Creating a positive image (by Dee Delaney)

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В ПРОФЕССИИ

Учебное пособие

Часть 1

Под ред. Лаловой Т.И.

1 - стр.

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

 

ENGLISH IN BRIDGE ENGINEERING. 4

UNIT 1. AN EARLY HISTORY OF BRIDGE BUILDING.. 4

UNIT 2. BRIDGES CLASSIFICATION. 5

UNIT 3. BRIDGE OR TUNNEL. 8

UNIT 4. REINFORCED CONCRETE AND BEAM BRIDGES. 10

UNIT 5. TIMBER AND MASONRY BRIDGES. 13

ENGLISH IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT. 16

UNIT 1. HARD TO REACH... HOW TO PROMOTE. 16

UNIT 2. SUCCESS. PASSION INTO PROFIT. 18

UNIT 3. IMAGE OF A COMPANY OR PRODUCT. 20

UNIT 4. ETIQUETTE. BAD MANNERS AT WORK. 22

UNIT 5. DATA. NO PRIVACY.. 25

ENGLISH IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION. 27

UNIT 1. HEALTH AND SAFETY. 27

UNIT 2. THE BUILDING TEAM. 29

UNIT 3. CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. 32

UNIT 4. CIVIL CONSTRUCTION. 33

UNIT 5. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. 36

ENGLISH IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN. 38

UNIT 1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?. 38

UNIT 2. THE DIGITAL AGE. 40

UNIT 3. WHAT IS INSIDE A PC SYSTEM?. 42

UNIT 4. COMPUTER LANGUAGES. 44

UNIT 5. COMPUTERS FOR THE DISABLED. 47

ENGLISH IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING. 50

UNIT 1. PROBLEMATIC PASSION OF HAVING A CAR. 50

UNIT 2. HOW TRAFFIC PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED.. 51

UNIT 3. HURRICANE LANDFALL SITE PROTECTION. 53

UNIT 4. RIGHT-OF-WAY.. 55

UNIT 5. ROAD SURFACE.. 56

ENGLISH IN LAND CADASTER. 59

UNIT 1. LAND USE PLANNING. 59

UNIT 2. THE TYPES OF LAND USE PLANNING. 60

UNIT 3. WHAT IS LAND CADASTRE. 63

UNIT 4. ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN LAND CADASTRE. 64

UNIT 5. PROBLEM OF AUTOMATING LAND RECORDS. 66

ENGLISH IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 70

UNIT 1. OCCUPATION OR PROFESSION?. 70

UNIT 2. GETTING THE RIGHT STAFF. 72

UNIT 3. FORECASTING.. 73

UNIT 4. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 75

UNIT 5. REINFORCED -CONCRETE PRODUCTIОN.. 76

ENGLISH IN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION. 78

UNIT 1. EUROSTAR TOPS 10 MILLION PASSENGERS. 78

UNIT 2. HOUSTON OPENS SECOND LIGHT RAIL LINE.. 80

UNIT 3. RAILWAY STATIONS. 82

UNIT 4. RAILWAY TRACK CONSTRUCTION.. 84

UNIT 5. DOUBLE-DECK TRAIN CONCEPT. 86

ENGLISH IN RAILWAY MAINTENANCE. 89

UNIT 1. EARTH TRACK SOLUTIONS – RAILS SLEEPER REPLACEMENT, TRACK MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION. 89

UNIT 2. NETWORK RAIL COMPANY. 91

UNIT 3. NETWORK RAIL COMPANY. 94

UNIT 4. SPERRY RAIL - RAIL FLAW DETECTION SYSTEMS. 96

UNIT 5. SPERRY RAIL - RAIL FLAW DETECTION SYSTEMS. 98

ENGLISH IN TUNNEL ENGINEERING. 100

UNIT 1. TUNNELS. 100

UNIT 2. HISTORY OF TUNNELING. 103

UNIT 3. TUNNEL JOBS. 107

UNIT 4. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. 111

UNIT 5. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS. 114

 

 

 

ENGLISH IN BRIDGE ENGINEERING.

UNIT 1.
AN EARLY HISTORY OF BRIDGE BUILDING

Vocabulary.

Legacy – наследие

Masonry arch bridge - арочный мост каменной кладки

Wedge – вклинивать

Semicircular – полукруглый

Flood – наводнение

Prolific – плодовитый

Anew – заново

A flair for engineering – талант к инженерии

Amateur - любительский

The Romans' legacy to bridge building was the heavy masonry arch bridge, hundreds of which were built throughout Europe. In this, large stone blocks were wedged against each other to form an arch. The central stone at the top of the arch was known as the keystone. The finest surviving example of such a bridge is the Pons Fabricius in Rome. Completed in 62 BC, the bridge (now called the Ponte Quattro Capi) has two fine semicircular arches each spanning 78 feet. A small "relief" arch in the central sponging of the two main arches releases excess water in times of flood.

So prolific and efficient was Roman building that it was hundreds of years before Europeans took to bridge building anew. Then, in the 12th century, Catholic priests and professionals took over the building of bridges because the Church recognized the advantages of good road communications in a developing society. In France, a group of interested priests formed a new order, the Freres du Pont, to design and build lasting bridges. Most famous of this order's works was the Pont d' Avignon, built in 1177 over the Rhone River. It had 21 arches in all, the longest spanned 115 feet. Similarly, in England, it was Peter de Colechurch who designed and built the first stone bridge over the Thames, the famous London Bridge. The architect-priest Giovanni Giocondo (c. 1433-1515) who used the segmental arch in Paris’ first masonry bridge, built in 1507, did another.

Until the late 17th century, bridges continued to be designed and built largely by priests or architects with a flair for engineering. But such complex and essential work could not rest in the hands of gifted amateurs forever. In 1716, French army engineers took the lead on the rest of the world in bridge building.

