Grammar reference in Russian

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

ДИСЦИПЛИНА

«ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА»

 

Минск, 2007

 

CONTENTS

1. Grammar reference

a) In tables……………………………………………... 3

b) In Russian…………………………………………… 10

c) Advanced …………………………………………… 13

2. Verbs followed by the infinitive ………………………. 31

3. Exercises for self-study at the language laboratory…… 32

4. Keys to the test ………………………………………. 44

GRAMMAR REFERENCE IN TABLES

 

 

 

 

 

 

GRAMMAR REFERENCE IN RUSSIAN

Инфинитив (the Infinitive)

 

Инфинитив (the Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие. Инфинитив является основной (или I) формой глагола и представляет глагол в словаре. Признаком инфинитива является частица to: to help – помогать, to read – читать. Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to в следующих случаях:

1) После глаголов shall, will. He will write to his parents tomorrow. Завтра он напишет своим родителям.

2) После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought). She can ski and skate. Она умеет кататься на коньках и на лыжах.

3) После глаголов чувственного восприятия feel, see, hear, watch и др. We saw him enter. Мы видели, как он вышел.

4) После глаголов let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять). What makes you think so? Что заставляет тебя так думать? Let me take this book, please. Пожалуйста, разрешите мне взять эту книгу.

5) После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы). You had better go now. Лучше уйди /иди сейчас. I must see you at once. Мне надо сейчас же встретиться с тобой.

 

Формы инфинитива

В современном английском языке инфинитив имеет следующие формы.

 

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	to write to be writing to have written to have been writing	to be written -- to have been written --

 

Инфинитив в форме действительного залога обозначает действие, произведённое лицом, выраженным в предложении подлежащим, а в страдательном залоге – действие, направленное на это лицо. I like to help. Я люблю помогать. I like to be helped. Я люблю, когда мне помогают.

Инфинитив в Indefinite Active обозначает действие, не уточняя характер его протекания. Инфинитив в Continuous Active подчёркивает длительность действия. She likes to write letters. Она могла писать письмо. She must be still writing. Она, должно быть, всё ещё пишет.

Неперфектный инфинитив выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого (или следующее за ним).

Перфектный инфинитив выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am glad to study at the University. Я рад, что учусь в университете. I am glad to have studied at the University. Я рад, что учился в университете.

 

Функции инфинитива

В предложении инфинитив может быть:

а) Подлежащим

To walk in the garden was very pleasant. Гулять в саду было очень приятно. To read a lot is to know much. Много читать – много знать.

б) Обстоятельством цели

To read the book I went to the reading-hall. Чтобыпрочитать эту книгу, я пошёл в читальный зал.

в) Определением

Инфинитив в функции определения переводится на русский язык тремя способами:

1. Придаточным определительным предложением с модальным сказуемым.

He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Moscow. Он собирается принять участие в конференции, которая должна состояться в Москве.

2. Неопределённой формой глагола.

I have nothing to sky. Мне нечего сказать.

3. Личной формой глагола, если определение относится к порядковому числительному.

She was the first to come. Она пришла первой.

г) Дополнением.

He was glad to have been given a new job. Он был рад, что ему дали новую работу. I decided to read this book. Я решил прочитать эту книгу.

д) Частью сказуемого (часто модального).

You may come in. Вы можете войти. We ought to leave early in the morning. Мы должны уехать рано утром. My wish is to read much. Моё желание – много читать.

 

Инфинитивные конструкции

I. Сложное дополнение

II. Сложное подлежащее

GRAMMAR REFERENCE ADVANCED

The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way.

In common with other non-finite forms of the verb, the Infinitive has a double nature: it combines verbal and noun features.

The verbal features of the Infinitive are morphological and syntactical.

