Task 4. Render the article “The Electoral College” in English

Реферат представляет собой обобщенное, сжатое изложение содержания первоисточника. Приступая к реферированию, необходимо:

· устно или письменно перевести текст первоисточника;

· выделить ключевые отрывки, несущие в себе основной смысл;

· отобрать главные факты, данные и положения, которые должны быть отражены в реферате, и выстроить их в логической последовательности;

· руководствуясь внутренней логикой текста и пользуясь четкими формулировками, обобщить содержание текста первоисточника; при этом следует отбросить все рассуждения, полемику, соображения гипотетического характера, элементы авторской субъективной трактовки, образность и эмоциональность.

Чтобы избежать частностей, язык реферата должен быть предельно четким, точным и лаконичным. Реферирование не сводится к сокращенному переводу первоисточника, референт излагает содержание собственными словами.

В зависимости от характера реферируемого материала и от поставленной задачи реферат может быть рефератом-конспектом или рефератом-резюме.

Если референт имеет дело с материалом, изобилующим данными, фактами, цифрами, именами собственными, которыми он не может пожертвовать при обобщении, реферат будет иметь конспективный характер, и степень обобщения будет меньше, нежели реферата-резюме, который призван отразить главное, наиболее важное в реферируемом материале и оставить в стороне второстепенное.

Task 5. Make up a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation “The British Constitution: basic facts and specificity” (approximately 12 slides) in accordance with the following plan:

• the definition of the Constitution
• legal properties of the Constitution
• major sources of the Constitution
• two basic principles
• unitary nature
• three branches of power

Unit III. CRIMINAL LAW

	Vocabulary   Offences:   to commit a crime совершать преступление abuse of power злоупотребление властью arson поджег assault словесное оскорбление и угроза физическим насилием blackmail шантаж bribery взяточничество burglary ночная кража со взломом contempt of court неуважение к суду (неявка в суд) defamation клевета, диффамация (письменная/устная формы)   disorderly conduct хулиганство, нарушение общественного порядка drug trafficking торговля наркотиками embezzlement растрата, хищение, присвоение felony уголовное преступление forgery подлог, подделка, фальсификация fraud обман, мошенничество handling stolen goods хранение краденного hijacking угон воздушного транспорта house-breaking кража со взломом insider dealing использование служебного положения в личных целях kidnapping похищение людей laundering money отмывание грязных денег libel клевета, диффамация (в печати) manslaughter непредумышленное убийство misdemeanor судебно наказуемый проступок, преступление mugging хулиганство, групповое нападение murder / homicide предумышленное, тяжкое убийство/убийство perjury лжесвидетельство, клятвопреступление petty or grave / grand offence мелкое/крупное правонарушение rape изнасилование robbery кража, грабеж, разбой с насилием shoplifting ограбление магазинов slander клевета, злословие (в устной форме) speeding превышение скорости suicide самоубийство swindling надувательство, обман theft воровство, кража treason измена, предательство, гос. измена Penalties or sentences:   a jail sentence   тюремное заключение a probationary period испытательный срок a six-year prison sentence тюремное заключение на срок 6 лет a term of imprisonment срок заключения aggravating/extenuating circumstances отягчающие/смягчающие вину обстоятельства capital punishment смертная казнь (высшая мера наказания) community service общественно-исправительные работы compensation компенсация, возмещение confiscation of proceeds gained by a criminal конфискация суммы, полученной преступником corrective labour (without imprisonment исправительные работы (без тюремного заключения) исправительные работы (без тюремного заключения) лишение свободы fine штраф forfeiture of property involved in the commission of crime конфискация вещей, использовавшихся при совершении преступления life imprisonment пожизненное заключение parole досрочное освобождение police cautions предупреждение   probation условное освобождение на поруки probation officer инспектор, осуществляющий надзор за осужденным recompense компенсация, вознаграждение sentenсe syn. a penitentiary term syn. death penalty / ultimate penalty приговор   to be / be put on probation получить освобождение на поруки to be eligible for parole быть достойным для досрочного освобождения to be found guilty/not guilty быть признанным виновным / невиновным to be under sentence of death быть приговоренным к смертной казни to bring in a verdict of guilty/not guilty вынести приговор: виновен / невиновен to grant probation предоставлять условное освобождение на поруки to impose a sentence on smb выносить к-л приговор to impose a sentence on smb выносить наказание to pass sentence выносить приговор to place an offender on probation поместить преступника на попечительство to receive a fine получать штраф to receive a long/short (heavy/light) sentence получить долгосрочный/краткосрочный приговор to release smb on bail освобожlать к-л под залог to release smb on parole освобождать к-л досрочно to send smb to the penitentiary / jail отправлять к-л в исправительное учреждение / тюрьму to serve sentence отбывать срок
	Vocabulary Exercises

Exc. 1. Now match these crimes / offences (1-16) with their definitions (a-p):

 

1. forgery (); 2. treason (); 3. fraud (); 4. laundering money (); 5. handling stolen goods (); 6. murder / homicide (); 7. mugging (); 8. drug trafficking (); 9. rape (); 10. arson (); 11. blackmail (); 12. embezzlement (); 13. hijacking (); 14. perjury (); 15. bribery (); 16. insider dealing ().

a) buying and selling illegal drugs;

b) illegally copying money, documents, etc.;

c) using privileged information about a business for personal profit;

d) sending money to a foreign bank so that it cannot be traced;

e) taking control of (esp. an aircraft) using the threat of force, usu. in order to make political demands;

f) stealing money that is placed in one's care;

g) robbing a person with violence, esp. in a public place;

h) intentionally setting fire to something;

i) unlawfully killing someone;

j) a lie told on purpose in a court of law;

k) the practice of obtaining money or advantage by threatening to make known unpleasant facts about a person or group;

l) being in possession of stolen objects;

m) gaining money by deception;

n) offering something, especially money, to persuade someone to do something for you;

o) betraying your country or government;

p) violent or forced sex.