Answer the questions:

1. What were the earliest building materials for bridges?

2. Who were the first architects in bridge engineering?

3. What building materials were used by Romans?

4. When was built the earliest bridge in France?

5. Who took the lead on the rest of the world in bridge building and when?

EXERCISES:

1) Find the equivalents:

- талант

- наследие

- плодовитый

- заново

- наводнение

- одаренный

- каменный мост

- известный

- вклинивать

- любительский

- арочный мост каменной кладки

- полукруглый

2) Match the synonyms:

 

1.	2.
Legacy	Productive
Flood	Construct
Anew	Brickwork
Prolific	Heritage
Build	Again
Masonry	Wood
Timber	Inundation

3) Describe the following terms:

1. The Romans' legacy.

2. Masonry arch bridge.

3. Prolific and efficient.

4) Complete the sentences:

1. The Romans' legacy to bridge building was …

2. A group of interested priests formed …

3. The Church recognized the advantages of good road communications …

4. The architect-priest Giovanni Giocondo (c. 1433-1515) who …

5. In 1716, French army engineers took the lead …

5) Choose the correct form

1. She realized that nobody (will come/would come).

2. We understood that she (sees/saw) nothing.

3. He said he (will arrive/would arrive) in some days.

4. My mother was sure I already (have come/had come).

5. I didn't know they (are/were) in the room.

6. We supposed the rain (will stop/would stop) in some hours.

7. He said he never (has been/had been) to London.

UNIT 2.
BRIDGES CLASSIFICATION.

Vocabulary.

Mention – упоминать

In a wide sense – в широком смысле

Provide a crossing over – обеспечить возможность пересечения

Be classified – классифицироваться

Function – функция

Reinforced concrete – железобетон

Cable-stayed – вантовый

Include – включать

Flexible – гнущийся

Rigid – негнущийся

Service life – срок службы

It has already been mentioned that bridges in a wide sense of this term mean constructional works comprising a superstructure and a substructure. In a narrow sense, this term means a structure built to provide a crossing over a river.

In technical literature, bridges are classified according to their indications as follows:

Indication № 1 – by the main road function.

1. Railway bridges.

2. Motorway bridges.

3. Foot-bridges (Pedestrian bridges).

4. City bridges.

5. Pipe lines.

6. Metro-bridges.

7. Combined systems or road-cum-rail bridges (carrying various means of transport).

Indication № 2 – by the superstructure material.

1. Timber bridges (wooden bridges).

2. Stone bridges (masonry bridges).

3. Reinforced concrete bridges.

4. Metal bridges.

5. Steel reinforced concrete bridges (composite bridges).

6. Suspension bridges.

7. Cable-stayed bridges.

The suspension and cable-stayed bridges include the structures with the flexible stayed ropes as the main carrying element. Curvilinear ropes are used for suspension bridges and rectilinear ropes are used for cable-stayed structures. The ropes are made of metal wire strands and that is why suspension and cable-stayed structures can be regarded as variants of metal bridges.

Indication № 3 – by a structural model.

1. Beam bridges. (Spans of rectangular shape rest on supports).

2. Arch bridges. (A curvilinear structure produces a horizontal thrust ough (t??) skewbacks to the supports).

3. Frame-type bridges. (Spans and supports are all indivisible rigid structure).

4. Cantilever bridges. (These structures include cantilever arms, i.e. elements built out of their supports).

5. Combined systems. (They consist of several simple structures – beam + arch).

Indication № 4 – by the position of the bridge floor.

1. Deck bridges.

2. Through bridges.

3. Half-through bridges.

Indication № 5 – by the overall bridge length.

1. Short bridges (up to 25 m long).

2. Medium bridges (from 25 to 100 m long).

3. Long bridges (more than 100 m long).

Indication № 6 – by the number of spans.

1. Single-span bridges.

2. Double-span bridges.

3. Three-span bridges.

4. Multi-span bridges.

Indication № 7 – by the service life.

1. Permanent bridges. (Service life is 80-100 years.)

2. Temporary bridges. (Service life is about 10-15 years.)

3. Short-term bridges. (They are built for the period from two – three days to one year.)

In addition to the mentioned bridge types there are drawbridges (movable bridges), floating (raft) bridges and the ferrying.

Answer the questions:

1. How bridges are classified in technical literature?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of beam bridges?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of truss bridges?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cable-stayed bridges?

5. What materials are most commonly used and why?

EXERCISES:

1) Find the equivalents:

- трубопровод

- совмещенный мост (для автомобильного и ж/д транспорта)

- железобетонный

- вантовый мост

- балочный мост

- рамный мост

- балочно-консольный мост

- комбинированный мост с ездой посередине

- мост с ездой понизу

- сквозная ферма с ездой понизу

- разводной; подъемный мост

2) Match the opposite adjectives:

Long, temporary, pedestrian, single-span, vertical, flexible

1. Hort bridge ≠

2. Multi-span bridge ≠

3. Permanent bridge ≠

4. Motorway bridge ≠

5. Horizontal thrust ≠

6. Rigid structure ≠

3) Complete the sentences:

1. The term «bridge» means …

2. According to their function bridges are classified into …

3. According to the superstructure material bridges are classified into

4. A suspension bridge consists of …

5. Service life of temporary bridges is …

6. Combined systems consist of …

7. I know different types of bridges, for example …

4) Change the sentences from Active into Passive Voice:

1. We consider bridge building to be a science.

1. We believe many bridges to have been constructed 2000 years ago.

2. Nature has given to staff the idea of bridge.

3. We know the Romans to have brought arch bridge construction to its high degree of perfection.

5) Choose the correct form

1. We wanted to know who (is singing/was singing) in the next room.

2. I always thought he (is/was) a brave man.

3. When I saw him, he (is working/was working).

4. We know she always (comes/came) in time.

5. They thought he (will have finished/would have finished) his work by the evening.

6. She said she (has/had) a terrible headache.

7. We supposed they (will send/would send) us the documents.

8. He said he (has not seen/had not seen) us for ages.

UNIT 3.
BRIDGE OR TUNNEL.