1) Мorphological: the Infinitive has the verb categories of voice, correlation and aspect:

The evening is the time to praise the day. (active)

To be praised for what one has not done was bad enough. (passive)

She did not intend to keep me along, she said. (non-perfect)

I am so distressed to have kept you waiting. (perfect)

She promised to bring the picture down in the course of ten minutes. (common)

At that time I happened to be bringing him some of the books borrowed from him two days before. (continuous)

2) Syntactical: the Infinitive possesses the verb combinability:

a) it takes an object in the same way as the corresponding finite verbs do;

b) it takes a predicative if it happens to be a link verb;

c) it is modified by adverbials in the same way as finite verbs.

 

Infinitive

a) To tell him about it the same night was out of the question.

She didn’t mean to depend on her father.

b) She wanted to be a teacher.

I don’t want to look pale tonight.

c) To draw his attention I had to speak very loudly.

 

Finite verb

She told me about it only yesterday.

You see, I depend on his word only.

He was a teacher of French.

She looked pale and haggard.

He spoke loudly, turning his head from side to side.

The nominal features of the Infinitive are only syntactical: it performs almost all the syntactical functions of the noun (subject, object, predicative, attribute, adverbial modifier):

 

To understand is to forgive. (subject, predicative)

That’s what I wanted to know. (object)

I saw the chance to escape into the garden. (attribute)

I merely came back to water the roses. (adverbial modifier)

 

The Category of Correlation

The category of correlation finds its expression in the opposition of non-perfect and perfect forms.

The perfect infinitive always denotes an action preceding some moment of time in the present, past or future:

 

I am glad

I was glad to have seen you again.

I shall be glad

The Category of Aspect

 

The category of aspect finds its expression in the opposition of in contrasting forms of the common aspect and the continuous aspect. The difference between the category of aspect in finite verb forms and in the infinitive is that in the infinitive it is expressed only in the active voice:

 

to speak – to be speaking

to have spoken – to have been speaking

The passive voice has practically no aspect opposition.

The semantics of the category of aspect in the infinitive is the same as in the finite verb: the continuous aspect forms denote an action in progress at some moment of time in the present, past or future.

The two aspects differ in their frequency and functioning; the continuous aspect forms are very seldom used, and cannot perform all the functions in which the common aspect forms are used. They can function only as:

1) subject (To be staying with them was a real pleasure.);

2) object (I was glad to be walking.);

3) attribute (It’s time to be leaving.);

4) part of a common verbal predicate (Now we must be getting back, or The leaves begin to be growing yellowish.)

The continuous aspect forms do not occur in the function of adverbial modifier.

 

 

The Category of Voice

The infinitive of transitive verbs has the category of voice, similar to all other verb forms:

to speak- to be spoken

to have spoken-to have been spoken

The difference between the category of voice in finite verb forms and in the infinitive is that in the infinitive it is found only in the common aspect forms.

The active infinitive points out that the action is directed from the subject (either expressed or implied), the passive infinitive indicates that the action is directed to the subject:

Active

He expected to find them very soon.

She was born to love.

I know I ought to have told you everything long ago.

Passive

They expected to be found by night fall.

She is born to be loved.

She ought to have been told of what had actually happened. However, there are cases where the active form of the non-perfect infinitive denotes an action directed towards the subject, that is although active in form it is passive in meaning:

He is to blame.

The house is to let.

The question is difficult to answer.

There was only one thing to do.

The active infinitive thus used is called retroactive. The retroactive infinitive is rather productive although in nearly all cases it can be replaced by the corresponding passive form:

He is to blame. – He is to be blamed.

There was only one thing to do. There was only one thing to be done.

Syntactical Functions of the Infinitive

The infinitive performs almost all syntactical functions characteristic of the noun, although in each of them it has certain peculiarities of its own. In all syntactical functions the infinitive may be used:

1) alone, that is, without any words depending on it:

She would like to dance.

2) as the headword of an infinitive phrase, that is, with one or more
words depending on it:

She would like to dance with him tonight.

3) as part of an infinitive predicative construction, that is, a logical
predicate to some nominal element denoting the logical subject of
the infinitive:

She would like him to dance with her.

