Как родители? - Всё прекрасно, спасибо. 11. Почему ты такая печальная? В чём дело? - Я просто голодна и хочу спать. 12. Когда твой день рождения? - Это секрет. 13. Я прав или не прав? - Это трудно сказать. 14. Где ученики? Где учитель? - Они в зале. Там концерт. 15. Это не очень-то хорошая идея, не правда ли? 16. Почему вы здесь? - Я новый секретарь. Какие мои обязанности? 17. Что он за человек? - Он честный человек и помешан на работе.

TASKS FOR SELFCONTROL

MODULE III

Task 1. A. Make up rules for hotel guests. Start with:

Keep the room clean.

Put out the light when you go out.

Don't forget to leave the key with the receptionist.

B. Tell your friend how to bake an apple pie. Start with:

Take 400 gr of flour...

Task 2. Translate these sentences into English:

1. Настрой скрипку и сыграй мою любимую сонату (sonata), пожалуйста. 2. Скажи ему, чтобы приходил встречать брата на вокзал в пятницу. 3. Не ешь так много мороженого – простудишься. 4. Давайте включим свет и прочтем письмо. 5. Выключи компьютер и пойди погуляй. 6. Принеси воды, пожалуйста, и потом иди играть с приятелями. 7. Не открывай дверь незнакомым людям. 8. Выйди на улицу и иди налево. 9. Закрой дверь и слушай меня внимательно. 10. Не забудь отправить письмо. 11. Просыпайся, солнце уже высоко. 12. Прочти всю литературу по списку (on the list) и подготовь доклад. 13. Позвони Тому, пожалуйста, и скажи, что он мне нужен. 14. Не выходи на улицу, там идет сильный дождь. 15. Возвращайте скорее и постарайся не простудиться. 16. Запомни: завтра в пять. 17. Давайте поедем отдыхать в Крым (the Crimea) в этом году. 18. Скажи ему, чтобы не смотрел на меня так внимательно, я смущаюсь (to be embarrassed). 19. Не играй так долго в компьютерные игры, ты испортишь зрение (to ruin one’s eyesight). 20. Попроси Аню купить хлеба и сахара.

Task 3. Write questions of all types to interview your mates about their home reading (hobby, holidays).

 

REVISION

MODULE III

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences.

1. Скажи мне свой номер телефона, пожалуйста. 2. Когда ты получила мое письмо? 3. В гостиничном номере (hotel suite) есть душ, не так ли? 4. Расскажи мне сказку на ночь (before going to bed), пожалуйста. 5. Что вы тут делаете? 6. Пусть он купит свежих овощей, и мы сделаем салат. 7. Не позволяй Марку поздно ложиться спать. 8. Ты видел затмение Солнца (solar eclipse)? 9. Не шумите! Дайте мне послушать музыку. 10. Ты ведь тоже там был, не так ли? 11. Не буди меня завтра рано. У меня выходной. 12. Ты будешь (пить) кофе или чай? 13. Сколько лет твоей племяннице? 14. Давайте пойдем на концерт Валерия Меладзе. 15. Сколько стоит билет в партер (the pit)? 16. Ты зайдешь к нам завтра? 17. Скажи ему, чтобы пришел ровно в семь. 18. Кто знает стихотворение наизусть? 19. Ты ведь не будешь плохо себя вести, не правда ли (to behave ill=to be at it)? 20. Не заставляй (вынуждай) бабушку ждать тебя. 21. Сколько лет твоей подружке? 22. Мы останемся здесь или пойдем на пляж? 23. Давайте учить деловой английский. 24. Я не такая толстая, не так ли? 25. Кто знает ответ на этот вопрос?

PROGRESS TEST

MODULE III

Choose the right form.

1. ….. everyone hear me apologize the assistant manager?

A do

B did

C is

2. ….. told you to shut up?

A who

B when

C why

3. A. What you are looking at?

B. What are you looking at?

C. At what are you looking?

4. ….. take the dog for his run?

A might I

B may I

C do I may

5. My friend isn’t fond of reading, ….. he?

A is

B was

C doesn’t

6. ….. you seen him make that experiment?