Vocabulary

Obstacle – препятствие

Water space – водный массив

By means of – с помощью

Connect – соединять

Rapid increase – быстрый рост

Land-based – наземный

Trade and commerce – торговля

Cross over – пересекать

Bear in mind – иметь в виду

Sea current – морское течение

Vessel – судно

Seabed – морское дно

Provide – обеспечивать

Sufficient – достаточный

Require – требовать

Embankment – насыпь

Depend (on) – зависеть

Put into operation – запускать

High-speed – высокоскоростной

Severe – суровый

The vast water areas all over the world represent the world obstacles for people’s communication. A man has been striving to subdue water spaces by means of the main road connecting continents, islands, etc. because the economy becomes globalized.

The English Channel separating Great Britain and Europe the Straits of Gibraltar between Europe and Africa, the Bosporus between Europe and Asia, the Bering Strait connecting the Eurasian and American continents, Japanese-islands might offer the missing link for rapid increase land-based transportation to promote improved trade and commerce to facilitate greater economic integration.

Builders always have the choice between bridging and tunneling in crossing over or under a large waterway. Each sort of a structure offers its advantages and shortcomings. One should bear in mind the influence of strong sea currents, great water depth, and large capacity vessels with great boundary dimensions (the under clearance of the bridges must be about 65 m high not to prevent shipping), complicated geological seabed structure. Seabed silt is a rather soft foundation for supports footing. In addition, these regions are seismically dangerous and constructional works must provide sufficient strength against seismic waves.

The advantages of the bridge crossing may be the following:

1. Low cost of construction in comparison with a tunnel structure though sometimes it may be quite the opposite.

2. Bridges require lower maintenance costs because tunnels call outlays for water discharging, ventilation, illumination, etc. The longer subaquatic structure is, the heavier outlays are required.

The advantages of the tunnel are:

1. Free shipping is very important under intensive navigation. Tunnels are much safer as compared to the bridge crossing because bridge supports must be calculated for the berthing impact. Being deep beneath the water surface, tunnels do not interfere with navigation. In addition, weather conditions cannot influence the traffic.

2. The architectural view of the tunnel is more attractive because there is no need for high approach embankments.

The final decision for choosing a bridge or a tunnel depends on many factors and not only on technical ones. In some cases, bridges are much more preferable. In 1974, the bridge across the Bosporus was erected. In 1985, the bridge crossings connected some Japan islands.

A bridge also spanned the strait separating Denmark and Europe.

Nevertheless, the choice fell on a tunnel underneath the English Channel. In 1994, the railway tunnel from Great Britain to France was put into operation. It provides a high-speed rail link with shuttle trains reducing the travel time between the two countries to three-and-a-half hours. Needless to say that the cost of this tunnel is enormous. The tunnels also connected another group of Japanese-islands in 1987.

The problem «a bridge or a tunnel» is being discussed for the type of structures in the nearest future in Italy and across the Straits of Gibraltar and the Bering Strait. The choice falls on a bridge crossing in Europe and on a tunnel for the severe northern conditions.

Answer the questions:

1. What are the advantages of tunnels?

2. What are the disadvantages of tunnels?

3. What are the advantages of bridges?

4. What are the disadvantages of bridges?

EXERCISES:

1) Find the equivalents:

world obstacles; sea currents; boundary dimensions; seabed silt; maintenance costs; bridge supports; weather conditions; railway tunnel; travel time

2) Choose the best variant:

1. There always was a choice between bridging and tunneling in … over or under a large waterway.

a) crossing b) crippling c) cruising

2. Bridges require lower maintenance … than tunnels.

a) corrosion b) corrugations c) costs

3. Tunnels are much … as compared to the bridge crossing.

a) saving b) saver c) safer

4. Weather conditions cannot influence the … through tunnels.

a) traffic b) transfer c) transit

5. The cost of the tunnel under the English … is enormous.

a) cheddar b) channel c) canal

3) Find the opposites to the words:

gathering _____________

slow _________________

drawback_____________

allow_________________

bound (adj.) ___________

lessening _____________

small_________________

shallow ______________

4) Are the sentences True or False? Correct the wrong ones:

1. ______ The Straits of Gibraltar separates Europe from Africa.

2. ______ The under clearance of the bridges must be over 60 m high not to prevent shipping.

3. ______ For the first time the Bosporus was bridged in 1973.

4. ______ Tunnels require lower maintenance costs.

5. ______ Vessels can navigate much easier if there are no bridges.

6. ______ The Bosporus bridge managed to withstand the wind blows up to 162 km per hour.

5) Make up the word combinations using the derivatives from the words in brackets:

(strong) of the material, bridge (construct), (suspend) bridges, (available) of steel, to be (embed) into the banks, (addition) support, ropes (suspend) from rocks, elaborate (scaffold), period of railroad (expand), to cost (consider), one of the most (common) used, concrete (reinforce) with steel bars.

UNIT 4.
REINFORCED CONCRETE AND BEAM BRIDGES.