She waited for him to dance first.

As to the functioning of single infinitives and infinitive phrases, they are identical and will therefore be used without distinction in illustrations of the syntactical functions of the infinitive. However it should be noted that in fact the infinitive phrase is much more common than the single infinitive.

 

The Infinitive as Subject

The infinitive functioning as subject may either precede the predicate or follow it. In the latter case it is introduced by the so-called introductory it, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence:

To be good is to be in harmony with oneself.

It's so silly to be fussy and jealous.

The second of these structural patterns is more common than the first. It differs from the first one semantically in that the subject is slightly more accentuated (compare for example: It's impossible to do it and To do it is impossible) and structurally in that it can be both declarative and interrogative, while the first one can only be declarative:

 

It's nice to see you again. Is it bad to love one so dearly?

It was not a good idea to bring her here. Wasn't it a waste of time to sit there?

but:
To find him still at home was a relief. ----

To see her again did not give him the usual pleasure. ----

 

 

As can be seen from the examples above, the infinitive subject in both structural patterns is used with the particle to. If there are two or more homogeneous infinitive subjects in a sentence, all of them keep the particle to:

 

To be alone, to be free from the daily interests and cruelty would be happiness to Asako.

It was awfully difficult to do or even to say nothing at all.

The function of the subject can be performed by the infinitive of any voice, aspect and correlation form, although the common aspect non-perfect active forms are naturally far more frequent than the other forms; the continuous aspect perfect active forms hardly ever occur. Here are some examples of the infinitive subject in various forms:

To expect too much is a dangerous thing.

To be walking through the fields all alone seemed an almost impossible pleasure.

To have seen her was even a more painful experience.

To be recognized, to be greeted by some local personage afforded her a joy which was very great.

To have been interrogated in such a way was a real shock to him.

The predicate of the subject expressed by an infinitive always takes the form of the 3rd person singular. As to its type, it is usually a compound nominal predicate with the link verb to be, although other link verbs may also occur. Simple or compound verbal predicates are not so common.

 

In sentences with a compound nominal predicate the predicative is commonly expressed by an adjective, a noun or less frequently by an infini­tive:

Not to go back was awful.

To acquire knowledge and to acquire it unceasingly is the first duty of the artist.

To understand is to forgive.

If the predicate of the infinitive subject is a verbal one it is usually expressed by a causative verb:

 

To talk to him bored me.

To see the struggle frightened him terribly.

It infuriated him to hear them.

There are some other verbs used as predicates in such sentences:

To write a really good book requires more time than I have.

To complete the task took him half of the day.

If in sentences with an infinitive subject the predicate takes the form of the subjunctive mood, the sentence acquires a conditional meaning, the condition being denoted by the infinitive and its consequence by the predicate:

It would be inhuman not to answer this letter (if one did not answer,... it would be inhuman).

To have said that in the eighties, or even the nineties would have given his father a fit (if he had said,... it would have given...).

The Infinitive as Predicate

The infinitive is used in predicates of several types, both nominal and verbal.

The Infinitive as Object

 

The infinitive can have the function of object after verbs, adjectives, adjectivized participles and statives.

 

I. After verbs the infinitive may be either the only object of a verb or one of two objects.

 

1. Verbs that take only one object are: to agree, to arrange, to attempt, to care (to like), to choose, to claim, to consent, to decide, to deserve, to determine, to expect, to fail, to fear, to forget, to hesitate, to hope, to intend, to learn, to like, to long, to love, to manage, to mean, to neglect, to omit, to plan, to prefer, to pretend, to refuse, to regret, to remember, to swear, to tend.

She agreed to come at ten.

He planned to spend the day in town.

You 'll soon learn to read, sonny.

These verbs are generally used with the non-perfect forms of the
infinitive.