Exc. 2. Distribute the following crimes among 3 groups:

· violence against the person;

· damaging the good opinion unfairly by saying or writing smth bad;

· dishonestly appropriating the property belonging to another

Words: theft, shoplifting, defamation, rape, murder, slander, robbery, homicide, burglary, kidnapping, manslaughter, house-breaking, libel, mugging, assault.

Exc. 3. Improve your wordpower:

Crime and Criminals

Verb	The person who does it	The crime
steal rob mug burgle murder kidnap commit arson shoplift hijack	thief robber mugger burglar murderer kidnapper arsonist shoplifter hijacker	– – – – – – – – –

 

Complete these sentences with a word from the Crimes and criminals table.

a) A __ is a person who damages and without violence.

b) A __ is person who enters a building illegally, especially by force, in order to steal.

c) A __ is a person who has taken someone away by force and is demanding money from her/his family, employers or government.

d) A __ is a person who steals money or property from a bank, shop, train, etc. Often she/he uses force.

e) A __ is a person who attacks and robs someone violently, usually in the street.

f) A __ is a person who deliberately and unlawfully kills another human being.

g) A __ is a person who sets fire to property on purpose.

h) A __ is a person who uses force to take control of an aeroplane, train, etc.

i)A __ is a person who steals things from shops.

Exc. 4. For each crime such as terrorism, tax evasion, kidnapping, mugging, burglary, arson, drunken driving, armed robbery, murder, vandalism, theft, assault decide what the punishment should be:

community service, life imprisonment, a long prison sentence, a fine, a warning, a ban on driving, a short prison sentence, a suspended sentence e.g. => a long prison sentence.

 

Text 1.

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

 

Crime

At the basic level, crime rates in the US are reported under two general categories. One is “violent crime” (against individuals) and the other is “property crime”. Violent crime includes murder and manslaughter, rape, robbery and assault. Property crimes include burglary, larceny and theft and motor vehicle theft.

There is however enormous variation within the US in crime and crime rates – geographically, economically and socially.

There are figures and many studies which show who in the US is most affected by crime. Such “victim studies” indicate differences by race or ethnic group, sex and age. Again, there are great differences, some extreme. Taking murder and manslaughter as an example, it can be seen that black males are much more likely to be murdered than black females, white males or white females.

First, actual research has focused on a large number of possible causes. Among the most frequently studied are unemployment, poverty, education level and educational opportunity, drug abuse and drug dealing, racism, ethnic and cultural attitudes, easy availability of weapons, consumerism and the media., ineffective courts and policing, poor prisons, single-parent families and unwed mothers, youth gangs. Each of these possible causes is the subject of serious debate. There are many scholarly works which try to identify the causes of crime in America and to determine what must, could or can be done.

 

Vocabulary notes

crime rates - рост преступности

motor vehicle theft - угон средства передвижения

 

Task 2. Comment on the following:

 

There is no such a profession as killer, is there?

 

Text 2.

 

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Criminal Law

Criminal law is the body of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected persons, and fixes penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders.

Criminal law is only one of the devices by which organized societies protect the security of individual interests and assure the survival of the group. There are, in addition, the standards of conduct instilled by family, school, and religion; the rules of the office and factory; the regulations of civil life enforced by ordinary police powers; and the sanctions available through tort actions. The distinction between criminal law and tort law is difficult to draw with real precision, but in general one may say that a tort is a private injury while a crime is conceived as an offense against the public, although the actual victim may be an individual.

 

Task 2. Impove your grammar.

 

Complete this true story with a past tense form of the verb in brackets.

Crime busters

In July 1985, four West London criminals ___ (make) plans to rob the manager of a laundry as he __ (leave) the bank with a box full of staff wages. However, someone __ (tell) the police before the robbery and the police ___ (make) plans to catch the thieves.

The day of the robbery __ (come). The laundry manager ___ (collect) an empty box while the police and the robbers ___ (wait) outside the bank. As he ___ (step) through the door, everybody ___ (be) about to act, when another thief ___ (run) out of a doorway and __ (snatch) the box. The lone thief ____ (disappear) before anybody ___ (move).

Text 3.

 

Task 1. Match the following headings with the sections of the text below:

· History

· Application

· Techniques

· Subject

· Objectives

Criminology

(1) Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.

(2) The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behaviour and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology and related fields.

(3) Criminology originated in the late 18^th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19^th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the “social defence” movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.

(4) Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminals areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.

(5) Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.

 

Task 2. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:

1. криминология рассматривает природу и причины преступлений

2. изучение обстоятельств правонарушения по материалам дела

3. криминология опирается на открытия других наук

4. проблемы задержания преступников

5. применение на практике

6. проблемы предотвращения преступлений

7. исправительные учреждения

8. установить причину преступности

9. выработать действующие принципы

10. смягчить наказание

11. подвергнуть сомнению

 

Task 3. Replace the words and expressions in bold type with the words and expressions that mean the same:

· The objectives of criminology and criminalistics are rather different.

· The system of penal institutions is to be reformed.

· The scientific study of criminals originated in the late 18^th century.

· Modern criminologists hold that criminals are shaped by a multiplicity of factors.

· Criminology studies the factors that lead to violent behaviour.