Vocabulary

Reinforced concrete – железобетон

Possess – обладать

Substitute – заменить

Ribbed – ребристый

Work in compression – работать на сжатие

Reinforcement – арматура

Competitive – конкурентоспособный

Beforehand – заранее

Prestressed – преднапряженный

Jack – домкрат

Bughole – дыра

Beam – балка

Compression – сжатие, компрессия

Tension – напряжение, натяжение, давление

Twisting – закручивание, скручивание

Bending – изгибание, кривизна

Tensile – прочность растяжения при изгибе

To span – соединять, протягиваться,

Dissipate – распределять, уменьшать

Piling – отсыпка, грунт

Daisy chaining – последовательное соединение, гирляндная цепь

A felled log – срубленное бревно

Opposing – противоположные

Concrete being an artificial stone possesses the same good qualities as natural stones. It works well in compression and bad in tension. That is why concrete has substituted natural stone in arch bridges because an arch works in compression.

At the beginning of the 19-th century concrete was reinforced by metal bars. The idea was to transfer the tension stress from the concrete to the reinforcement. This resulted in a new building material, which is known as reinforced concrete.

At present reinforced concrete bridges are widely spread because this building material is in line with short and medium spans (up to 40 – 60-m). It is also rather competitive with metal for long span structures.

The reinforced concrete spans are of a great variety because of their ability to work in compression and tension as well as flexure. It is used for producing simple beams, continuous beams, cantilever-beam systems, arches, frames and combined systems (arch + beam or arch + truss), etc.

The builders use monolithic reinforced concrete laid in situ, prefabricated reinforced concrete, which is made at the works beforehand and the bridge is assembled in-situ from the reinforced concrete segments. Prefabricated monolithic concrete is the combination of both mentioned types. To make the reinforced concrete highly strong and stiff it is prestressed by jacks and reinforcement of high strength wire.

In comparison with other building materials the bridges made of reinforced concrete offer the following advantages: a substantial saving of steel, which is scarce to supply; elimination of maintenance cost as compared with metal bridges; greater rigidity as against metal bridges; long useful life (80 – 100 years); the variety of structural forms improving bridge appearance and architecture.

The disadvantages of the reinforced concrete bridges may be the following: great dead weight; great labor-consuming character of the bridge segments producing; hidden bugholes may cause dangerous complications and they are difficult to be reconditioned; difficulties of concrete laying in winter.

A beam bridge, sometimes called a girder bridge, is a rigid structure that consists of one horizontal beam supported at each end, usually by some kind of pillar or pier. In structural terms, it is the simplest type of bridge and is a popular selection because of its inexpensive construction costs. It began as a felled log supported by opposing riverbanks that was used to span a river or other body of water. Today, it is commonly made from reinforced concrete or steel beams for everything from pedestrian bridges to highway overpasses.

This type of bridge works on the principles of compression and tension, that’s why it needs a strong beam to resist twisting and bending under the weight it must support. When a load, for example a group of traveling cars, pushes down on the beam, the weight of the beam pushes down on the piers. The beam's top edge is pushed together as the result of compression, and tension causes the bottom edge to stretch and lengthen. The top reaches maximum compression while the bottom snaps under too much tension.

Many beam bridges for road construction are made from concrete and steel because these materials are strong enough to bear the forces of compression and tension. The distance a beam can span is directly related to its height, because higher beams offer more material to dissipate tension and need reinforcement.

In spite of reinforcements like concrete, steel, and trusses, its length limits this type of bridge, so they rarely span more than 250 feet (76.2 m). However, daisy-chaining bridge sections allow reaching longer distances. One of the world's longest bridges is a continuous span beam bridge. It’s located in Louisiana as a pair of parallel bridges of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway that measure almost 24 miles (38.5 km) long and are supported by 9,500 concrete pilings.

Answer the questions:

1. Is there any difference between concrete and reinforce concrete?

2. What is the best length for the reinforced concrete spans and why?

3. What structural model is most preferable for the reinforced concrete bridges?

4. What materials are frequently used in beam bridge construction? Why?

5. What the world's longest beam bridges do you know?

EXERCISES:

1) Find the equivalents:

- железобетонный мост

- заменять, замещать

- преднапряженная арматура

- заранее

- обычная арматура

- плитное пролетное строение

- ребристое пролетное строение

- раскос

- жесткий нижний пояс балки

- стенка

- шпала

- отверстия

- отогнутый

- домкрат

- сварочная сталь

2) Choose the right answer:

1. Concrete has substituted natural stone in arch bridges because

A it works well in tension.

B it works well in bending.

C it works well in compression.

D it works well in torsion.

2. Prefabricated monolithic concrete is…

A. usually called monolithic reinforced concrete.

B. the combination of monolithic reinforced concrete and prefabricated reinforced concrete.

C. usually called prefabricated reinforced concrete.

D. the combination of monolithic reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete.

3. The disadvantages of the reinforced concrete bridges are…..

A. a substantial saving of steel; elimination of maintenance cost; greater rigidity.

B. the variety of structural forms; difficulties of concrete laying in winter; hidden bugholes.

C. hidden bugholes; a substantial saving of steel; elimination of maintenance cost.

D. great dead weight; difficulties of concrete laying in winter; hidden bugholes.

3) Divide the words into pairs:

metal

high-strength

bug

concrete

structure

prestressed

laying

wire

bar

concrete

holes

weight

4) Fill in the blanks:

Erected, reinforced, design, spans, longest, are

1. The longest spans among lattice trusses … 63m in Russia.

2. The first concrete arch bridge was … in France in 1875.

3. The first … concrete bridges were constructed in 1877.

4. The earliest Russian reinforced concrete beam bridge was built to professor Belelyubsky’s … in 1893.

5. The … spans among continuous beam systems are 105 m in Japan.

6. The longest … among arch bridges are 228 m in the Ukraine.

5) Fill in the missing words from the list:

Adjacent, roadway, vertical piers, span, design, horizontal beams, strength. Beam bridges are the oldest known bridges and tend to be the simplest to …… and build. Roughly half of all bridges in the world are beam bridges. They consist of……and …… A beam bridge’s ……. depends on the strength of the ……… and can be increased by adding additional piers. While beam bridges can be quite long, the …………, or distance between …….. piers, is usually small.