Some of them, however, also occur with perfect forms. Among
them two groups of verbs can be distinguished:

a) the. verbs to claim, to fail, to forget, to hate, to like, to omit, to regret, to remember, to swear, with which the perfect infinitive expresses priority proper, that is actions which actually take place or are supposed to take place before the action of the finite verb:

I regret to have said it to her.

I remembered to have met him once.

She claims to have seen him before

Note: In such structures the finite verb can take the form of any tense.

b) the verbs to attempt, to expect, to hope, to intend, to mean,
to plan, to try, which add to the perfect infinitive a modal colouring
showing that the action of the infinitive was not fulfilled:

I hoped to have found him at home.

He intended to have reached the coast long before.

Note: In these structures the finite verb can be used only in the past tense.

Besides the above-mentioned verbs there are also some rather common phrases used with the infinitive-object. They are the phrases can afford, can bear in the negative or interrogative and such phrases as to make sure, to make up one’s mind, to take care, to take the trouble.

Can you afford to buy it yourself?

I can’t bear to hear it again.

At last he made up his mind to answer Sybil’s letter.

2. Verbs that has two objects, the first of which is a noun or a pronoun and the second an infinitive. These are the verbs of inducement:

to advise	to direct	to induce	to permit
to allow	to encourage	to instruct	to persuade
to ask	to forbid	to invite	to recommend
to beg	to force	to leave	to request
to cause	to have	to let	to require
to command	to impel	to make	to tell
to compel	to implore	to order	to urge

Tell him to hurry. He asked her to keep an eye on the clock. What would you recommend me to do?

With all these verbs except to have, to let and to make, the infinitive is used with the particle to. After to have, to let and to make it loses the particle.

She’ll have you do it at once. Don’t let it bother you. Soon she made me see where I was wrong.

The first of the two objects, which is a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case, denotes a person (or, very seldom, a non-person) who is to perform the required action expressed by the infinitive.

Note: The verb to help can be used either with one or with two objects:

She helped to pack. She helped me to make up my mind.

In either case the infinitive can be used with or without to.

And she actually helped find it. I’ll help you do it.

 

With some verbs the function of object may be performed by a conjunctive infinitive phrase. These verbs are very few in number and fall into two groups:

a) Verbs that can take either an infinitive or an infinitive conjunctive phrase as their object. These are: to advise, to decide, to forget, to learn, to remember.

They advised me to go on.

He decided to begin at once.

I forgot to tell you about the last incident.

He advised me at last how to settle the matter.

He could not decide whether to come at all.

I forgot how to do it.

b) Verbs that can take only a conjunctive infinitive phrase as their object: to know, to show, to wonder.

She did not know what to say.

I know well enough where to stop.

Will you show me how to do it?

II. After certain adjectives (adjectivized participles), mostly used as predicatives. Semantically and structurally these fall into two groups.

 

1. The, most frequent of the first group are; anxious, apt, bound, careful, curious, determined, difficult, eager, easy, entitled, fit, free, hard, impatient, inclined, interested, keen, liable, powerless, prepared, quick, ready, reluctant, resolved, set, slow, worthy.

She's determined to go on.

I am powerless to do anything.

He’s fully prepared to meet them any time they choose.

I was so impatient to start.

 

When used with these adjectives, the infinitive denotes actions either simultaneous with or posterior to the states expressed by the predicates, and cannot therefore be used inperfect forms.

 

2. The most frequent adjectives (adjectivized participles) of the second group are: amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted,-distressedfrightened, furious, glad, grateful, happy, horrified, pleased, proud, puzzled,relieved, scared, sorry, surprised, thankful, touched.

He was amused to hear it.

I'm delighted to see you again, darling.

She is proud to have grown such a son.

Mother was furious to see them together again.

 

These adjectives and participles express certain psychological states which are the result of the action of the infinitive object, so the latter therefore always denotes an action slightly preceding the state expressed by the predicate, and can have both non-perfect and perfect forms. The non-perfect forms are used to express immediate priority, that is, an action immediately preceding the state:

I'm glad to see you (I see you and this makes me glad).