A are

B did

C have

7. You’ve liked it since your childhood, …..?

A had you

B did you

C haven’t you

8. A. Who did you draw the picture for?

B. Who for did you draw the picture?

C. For who did you draw the picture?

9. …. did he suddenly change the subject?

A who

B what

C why

10. ….. she finally get her licence last week.

A did

B where

C who

11. A. What do you suspect of him?

B. What of do you suspect him?

C. What do you suspect him of?

12. ….. your holiday.

A Enjoy

B To enjoy

C Who enjoy

13. The method of working these parts isn’t the most modern, ….. it?

A does

B wasn’t

C is

14. ….. did somebody ask you for money in the street?

A who

B when

C what

15. ….. you ever been to America?

A did

B have

C were

16. A. Why should you apologize for?

B. What should you apologize for?

C. What should you apologize?

17. ….. do you believe it important?

A why

B who

C what

18. ….. you answered yet?

A haven’t you

B have you

C did you

19. ….. you come home when it began to rain?

A did

B was

C have

20 ….. don’t they find it desirable?

A who

B why

C what

21. A. What kind of music do you enjoy?

B. What do kind of music you enjoy?

C. What of the music kind do you enjoy?

22. The storm began two hours ago, …..?

A had it

B didn’t it

C wasn’t it

23. You have been playing tennis, …..?

A has you

B were you

C haven’t you

24. Your brother didn’t shave in the morning, ….. he?

A doesn’t

B was

C did

25. ….. she staying in the country now?

A is

B was

C why

26. Who ….. that she should do it again?

A did demand

B demanded

C is demanded

27. A. Which way they went?

B. Which way did they went

C. Which way did they go?

28. ….. that skirt too wide for me?

A doesn’t

B isn’t

C does

29. ….. you so excited that you can’t think?

A is

B do

C are

30. ….. so old that she could be your grandmother?

A who is

B who

C who are

31. A. Where you come from?

B. Where do you come from?

C. Where from do you come?

32. ….. the violin best?

A who play

B who plays

C who do play

33. ….. him try again.

A Let

B Let’s

C Lets

34. Doctors say smoking is not good for health, ….. they?

A don’t’

B did

C aren’t

35. Which of these is a general question?

A. Who turned and waved?

B. Did my brother turn and wave?

C. Who did my brother wave to?

36. Which of these is a special question?

A. What was the wall of the house covered with?

B. Was the wall of the house covered with vine?

C. The wall of the house was covered with vine, wasn’t it?

37. Which of these is a question to the subject?

A. What did we buy the toys for?

B. Who did we buy the toys for?

C. Who bought the toys?

38. Which of these is an alternative question?

A. Did they sit on the top of the hill to watch the sun?

B. Did they sit on the top or at the foot of the hill to watch the sun?

C. They sat on the top of the hill to watch the sun, didn’t they?

39. Which of these is a disjunctive question?

A. Did Lucy or did Jan keep looking at the clock?

B. Lucy kept looking at the clock, didn’t she?

C. What did Lucy keep looking at?

40. Which of these questions expresses aggression?

A. Why should know such nonsense?

B. Who can know such nonsense?

C. Who might know such nonsense?

TOTAL: 40 MARKS

 

WEB SUPPORT: http://www.incampus.ru/campus.aspx?id=10749510&tab=3

MODULE IV

THE NOUNS

THE NOUN. PLURAL OF NOUNS

The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word. In the concept of substance we include not only names of living beings (eg. boy, girl) and lifeless things (eg. chair, table), but also names of abstract notions, i.e. qualities, states, actions (kindness, strength, fear, conversation, fight), abstracted from their bearers.

Nouns that can be counted have two numbers: singular and plural. The main types of the plural forms of English nouns are as follows:

1. The plural form is marked by the inflexion -s. It’s pronounced as:

a) [z] after vowels and voiced consonants: bee – bees; dog – dogs;

b) [s] after voiceless consonants: book – books.

2. Nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z have the ending -es that is pronounced as [iz]:

actress - actresses; bush - bushes; watch - watches; box - boxes.

3. If the noun ends in –o preceded by a consonant, the plural is generally formed by adding –es:

hero – heroes, potato – potatoes,tomato – tomatoes, echo – echoes.

But a few nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant form the plural in –s:

photo - photos, piano - pianos, solo - solos.

All noun ending in –o preceded by a vowel form the plural in –s:

kangaroos, radios, studios.

There are a few nouns ending in –o which form the plural both in – s and – es:

mosquito – mosquitos or mosquitoes; banjo – banjos or banjoes.

In proper names the ending -s is used:

Romeos; Filipinos.

4. The letter -y is changed into -i if it is preceded by a consonant and the ending -es is added:

sky - skies.

But -y remains unchanged and the ending -s is added:

a) after vowels: day - days;

b) in proper names: Do you know the Kennedys; I hate Februarys.

c) in compounds: stand-by - stand-bys.

5. Thirteen nouns ending in –f(e) form their plural changing –f(e) into –v(e):

calf – calves; elf – elves; half – halves; knife – knives; leaf – leaves; life – lives; loaf – loaves; self – selves; sheaf – sheaves; shelf – shelves; thief – thieves; wife – wives; wolf – wolves.

Other noun ending in – f(e) have the plural inflexion –s in the regular way:

proof – proofs; chief – chiefs; safe – safes; cliff – cliffs; gulf – gulfs, kerchief – kerchiefs, etc.

There are some nouns which have two forms in the plural:

scarf – scarfs/scarves; dwarf – dwarfs/dwarves; hoof – hoofs/hooves.

6. Nouns ending in –th take the ending -s. It is pronounced as [ðz] after long vowels or diphthongs and as [өs] after short vowels and consonants:

bath [ba:ө] – baths [ba:ðz]; path [pa:ө] – paths [pa: ðz]; oath [ǝuө] – oaths[ǝuðz];

month [mʌnө] – months [mʌnөs ]; myth [mIө] – myths [mIөs]; health [helө] – healths [helөs].

7. For historical reasons some nouns form their plural differently. Seven nouns form the plural by changing the root vowel:

man – men; woman – women; tooth – teeth; foot – feet; goose – geese; mouse – mice; louse – lice, person – persons (off.)/people, peoples = народы.

Two nouns form the plural in –en:

Ox – oxen; child – children.

8. With some nouns the plural is identical with the singular form:

sheep – sheep; swine – swine; deer – deer.

This sheep looks small. All those sheep are good.

There are some animal names that have two plurals:

fish – fish/fishes; pike – pike/pikes; salmon – salmon/salmons.

The zero plural denotes hunting quarries (We caught only a few fish. We caught five salmon.). The regular plural is used to denote different individuals, kinds of animal.

9. Nouns indicating number also have identical forms for singular and plural: pair, couple, dozen, score, etc.

Five dozen of eggs.

10. A number of foreign (particularly Latin and Greek) nouns have retained their original plural endings:

basis – bases; crisis – crises; analysis – analyses; thesis – theses; criterion – criteria; phenomenon – phenomena; stimulus – stimuli; nucleus – nuclei; formula – formulae; datum – data; index – indices.

Some nouns may have two plural forms: the English plural and the Original foreign one:

formula – formulae/formulas; index – indices/ indexes.

12. As a rule in compound nouns the second component takes the plural form:

toothbrush – toothbrushes; boy-scout – boy-scouts.

Compounds in which the first component is man or woman have plurals in both components:

woman-doctor – women-doctors; man-servant – men-servants.

In compounds originating from a prepositional noun phrase only the first noun takes the plural form:

mother-in-law – mothers-in-law; editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief.

In compound nouns formed by a noun plus a preposition, an adverb, or an adjective the first element takes the plural:

passer-by - passers-by.

When a compound is a substantivized phrase which does not contain a noun, the last element takes the ending –s:

forget-me-not – forget-me-nots; grown-up – grown-ups.