UNIT 5.
TIMBER AND MASONRY BRIDGES.

Vocabulary.

Masonry – каменный

Limit – ограничивать

Durable – долговечный

Weather proof– погодоустойчивый

Thawing – оттепель

Limestone – известняк

Adorn – украшать

Elimination– сокращение

Density – плотность

Pile – свая

Cribs – сруб

Pine – сосна

Larch – лиственница

Arid – высушенный

Dowel – шпонка

Log – бревно

Square sawn timber – брус, квадратные пиломатериалы

Plywood – фанера

The early bridges were made of stone and timber because these building materials could be easily found everywhere. The earliest type of stone bridge is one that requires no designing. When large flat stones could be found it was a simple enough matter to build piers of square stones in the stream and lay the large flat slabs on the tops of the piers. Obviously, such a construction was very limited in application, for to find a flat stone large enough to span a reasonable distance was hard enough to start with, and when found would be difficult to handle with primitive tools owing to its weight. The local name for these is clapper bridges, and has three spans of 15 feet each. Such bridges are examples of beam or girder bridges in stone.

Stone used for bridge construction must be durable, weather proof and resistant to freezing and thawing. Sometimes the builders use the artificial stone i.e. concrete made of cement, crushed rock or pebbles, sand and water.

As the stones were “dressed”, that is cut, shaped and finished by stonemasons; buildings in dressed stone are called masonry. The greater the skill of the masons the longer does the building last, and this applies to bridges as well as houses and castles. Of course, wars and weather play their part too, but other things being equal, a bridge built of carefully wrought masonry will last longer than one stuck together, as it were, with cement or mortar. The Romans knew this, although they were experts at making concrete. However, the Romans frequently depended entirely on a good fit between the stones for many of their greatest works.

Today it would require quite careful design by engineers to construct a bridge by up-to-date methods, using modern materials. Nevertheless, the Romans had nothing to guide them but common sense and experience.

The masonry bridges offer the following advantages:

1. Long durability. Some Roman bridges survive to our days. The only reasons for their destruction are wars and disasters.

2. Aesthetic values of these bridges adorn many cities.

3. Greater rigidity under the extra heavy super load.

4. Considerable elimination of maintenance cost.

Possible disadvantages of masonry bridges are:

1. Greater dead weight as a stone density is between 2 and 2.7 t/m3

2. Only the arch structure may be used. It produces the horizontal force – the thrust, which requires powerful foundations and solid ground to rest on.

3. Masonry bridge construction is difficult to be mechanized. It requires much handwork. Therefore, it takes the builders much more time to erect a masonry bridge in comparison with other bridge types.

Timber bridges are used as temporary structures during 10 – 15 years. Piles and cribs made of wood are often applied as bridge foundations. But metal spans save much time during bridge construction because they may be much longer than those made of wood.

The best timber for bridge building is pine, fur-tree and other soft wood as well as larch, arid cedar.

4. The expensive timber species such as oak, hornbeam, and beech are used only for the most important elements – the caps and dowels.

To increase its waterproof, timber is impregnated with antiseptics. It results in the service life prolongation up to 25 – 30 years. Plywood structures are widely used abroad and the spans made of this material are more durable, rigid and lighter than those made of logs did are and square sawn timber are.

Examples of bridges of this type are found in Cornwall and Devon, owing to the prevalence of flat granite slabs on the moors, and a good example is still to be seen at Postbridge on Dartmoor.

Some of their bridge piers had, in fact, to be demolished by dynamite when the bed of the River Humber was deepened some 1500 years after their construction.

This sound wood is easily treated and does not decay.

Most favorable rock for this purpose is granite, basalt, dolomite and widespread and rather cheap sandstone and limestone. Wood is also used for bridge supports and spans.

Answer the questions:

1. What were the earliest building materials for bridges?

2. What is the most durable material for bridge building?

3. What building materials are used for stone bridges?

4. Why were the bridges the Romans built very solid and durable?

5. What bridges are difficult to mechanize?

EXERCISES:

1) Find the equivalents:

- каменная кладка

- таяние; оттепель

- известняк

- украшать

- исключение

- плотность

- свая

- сруб; клеть; ряж

- сосна

- лиственница

- высушенный

- насадка

- шпонка

- бревно

- брус

2) Match the synonyms:

timber	solid
construct	momentary
temporary	build
eliminate	wood
adorn	strong
sound	cancel
durable	decorate

3) Describe the following terms:

1. Timber bridge foundations.

2. Timber bridge supports.

3. The basic types of timber bridge spans.

4) Complete the sentences:

1. One of the disadvantages of timber bridges is …

2. The best timber species are …

3. Durability of a building depends on …

4. Most favorable rock for masonry bridges is …

5. While bridge building the Romans were good at …

5) Use the correct form of the verb

1. When I opened the window, I saw the sun (to shine).

2. We are sure Simon (to marry) her some time later.

3. He can't remember where he (to put) his glasses.

4. George thought the restaurant (to be) expensive.

5. She was disappointed that she (not to get) the job.

6. I didn't understand why they (to destroy) their relationship.

7. He is not sure they (to find) their way in the darkness.

References:

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-beam-bridge.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/build-bridge-p1.html

http://thesaurus.com/browse/applicable

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chord?&o=100074&s=t

http://www.bris.ac.uk/civilengineering/bridges/Pages.html

Encyclopedia Britannica Chicago: 1959 edition, Vol. IV pp 123-137

Random House Encyclopedia New York: 1977 edition pp 1756-1759

Brown, David Bridges New York: Macmillan Reed International Books; 1993

Eves, Howard An Introduction ot the History of Mathematics: New York: Holt; 1964

http://www.shortspansteelbridges.org/Gallery/Images.aspx

http://www.bris.ac.uk/civilengineering/bridges/Pages.html

http://study-english.info/exercises001.php#ixzz4Ln1WcJwK

http://www.bris.ac.uk/civilengineering/bridges/Pages/Bridgesasart.html

ENGLISH IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

UNIT 1.
HARD TO REACH... HOW TO PROMOTE.