The perfect forms are used to show that there is a gap between the action and the resulting state.

I am glad to have seen you (I have seen you and this makes me. glad).

 

III. After certain statives denoting psychological states, such as afraid, agog, ashamed:

 

I’d be afraid to step inside a h ouse that Rupert had designed all by himself.

Mary herself was agog to know what was going on.

In such cases the infinitive points out the source of the state expressed by the stative.

 

The Infinitive as Attribute

 

The English infinitive functioning as an attribute is far more Sequent than the Russian infinitive. This is because in Russian the infinitive attribute can combine with abstract nouns only while in English it is used with a much wider range of words.

Thus it can modify:

1. nouns, both abstract and concrete:

Because of his quarrel with his family he was in no position to get the news.

The best thing to do would be to go back.

2. indefinite, negative and universal pronouns in -body, -thing,-one (one):

Have you anything to offer me?

He was someone to admire.

He had everything to make his life a happy one.

Note: Occasionally the infinitive can have the function of an attribute to personal and reflexive pronouns:

I've only you to look to.

Oh, but you have only yourself lo praise.

3. substantivized ordinal numerals (especially first) and the substan­tivized adjectives next and last:

Jack was the first to come.

She was the last to reach the hall.

4. the substantivized quantitative adjectives much, little, (no) more,
(no) less, little more, enough:

A man in your position has so much to lose. I've no more to add.

Note: The infinitive attribute can also be used with the substantivized adverb nowhere: Now 1 had nobody to see, nowhere to go.

5. the noun-substitute one.

I am not the one to run about and discuss my affairs with other people.

 

The most common form of the infinitive functioning as an attribute is the non-perfect common aspect active voice form. The non-perfect common aspect passive form is also rather freely used, although, with certain semantic restrictions. Occasionally the perfect form of the active voice is also found in this position:

The "Watchman" was the only paper ever to have published any of Nevil's poems.

 

When performing the function of an attribute the infinitive is always used with the particle to. If there are two or more homogeneous attributes the second (and the following) retain to if joined asyndetically, but drop it if joined by conjunctions.

There was, however, my little Jean to look after, to take care of.

Did he give you any small parcel to bring back and deliver to anyone in England?

I suppose there’s nothing to be done, but comply and depart.

The relation between the attributive infinitive and its headword can be of four kinds: subjective, objective, adverbial and appositive.

 

1. In phrases with subjective relation the head word denotes:

a) the doer of the action of the infinitive (the most common case).The infinitive is always in the active voice:

But I wasn't the only person to bear you (who heard you).

There was nothing to take him into the city (which would take).

b) the bearer of the state expressed by an adjective or stativefollowing the infinitive of the verb to be:

He was not the man to be proud of his wealth. He is the last man to be afraid of you.

 

2. In phrases with objective relation the head word denotes anobject (direct or prepositional):

a) of an action denoted by the infinitive in the active or passiveform:

I have no money to give him: we are getting poor. But isn't there something to be done right now?

If the infinitive requires a prepositional object, the latter is placed after the infinitive:

Now I had nothing more to think about. There was Irene to be thought of.

b) of the state denoted by an adjective or a stative following theverb to be. As these adjectives and statives take prepositional objects,they are always followed by prepositions:

It isn't an idea to be proud of. He's done nothing to be ashamed of.

 

Note: In phrases with subjective and objective relations the attributive infinitive very often acquires a modal meaning, generally that of possibility or necessity:

He is not a man to be trusted. I've still got so much to do here.

 

3. In phrases with an adverbial relation the head word denotes thetime, place, or manner of the action expressed by the infinitive. Therange of nouns used in such phrases is semantically limited:

All this I saw in a moment, for I had only a moment to see in. (time relation)

I have no home to go. It was a wonderful place to be taken to. (space relation).

This is the way to teach him. (relation of manner)

In phrases with an adverbial relation the infinitive usually has some modal meaning, generally that of possibility (see the examples above).

