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Al Nick lives in Susan's house.Стр 1 из 6Следующая ⇒
Вариант 3 Раздел 1 Аудирование
Во время выполнения теста по аудированию перед каждым заданием дана пауза с тем, чтобы вы смогли просмотреть вопросы к заданию, а также паузы после первичного и повторного предъявления аудиотекста для внесения ответов. По окончании выполнения всего раздела "Аудирование" перенесите свои ответы в бланк ответов.
A. The speaker says that there are some rules for talking on the telephone. B. The speaker comes to the conclusion that with a mobile telephone, a person can talk almost instantly with someone on the other side of the world. C. The speaker thinks that it is possible to live without a telephone. D. The speaker is confident that some people, especially women, can't live without a telephone. E. The speaker says that a cordless telephone allows a person to walk around the house while talking. F. The speaker is sure that of all the various telecommunication services, the one most used is the telephone. G. The speaker believes that telephones can sometimes make you angry.
Al Nick lives in Susan's house. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated A2 Susan's neighbours dislike Nick. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated A3 Susan's mother doesn't like Nick because he looks untidy. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated A4 Nick has never changed his job. l)True 2) False 3) Not stated A5 Nick works at a factory. 1) True 2) False 3) Not state A6 Nick likes his job. 1) True 2) Falsed 3) Not stated A7 Susan does not work. 1) True 2) False3) Not stated
Вы услышите интервью с известной писательницей. В заданиях А8—А14 обведите цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую номеру выбранного вами варианта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды. A8 Tonganoxie is 1) a small farm. 2) a huge farm. 3) a small town. A9 The most important crops on the farm are 1) popcorn and wheat. 2) corn and wheat. 3) sugar beets and corn. А10 Debbie's mother 1) does not work. 2) works at Tonganoxie High School. 3) works in the kindergarten.
А11 Tonganoxie High School is 1) rather big. 2) not very big. 3) rather small. А12 Some kids go to school for nearly an hour because 1) they have no cars. 2) the bus is rather slow. 3) they live rather far. А13 Every lesson students have 1) a different class, with a different teacher, in a different room. 2) the same class, with the same teacher, in a different room. 3) the same class, with a different teacher, in a different room. А14 Debbie works because 1) she has to help her poor family. 2) her parents made her work. 3) wants to buy a car.
Раздел 2 Чтение В2
A. How computers developed B. Fashion world C. The significance of microchips D. Good taste will never let down E. Extreme sports F. Healthy eating is important G. Taking risks can be less dangerous H. Choosing the right food
1 No activity can ever be completely free of risk, but you also have to weigh up the benefits. Taking precautions to make the risks "as low as reasonably practical" is just common sense. Rock climbing without a rope would be an unacceptable risk to most people. However, using the proper safety equipment reduces the risk and gives tremendous benefits. 2 The first fully electronic computer was not a laptop, of course. It took up an entire room and weighed thirty tons. The first computers were enormous, expensive, impractical and complicated. They could break up if a small insect, a bug, for instance, got inside them — hence is the term "debugging". But with the development of the microchip in 1971, several companies began building smaller computers. In 1977 the Apple computer appeared, and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC). 3. With a good eye and agood thrift store, $20 can go a long, long way! It's not like any other store-buying experience you have to be willing to hunt around for the right sizes and styles. Second-hand shops are wonderful because you can buy unique, fashionable clothing - that you might not be able to find in regular stores — at affordable prices. All you have to do is to use your imagination and lots of creativity to create your own style! 4 Computers and microchips are the backbone of the technology revolution that continues to change rapidly people's lives and- economy of present day. Now we have cellular phones, digital cameras, Palm Pilots, MP-3 players and all sorts of other gadgets, that are made possible by the microchip. 5 There are activities, sports or hobbies that make your heart beat faster and feel excited, that make you experience what you have neither tried nor felt before. And it's all thanks to adrenaline produced by our organism in stressed situations. BASE jumping, adventure racing, mountain boarding, canyoning, paragliding are some of the least known kinds of adrenaline sports just to mention a few. 6 In adults, healthy eating can help you manage your weight and can improve your overall feeling of well-being. It can also reduce your risk of developing illness and serious disease. For children, the right balance of foods will give them all the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. It also helps to educate them to eat healthily and can reduce the risk of serious diseases later in life. 7 The increasing number of people considers the life behind the product as well as appearance, guality and price of things for personal style. They learn who made the item, and out of what materials. You would hardly expect them to go to a second-hand shop. In response,
a growing number of people in the fashion industry are working to produce clothes and accessories that are simultaneously beautiful, socially responsible and environmentally friendly.
В3
Many people all over the world enjoy gardening because being close to nature this occupation brings relaxation and peace of mind. There is a saying 1 ________________________________ _______________________________ and that is truly so according to popular belief. The history of modern gardens goes back thousands of years. 35,000 years ago different kinds of fruits, nuts and roots were only gathered, not cultivated. But over 10,000 years ago humans began domesticating plants which meant staying in one place and 2________________________ ____________________________________________________________. The first "garden" was a vegetable-garden. Early people in Europe did not grow only edible plants such as wheat, they grew plants for medical purposes as well as herbs and spices for giving food special flavor and preserving it. But there is also evidence that some not very useful plants 3 _________________________________ __________________________________________. And such growing plants not only for food was the beginning of gardening. Nowadays gardens are beautiful places to go to, but over the years 4 ____________________________________________, for example, to honor the gods, or to be used in religious ceremonies such as funerals and weddings. In some cultures there were sacred plants. Prosperous people of ancient times planted huge gardens as a sign of their wealth and owner's status in society. One of the most famous early gardens was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was ordered by a king to please his wife 5________ ___________________________________________. The garden was designed so that the river could continually irrigate it and as a result was green all year round. Over the course of history the beauty of a garden has become more and more important. And a lot of attention is paid to its 6 ______________________________________________________ as if a garden were a real work of art. Whether they are well designed or not, gardens are still pleasant places to have rest at. A Chinese proverb says, "Keep a green tree in your heart and perhaps a singing bird will come".