Vocabulary

Consumer – потребитель

Customer – клиент

Direct mail – почтовая реклама

Discount – скидка

Flyer – рекламная листовка

Marketing – маркетинг

Sales – продажи

Sales pitch – продвижение продукта

Sales representative – менеджер по продажам

Many manufacturers sell their products through retailers, but they may also sell direct to the consumer by telephone or on the internet, or they may employ sales representatives. A lot of companies sell products and services business to business, or B2B. Product information is created in the form of flyers or catalogues and some companies send this information to large numbers of potential customers through the post. This method of selling is called direct mail. Marketers are always looking for ways to promote their products to new kinds of customer.

Perhaps the most effective way to promote products to a large number of people is to advertise. There are several different advertising media that we can use, for example TV and radio. There’s also the press - that’s newspapers and magazines - and the cinema. And, of course, the internet is extremely important now. Advertising is a good way to reach a lot of potential customers - but there are other selling techniques as well.

There’s personal selling, for example. This means employing sales representatives to make regular sales visits to customers and potential customers.

Then there are sales promotions. These include special offers, for example: «Buy satellite TV and get free installation» and discounts that encourage people to buy.

Other examples of sales promotions include competitions and free gifts.

Another method of promotion is public relations. This involves creating news and getting information about the company or its products in the press or on TV. For example, when a pop star launches a new album, people write about it in the music magazines. And this brings publicity for the company.

The next method is direct marketing. This includes all sales activities where consumers can buy the product immediately. An example is direct mail - where you send information to potential customers by post. We can also include TV and internet shopping in this category. And then there’s telephone selling, where sales staff telephone people and try to sell products over the phone.

And finally, we have sponsorship. A company pays money to have its name linked to an event or a person such as a sports personality. The person wears clothing with the name of the company on it.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. How can companies attract attention when they launch a new product?

2. What do companies use to promote their products?

3. Is advertising a good way to reach many customers?

4. What do sales promotions include?

5. What does it mean a sponsorship?

EXERCISES:

1) Mark the examples of the present perfect and past simple usage (underline the verb structures). Translate the sentences.

- Consumers have benefited greatly from advances in food production.

- In recent years, Unilever has cut its workforce by 33,000.

- Has the price of soft drinks fallen recently?

- The price of energy rose by 15 per cent last year, but it hasn’t risen in the last 12 months.

- A year ago, the price of oil was $32 a barrel; now it has reached $52 a barrel.

Choose the correct option in italics to complete the rules.

1. We form the present perfect by using the past participle of the verb with has or have / no auxiliary verb

2. We form present perfect questions with has or have / do or does.

3. We form the present perfect negative by using hasn’t or haven’t / didn’t.

4. We use the present perfect / the past simple to talk about things that happened at a specific time in the past

5. We use the present perfect / the past simple to talk about recent events and events that affect the present situation.

2) In each set of four below, match a verb on the left with a noun on the right to make collocations about an e-tail transaction.

1. look up on a link to get to the seller’s site

2. pay the product you want in a cart

3. place a product on a search engine

4. click by credit card

5. browse the customer’s credit card

6. debit the product from the warehouse

7. send back the site to find any interesting products

8. ship a faulty product under guarantee

3) Choose the correct words (option in italics)

1. The sunset was/sun set up at 6:30 p.m. yesterday.

2. I'm planning to set/set up a new business, selling holidays abroad.

3. If you run/run out of money, you may have to ask the bank for consultations.

4. Many people leave their jobs to run/run out their own business.

5. We sold/sold out 50 tickets for the cruise show tomorrow night.

6. I wanted a ticket for the cruise, but they were sold/sold out.

7. The market for luxury cruises is growing/growing up.

8. Tom's children are growing/growing up. They are now 12 and 14 years old.

9. It took 20 years to build/build up the business to a chain of supermarkets.

10. It took six months to build/build up the new block for our regional offices.

4) Choose the correct time preposition:

1. The guarantee is valid until/for/by three years.

2. The warranty runs out within/in/until September.

3. It’s due for renewal at/on/in the beginning of the month.

4. We must have that part on/by/in next Friday.

5. The guarantee runs for/until/in next June.

6. If the machine breaks down on /during/for the guarantee period, we offer an immediate replacement.

7. We usually take on extra fitters on/until/at peak times.

5) Change these active sentences to the passive.

1. Your company sometimes releases illegal levels of nitrates into the river.

2. Your department is making too many mistakes at the moment.

3. Unfortunately, you made a poor decision in hiring unqualified staff.

4. Our sub-contractors were employing children to make T-shirts in Asia.

5. Several anonymous journalists have accused us of industrial espionage.

6. My boss and several other managers had warned the company

References:

Adapted from Intelligent Business by Christine Johnson,p.85.