 

4. In phrases with an appositive relation the head word is an abstract ­noun which requires a certain explication of its meaning, andthe infinitive provides that explication:

She manifested the greatest anxiety to be on good terms with him. They had no desire to spread scandal, no desire to be ill-natured.

The active infinitive is the most common in appositive phrases, although the passive form is also used:

He had no wish to be seen there again.

Note: In phrases with an appositive relation the infinitive never has any modal meaning (see the sentences above).

 

The infinitive as an attribute may be introduced by a con­junction:

He had sought in vain for inspiration how to awaken love.

I had now an idea what to do.

The conjunctive infinitive phrase may be governed by a preposition:

They had no knowledge of how to live on. He's got no information about when to start.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

A: Are you sure Tom left?

(a) B: Yes, I heard him leaving.

ü (b) B: Yes. I heard him leave.

A: Are you sure he told Ann?

(a) B: Yes, I heard him telling her.

ü (b) B: Yes. I heard him tell her.

II. (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The first three are done for you:

Are you sure...

they accused Bill?

the lift doors shut?

the ice cracked?

1. Tom booked the tickets?

the bus stopped?

the bell rang?

Peter wound the clock?

3. Mrs Jones accepted the invitation?

Mary told her husband?

2. Jack invited Mrs Jones?

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

I. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

II. Put down the answers ( Yes. I heard him leave).

III. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

A (with a note of doubt in his/her voice): Did he pay the bill?

B: Well, I didn’t actually see him paying if. (stress on see)

ü B: Well, I didn't actually SEE him pay it. (stress on see)

II. (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The first three are done for you:

Did he...

burn the photographs?

bury the gold?

copy the documents?.

2. lock the door?

Post the letter?

Read the instructions?

1. sign the cheque?

3. take the key?

use the photocopier?

weigh the parcel?

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

I. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

II. Put down the answers.

III. Check your answers.

 

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

The Smiths and their two boys and the Browns and their two girls went to the same holiday resort but at different times. Afterwards the boys and girls compared notes. The boys had a much more interesting time! The boys speak first.

(a) Active:

A: We went rock climbing.

B: Our parents wouldn't let us go rock-climbing. (stress on our and let)

(b) Passive:

A: We ran about without shoes.

B: We weren't allowed to run about without shoes. (stress on we and allowed)

We weren't let run about... is also possible but much less usual than

We weren't allowed to...

Keep nouns unchanged.

 

II. (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

We...

 

3. practised parachuting.

went surfing.

canoed down the river.

sailed round the island.

1. ran about without shoes.

had bicycle races on the sand.

2. slept in the garden.

water-skied.

climbed the cliffs.

played water polo.

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

IV. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

V. Put down the answers

VI. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

Ann was temporarily in charge of a group of children, who were supposed to co-operate by looking after themselves and giving a hand with the housework. Mary doesn't think Ann was strict enough.

(a) Active

A: Some of them ate their suppers. (slight stress on some)

B: You should have made them all eat their suppers. (stress on all)

 

(b) Passive

A: The girls ate their suppers, (stress on girls)

B: The boys should have been made to eat their suppers too.

 

II. (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear

on the tape. The first three are done for you:

 

(a) Some of them...

 

wrote to their parents.

did some housework.

swept their rooms.

wiped their boots.

2. washed their faces.

put away their toys.

helped with the washing up.

1. drank milk.

cleaned their teeth.

3. brushed their hair.

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

VII. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

VIII. Put down the answers

IX. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

Alan and Bill have got work abroad for a year and each is taking his car. They mean to leave together, but Bill is a bit behindhand with his preparations.

 

A: I've rung my parents.

(a) B: Oh, I'd better ring my parents. (stress on my)

(b) B: Oh, I suppose it's time I rang my parents. (stress on I and my)

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

 

I've...

read my instructions.

bought my maps.

applied for my visa.