12. Some nouns cannot change their number, they are always singular in meaning or they denote plurality.

Singular nouns:

a) non-count nouns (material nouns and abstract nouns):

tea, sugar, gold, music, anger.

b) proper names:

Wales, Henry, the Thames.

c) some nouns ending in –s:

news, means, measles, advice.

d) nouns ending in –ics:

classics, linguistics, politics, athletics.

Plural nouns:

a) names of tools and articles consisting of two equal parts which are joined:

glasses, scissors, shorts, trousers, pyjamas [pɪ’ʤɑːməz], clothes [kləuðz].

b) some proper nouns:

the Netherlands, the Highlands.

c) other nouns:

goods, stairs, thanks, contents, holidays.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Form the plural of the following nouns. Classify them according to the pronunciation of the ending -s/-es. Mind the spelling.

A seed, a tax, a discovery, a sketch, a method, an enemy, a toy, a baby, a song, a trip, a book, a step, a lock, a match, a box, a guy, a flash, a bag, a day, a rug, a sandwich, a judge, a page, a face, a watch, a chicken, a duck, an egg, a shape, a blouse, a clock, a sentence, an adjective, a noun, a preposition, a dress, a wage.

Exercise 2. Give the plurals of the following nouns.

A cow, an army, a baby, a story, a tomato, a potato, a box, a wish, a child, a wolf, a patio, a tooth, a monkey, a key, a house, a goose, a way, a scarf; a lady, a gentleman, a housewife, a forget-me-not, a mother-in-law, a relative.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with a singular or plural noun.

l. The... smells delicious (cake, cakes). 2. The... is full (box, boxes). 3. Do you know the... that lives next door (woman, women)? 4. Our... are modern (computer, computers). 5.... are dangerous animals (lion, lions). 6. These... are very funny (photo, photos). 7.... grow very well here (potato, potatoes).

Exercise 4. a) Write the following nouns in the plural and use quantifiers. Study the table.

All kinds of nouns	Class nouns (countable nouns)	Material nouns
some	some	some
any	any	any
no	no	no
a lot of	many	much
lots of	(a) few	(a) little
plenty of	lot of	a lot of
	lots of	lots of
	several	a good deal of
	plenty of	plenty of
	a number of

A leaf, a wish, a zoo, a knife, a rose, one tomato, one tooth, a thief, a chief, a roof, a piano, a photo, an auto, a hero, a mosquito, a goose, a mouse, a fish, a bacterium, one cactus, a crisis, a phenomenon, a butterfly, a volcano, a baby, a wolf, a scarf, a tax, a taxi, the editor-in-chief, a mother-in-law, a forget-me-not.

b) Translate into English

1. Много воды, некоторое количество газет, масса снега, мало яблок, немного хлеба, несколько человек, какое-то количество машин, много детей. 2. Дайте мне какие-нибудь газеты. 3. В этом лесу много оленей. 4. Мы собирали ягоды летом. 5. Где твои часы? 6. Крыши черные. 7. Листья уже желтые. 8. Кто эти женщины? 9. Посмотри на этих прохожих. 10. У нее очень много денег. 11. Сегодня новости хорошие.

Exercise 5. Rewrite the following in the plural:

A. This cup, that boy, this woman, my toothbrush, his teacup, this lady, this baby, that flower, my piano, his scarf, this fork, that spoon, her cat, this cat.

B. A good book, a pretty girl, a nice dress, a long night, a bright pupil, a large flat, a short man, a black dress.

C. 1. My brother is in the army. 2. The cake is delicious. 3. A bus is the best way of getting to town. 4. A lion is a dangerous animal. 5. His father is an actor. 6. A computer is expensive. 7. A train is faster than a bus. 8. This film is not suitable for children. 9. The address on the letter is wrong. 10. The letter is on the table. 11. This is a cup of tea. 12. He is a teacher. 13. This girl is an actress. 14. This is a good book. 15. This is a thick textbook. 16. That is a nice tie. 17. This woman is a doctor 18. That girl is my niece. 19. This boy is my cousin. 20. This film is very long. 21. This play is dull. 22. This lady is our new neighbour.

Exercise 6.