UNIT 2.
SUCCESS. PASSION INTO PROFIT

Vocabulary

Bankrupt – банкрот

Business plan – бизнес–план

Company – компания

Competition – соревнование

Demand – спрос

Distribution – распределение

Entrepreneur – предприниматель

Finance – финансы

Loss – убытки

Market share – доля рынка

Profit – прибыль

Start-up – компания, недавно появившаяся на рынке,
пуск в эксплуатацию

A start-up is a new business. Many people decide to start up their own business because they have what they think is a good business idea and they want to become entrepreneurs. But it is important to prepare a good business plan before you start. You need to know if there is a demand for the products or services you want to offer. If you can finance the operation, find customers and beat the competition, you have a good chance of making a profit. Then you can call your business a success.

To begin with, of course, a successful company has to make a profit. That means that it has to keep costs as low as possible – the cost of manufacturing, for example. Secondly you need to make big sales so there has to be a demand for your products. And of course, you want to be competitive. If your competitor brings out a better product, you can lose customers. The most successful companies control the market. That means they have a bigger percentage of sales and a bigger market share than their competitors. Their product is market leader. It sells more than any other product in that sector. Another factor for success is growth. No company wants to stand still. Successful companies are always finding new markets and new opportunities to grow.

Well, the first step, of course, is to develop a new product idea. Many people decide to start a business because they have a good idea. But you have to remember that about 80 per cent of new business ideas fail. Usually it is because people don’t understand the market. So the second step is to conduct market research.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What can companies do to make more profit?

2. What happens if a competitor brings out a better product?

3. What does it mean when you say that 'no company wants to stay still'?

4. What makes a successful company?

5. What is it important before the start-up?

EXERCISES:

1) Match each word in the box to its definition below. Then translate the words into your language.

aptitude	background	experience
know-now	knowledge	skill

1. Knowledge that you need to be able to do something:______

2. Information that someone knows:_______

3. An ability to do something well, especially because you have practiced it:________

4. Knowledge or skill you get from being in different situations:_______

5. The type of education, experience and family that you have:________

6. A natural ability to do something well or to learn it quickly:_________

2) Match each word in the box to its definition below. Then translate the words into your language.

appraisal	commitment	deadline	etiquette	insight
outcome	overview	predecessor	threaten	workload

 

1. A date by which you have to do something:__________

2. An ability to understand something clearly:__________

3. An opinion about how successful someone is:________

4. The amount of work that a person has to do:_________

5. Enthusiasm, determination and loyalty:_____________

6. A set of the rules for behaving correctly:____________

7. A description of the main features of something:_______

8. The person who had a job before someone else:________

9. The final result of a process, meeting, etc.:____________

10. To tell someone you might cause them harm:__________

3) In each set of four below, match an adjective on the left with a noun on the right to make collocations about working conditions.

	clean	customer
	satisfied	environment
	high	meals
	subsidized	staff turnover
	heavy	rate
	hourly	staff
	competent	job
	dead-end	workload

4) Make adjectives from these nouns.

1. annoyance_______

2. competence______

3. frustration_______

4. gratitude________

5. help____________

6. knowledge______

7. persuasion_______

8. reassurance______

5) The collocations below are useful in customer support. Cross out the one verb in group (in bold) that does not collocate with the noun.

1. Deal with / look into / push in / sort out a problem.

2. Describe / identify / replace / treat the symptoms.

3. Diagnose / locate / offer / repair the fault.

4. Escalate / exchange / launch / replace the product.

5. Ask for / call / give / offer a full refund.

6. Escalate / fax / refer / replace / the problem to a supervisor.

References:

Adapted from Intelligent Business by Christine Johnson, p. 41.

UNIT 3.
IMAGE OF A COMPANY OR PRODUCT

Vocabulary

Advertising – реклама

Brand – название продукта, товарный знак

Image – престиж, репутация, образ

Logo – логотип

Loss leader – рекламная продажа, продажа по сниженной цене

Luxury – роскошный

Promote – продвигать

Publicity – публичности, шумиха

Target market – целевой рынок

Value – стоимость

Answer the questions.

1. Into what groups can construction materials be divided?
2. What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?
3. What two groups are metals divided into?
4. What is the difference between ferrous non-ferrous metals?
5. Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?

Exercises.

1) Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advantageous? Disadvantageous?

High cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistance

 

Low resistance low cost high strength

 

High weight durability corrosion resistance

 

Heavy weight hardness softness

 

2) Translate the following sentences. Mind the Complex Subject.

1. Water content is known to decrease in the cut wood.

2. Wood as a structural material is considered to be highly used because of its low weight, low cost, and high workability.

3. Use of concrete for building purposes is announced to be constantly increasing all over the world.

4. The strength and hardness of cut wood are known to increase as its water content evaporates.

3) Give the English equivalents of the Russian words.

1. Small (полосы) __________________ of wood are (склеены) ____________________ together.

2. Wood in panel form is more (предпочтителен) __________________ for some construction (цеди) ______________ than (доски) __________

3. (фанерные) __________________panels are made up of (тонкие) ___________________ (деревянные) ___________________ veneers.

4) Choose the correct answer.

Stud (s) of a common wooden partition

a) are vertical wooden members

b) is the upper horizontal wooden member

c) is the lower horizontal wooden member

d) are the intermediate horizontal wooden members.

Pick up the commonly adopted geophysical method in civil engineering from the following:

a) the seismic method

b) electrical resistivity method

c) gravitational method

d) magnetic method

e) both (a) and (b) of the above.

The portion of a brick cut across the width, is called

a) closer

b) half brick

c) bed

d) bat.

The 9 cm x 9 cm side of a brick as seen in the wall face, is generally known as

a) stretcher

b) face

c) front

d) header

e) side.

References:

Ажищев Н.И. «Профессия-строитель», М.:, Высшая школа, 2009 г.

Безручко Е.Н. «Английский для строителей», М.: Высшая школа, 2001 г. Издательский центр «Март», 2010 г.

Пономаренко В.И. «Сборник текстов на английском языке». М.: «Высшая школа», 2002 г.