1. paid my bills.

stopped my newspapers.

told my landlord.

3. sub-let my flat.

written to my new boss.

worked out my route.

2. said goodbye to my colleagues.

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

X. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

XI. Put down the answers

XII. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

A: I saw smoke coming under the door. (horrified)

B: I was horrified to see smoke coming under the door.

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

 

I saw blood all over the carpet. (appalled)

I received an invitation to the palace. (delighted)

I found that no preparations had been made. (surprised)

I heard that the last train had just left. (dismayed)

2. I saw a photograph of myself on the front page. (astonished)

I saw that the beds had been made. (glad)

I found everyone still in bed at eleven o'clock. (shocked)

1. I heard cries of pain coming from the next room. (horrified)

I heard rats running up and down inside the walls. (amazed)

3. I found a complete stranger taking food out of my fridge. (annoyed)

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

XIII. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

XIV. Put down the answers

XV. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

A: He warned me. (kind)

B: It was kind of him to warn you.

 

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

3. She believed him. (stupid)

She left her car unlocked. (careless)

He had another drink. (rash)

She argued with the customs officer. (idiotic)

He asked Bill to drive. (prudent)

1. They waited for me. (good)

They invited me. (nice)

She told the police. (sensible)

I found the way. (clever) (Use you.)

2. He lent Ann his bicycle. (kind)

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

XVI. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

XVII. Put down the answers

XVIII. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

Two people are visiting a 'stately home' built in the eighteenth century by a famous duke. One asks questions about the duke, which the other, who has just bought the guide book, does his best to answer.

 

A: Was he rich? (very)

B: Yes, he seems to have been very rich.

B: Yes, he appears to have been very rich.

B: Yes, he is said to have been very rich.

B: Yes, he is supposed to have been very rich.

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

Did he entertain? (lavishly)

Did he employ a (large) staff? (huge)

Was he a (good) landlord? (excellent)

Did he drink? (heavily)

Did he own (large) estates? (enormous)

1 Did he live here? (most of his life)

Did his tenants like him? (very much)

2. Did he marry? (several times)

Did he build any other houses? (several)

3. Did he have children? (a lot of)

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

XIX. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

XX. Put down the answers

XXI. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

 

A: You carried the case? (heavy/light)

(a) B: No, it was too heavy to carry.

or

No, it was too heavy for me to carry.

(b) B: Yes, it was light enough to carry.

or

Yes, it was light enough for me to carry.

 

A: You put the boat on the roof rack? (big/small)

(a) B: No, it was too big to put on the roof rack.

(b) B: Yes, it was small enough to put on the roof rack.

for me/you/him etc. is not necessary except when it is important to emphasize who is doing the action.

 

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

 

You...

3. pushed the packet under the door? (thick/thin)

saw the bird's nest quite clearly? (high/low)

towed the boat behind the car? (heavy/light)

1. ate the apple? (sour/sweet)

put your umbrella in your suitcase? (long/short)

waded across the river? (deep/shallow)

jumped across the stream? (wide/narrow)

2. grilled the steak? (tough/tender)

read the inscription? (faint/clear)

put the trunk in the boot of the car? (big/small)

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

XXII. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

XXIII. Put down the answers

XXIV. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

A: Peter is sweeping his room.

B: 7s he? I used to sweep my room too, but I don't now.

A: Peter has just paid his telephone bill.

B: Has he? I used to pay my telephone bill too, but I don't now.

 

Use the appropriate auxiliary for the first phrase. Stress “ I” and “ my”.

 

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

 

Peter...

cuts his toenails.

has polished his shoes.

1. is washing up.

reads the newspaper.

took back his library books.

3. goes to evening classes.

is emptying his ashtrays.

2. has just shaved.

washes his socks.

is sewing on buttons.

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

XXV. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

XXVI. Put down the answers

XXVII. Check your answers.

PART A.