ENGLISH IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN.

UNIT 1.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Vocabulary.

To accept – принимать, допускать

To process – обрабатывать

To consist of – состоять из

Software – программное обеспечение

Hardware – аппаратное (техническое) обеспечение

The central processing unit (CPU) – центральный процессор (ЦП)

Main memory – оперативное, основное запоминающее устройство (ОЗУ)

Peripherals – внешние, дополнительные устройства

Permanent storage – постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ)

Attached to – прикрепленный, прилагаемый

Port – порт, многофункциональное входное или выходное устройство

A computer is an electronic machine which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of the processing.

First, data directs into computer’s memory, then the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data when the computer’s programs are run. Finally, we can see the results on the screen or in printed form.

A computer system consists of two parts: hardware and software. Software is a set of instructions or programs which tells the computer what to do. Hardware is an electronic or mechanical part you can see or touch. There are three basic hardware sections: the central processing unit (CPU), main memory and peripherals.

The main part of computer is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate everything; it’s the “brain” of the computer. The main memory, it’s a collection of RAM chips, holds the instructions and data. Peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer which include storage devices and input/output devices.

Storage devices for example hard drivers, DVD drivers, flash drivers provide a permanent storage of data and programs. We use disk drivers to read and write data on disks. Input devices enable data to go into computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices extract the finished product from the system and show or print the results.

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports for a modem, a digital camera, a scanner etc. They allow communication between the computer and the devices. On the front panel of modern desktop PCs there are USB ports and memory card readers.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What parts does a computer consist of?

2. What are three sections of hardware you know?

3. What and why is the brain of computer?

4. What peripherals can you call?

5. How does a computer operate?

Exercises:

1) Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:

1. software 2. peripherals 3. main memory 4. hardware 5. central processing unit 6. storage devices 7. keyboard 8. to execute 9. to enable 10. common 11. permanent storage 12. to extract 13. to plug 14. to accept 15. data 16. rear panel 17. desktop computer 18. laptop computer

a) извлекать b) подключать c) позволять d) клавиатура e) общий f) данные g) принимать h) осуществлять i) оперативная память j) техническое обеспечение, оборудование k) центральный процессор l) задняя панель m) портативный компьютер, ноутбук n) персональный настольный компьютер o) запоминающие устройства p) временное хранение q) внешние устройства r) программное обеспечение

2) Read the definitions and write the suitable word:

a) The physical units which make up a computer system.

b) The set of program instructions that tell the computer what to do.

c) The processor chip that performs the basic operations of a computer; its basic components are the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit and the registers.

d) The units connected to the computer classified into three types.

e) There are two types of this section which holds the instructions and data currently being processed.

3) Fill in the prepositions:

The computer performs a set… instructions. Storage devices provide a permanent storage … data and programs. We use disk drivers to read and write data…. disks. Input devices enable data to go …. computer’s memory. The most common input devices used all…..the world are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices extract the finished product …. the system and show information ….the screen or print the results …..the printer. …. the rear panel … the computer there are several ports …. a modem, a digital camera, a scanner etc. They allow communication ….. the computer and the devices. …. the front panel … modern desktop PCs there are USB ports and memory card readers. You can extract data ….computer very quickly ……flashcard.

4) Are the sentences true or false? Correct the sentences:

The main part of computer is the peripherals.

The function of the central processing unit is to execute program instructions and coordinate them.

The disk drivers enable data to go into computer’s memory.

On the rear panel of the computer there is only one port.

The main memory is a collection of RAM chips.

5) Translate from Russian into English.

a) Компьютерная система состоит из двух частей: программное обеспечение и техническое обеспечение

b) Программное обеспечение это набор инструкций, который говорит компьютеру что делать

c) Техническое обеспечение включает центральный процессор, память, дополнительные устройства.

d) Модем, сканер, цифровая камера соединены с компьютером при помощи многофункциональных портов.

e) Современные компьютеры позволяют сохранять огромное количество информации

References:

Adapted from Infotech “English for computer users” by Santiago Remacha Esteras., p.8.

UNIT 2.
THE DIGITAL AGE.

Vocabulary.

To perform operations – проводить операции

To pay bills – оплачивать счета

To do research – исследовать

To enroll for courses – записываться на курсы, кружки

To complete tasks – выполнять задания

Fuel consumption – потребление топлива

Databases – базы данных

Nowadays it’s almost impossible to imagine our life without the computers. Computers help people to perform operations, communicate with other people, pay bills, access the net.

Students can also do research, give presentations, enroll for courses, complete tasks online. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations, teach science, history or language courses. A school website allows teachers to publish exercises for students or get marks and give homework on net school. You can also watch movies and TV, download your favourite music and films.

In banks computers store information about the money, customers, transactions. The bank staff can access large databases and to carry out financial transactions. They also control the cash points which dispense money.

Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. Travel agents use PCs to find out information about flights, prices, times and many other details.

Mobiles also let you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos, ring tones or games.

Computers have become a very important part of our everyday life and young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers have changed the way we live, work, play and communicate. Today it’s almost impossible to imagine life without the magic of computers.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. How are computers used in our life?

2. How do you think computers will be used in the future?

3. What does it mean “digital generation”?

4. How do you use the computer at home? at university?

5. What else do you usually do with your mobile phone?

Exercises:

1) Match the English and Russian equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:

1. to speed up 2. to allow 3. to enter 4. to grow up 5. 5. to pay for 6. to communicate with 7. to improve 8. cashpoint = ATM 9..transactions 10..to carry out 11. instead of

a) улучшить b) общаться с c) платить за d) позволить e) вырастать f) проводить, осуществлять g) банкоматы h) вместо i) банковские операции j) поступать, входить k) ускорять, ра