I. (Before listening) Examine the examples:

(i)

A: Shall I phone Tom tomorrow?

a) B: I'd prefer you to phone him today.

or

(b) B: I'd rather you phoned him today.

 

(ii)

A: Shall 1 show Tom the photographs tomorrow?

(a) B: I'd prefer you to show them to him today. (Note word order.)

or

(c) B: I'd rather you showed them to him today. (Note word order.)

 

II (while listening) Listen to part A and put the sentences in the order they appear on the tape. The

first three are done for you:

 

Shall I... tomorrow?

read the instructions

leave

1. phone Bill

begin

2. bring my friends

go to the library (Omit to the library.)

3. speak to James

sweep the stairs

come

pay the milk bill

 

III. (after listening) Copy the sentences in the right order. Get ready to put down the answers:

PART B.

II. Follow the instructions you hear. Copy the intonation.

III. Put down the answers

IV. Check your answers.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

ДИСЦИПЛИНА

«ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА»

 

Минск, 2007

 

CONTENTS

1. Grammar reference

a) In tables……………………………………………... 3

b) In Russian…………………………………………… 10

c) Advanced …………………………………………… 13

2. Verbs followed by the infinitive ………………………. 31

3. Exercises for self-study at the language laboratory…… 32

4. Keys to the test ………………………………………. 44

GRAMMAR REFERENCE IN TABLES

 

 

 

 

 

 

GRAMMAR REFERENCE IN RUSSIAN

Инфинитив (the Infinitive)

 

Инфинитив (the Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие. Инфинитив является основной (или I) формой глагола и представляет глагол в словаре. Признаком инфинитива является частица to: to help – помогать, to read – читать. Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to в следующих случаях:

1) После глаголов shall, will. He will write to his parents tomorrow. Завтра он напишет своим родителям.

2) После модальных глаголов (кроме глагола ought). She can ski and skate. Она умеет кататься на коньках и на лыжах.

3) После глаголов чувственного восприятия feel, see, hear, watch и др. We saw him enter. Мы видели, как он вышел.

4) После глаголов let (разрешать), have, make (заставлять). What makes you think so? Что заставляет тебя так думать? Let me take this book, please. Пожалуйста, разрешите мне взять эту книгу.

5) После выражений had better (лучше), would rather (лучше бы). You had better go now. Лучше уйди /иди сейчас. I must see you at once. Мне надо сейчас же встретиться с тобой.

 

Формы инфинитива

В современном английском языке инфинитив имеет следующие формы.

 

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	to write to be writing to have written to have been writing	to be written -- to have been written --

 

Инфинитив в форме действительного залога обозначает действие, произведённое лицом, выраженным в предложении подлежащим, а в страдательном залоге – действие, направленное на это лицо. I like to help. Я люблю помогать. I like to be helped. Я люблю, когда мне помогают.

Инфинитив в Indefinite Active обозначает действие, не уточняя характер его протекания. Инфинитив в Continuous Active подчёркивает длительность действия. She likes to write letters. Она могла писать письмо. She must be still writing. Она, должно быть, всё ещё пишет.

Неперфектный инфинитив выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого (или следующее за ним).

Перфектный инфинитив выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. I am glad to study at the University. Я рад, что учусь в университете. I am glad to have studied at the University. Я рад, что учился в университете.

 

Функции инфинитива

В предложении инфинитив может быть:

а) Подлежащим

To walk in the garden was very pleasant. Гулять в саду было очень приятно. To read a lot is to know much. Много читать – много знать.

б) Обстоятельством цели

To read the book I went to the reading-hall. Чтобыпрочитать эту книгу, я пошёл в читальный зал.

в) Определением

Инфинитив в функции определения переводится на русский язык тремя способами:

1. Придаточным определительным предложением с модальным сказуемым.

He is going to take part in the conference to be held in Moscow. Он собирается принять участие в конференции, которая должна состояться в Москве.

2. Неопределённой формой глагола.

I have nothing to sky. Мне нечего сказать.