A. growing their own food B. they have been cut down by people C. who loved beautiful trees and fragrant flowers D. "A garden is the best alternative therapy" E. they have been used for different purposes F. design, ornamentation, architecture in it G. were grown for religious purposes
They were new patients to me; all I had was the name, Olson. "Please, come down as soon as you can, my daughter is very sick." When I arrived I was met by the mother, a big, startled looking woman, very clean and apologetic, who merely said, "Is this the doctor?" And let me in. In the back, she added, "You must excuse us, doctor, we have her in the kitchen where it is warm. It is damp here sometimes." The child was fully dressed and sitting on her father's lap near the kitchen table. He tried to get up, but I motioned for him not to bother, took off my overcoat and started to look things over. I could see that they were all very nervous, eyeing me up and down distrustfully. As often, in such cases, they weren't telling me more than they had to, it was up to me to tell them; that's why they were spending three dollars on me. The child was fairly eating me up with her cold, steady eyes, and no expression to her face whatever. She did not move and seemed, inwardly, guiet; an unusually attractive little thing, and as strong as a heifer in appearance. But her face was flushed, she was breathing rapidly, and I realized that she had a high fever. She had magnificent blonde hair, in profusion. One of those picture children often reproduced in advertising leaflets and the photogravure sections of the Sunday papers. "She's had a fever for three days," began the father "and we don't know what it comes from. My wife has given her things, you know, like people do, but it don't do no good. And there's been a lot of sickness around. So we thought you'd better look her over and tell us what is the matter." As doctors often do I took a trial shot at it as a point of departure. Has she had a sore throat? Both parents answered me together, "No... No, she says her throat don't hurt her." "Does your throat hurt you?" added the mother to the child. But the little girl's expression didn't change nor did she move her eyes from my face.
"Have you looked?" "I tried to," said the mother, "but I couldn't see." As it happens we had been having a number of cases of diphtheria in the school to which this child went during that month and we were all, guite apparently, thinking of that, though no one had as yet spoken of the thing. "Well," I said, "suppose we take a look at the throat first," I smiled in my best professional manner and asking for the child's first name I said, "come on, Mathilda, open your mouth and let's take a look at your throat." Nothing going. "Aw, come on," I coaxed, "just open your mouth wide and let me take a look/' "Look," I said opening both hands wide, "I haven't anything in my hands. Just open up and let me see." "Such a nice man," put in the mother. "Look how kind he is to you. Come on, do what he tells you to. He won't hurt you." At. that I ground my teeth in disgust. If only they wouldn't use the word "hurt" I might be able to get somewhere. A16 The parents 1) came from an old and aristocratic family. 2) belonged to fairly rich middle-class people. 3) were businessmen, they were running a firm. 4) were poor workers. AI7 In paragraph 4 "the child was fairly eating the doctor" means 1) the sick child was very hungry. 2) the girl didn't like the doctor. 3) the girl was very interested in the doctor. 4) she wanted to say something. А20 The mother 1) tried to treat her daughter giving her some medicine. 2) was indifferent to her daughter's illness. 3) didn't know what to give her. 4) trusted the doctor. А21 It was 1) rather easy to examine the girl. 2) difficult to look at the girl's throat. 3) not hard for such a professional to examine the girl's throat. 4) possible to persuade the girl to show her throat.
Inventions
В4 People usually invent things to make life easier. Household appliances, such as the vacuum cleaner, __________________________ housework. REVOLUTIONIZE
В5 Most inventions develop from earlier ideas. For example, Albert Einstein _____________ anything, but made major scientific discoveries that led to countless inventions, such as nuclear energy, lasers and microchips. NOT INVENT
В6 Sometimes a new invention is an improvement on an old one, such as the vacuum cleaner. But some inventions_______________________by accident. MAKE
В7 Teflon, the non-stick coating used on saucepans,______________________the result of a mistake made by its inventor, scientist Roy Plunkett. BE
В8 People have always had great ideas but haven't always had the materials or technology to make them happen. In the last 250 years the discovery of electricity, new chemical materials and advances in microbiology _____________________to an explosion of inventions. LEAD
В9 A patent is a way for inventors _________________________ their ideas. PROTECT
В10 The patent _____________the inventor the legal right, for a fixed period of time, to stop other people from making, using or selling the invention except with the inventor's permission. GIVE
Head For the Shade
В11 A suntan, so long thought to be healthy and__________, is, in fact, our body reaction to damage from over-exposure to ultraviolet radiation. ATTRACT
В12 There is no such thing as a safe tan. The sun's ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburn, early ____________ and more permanent damage leading to skin cancer. AGE
В13 Who is at risk? Everybody can be at risk of__________ skin cancer — men, women and children. Although skin colour is a major factor. DEVELOP
В14 High risk: those with pale freckled skin, blue eyes, fair or red hair, who tend to burn easily. Medium risk: those who have___________ hair or eyes, who tend to tan easily. Low risk: those with black or brown skin, who virtually never burn. DARK
B15 To protect yourself you should cover up. Wear loose fitting, _______ woven clothes as a physical barrier against the sun's rays. TIGHT
В16 A wide-brimmed hat should also be worn to protect the ears, nose and neck. Avoid sun exposure between 11 a.m. and 3 a.m. as the sun is at its __________point then. STRONG
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22—А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А22—А28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа. A Flight to Sydney
The moment she had been А22 ______________had come at last. The loudspeakers in the waiting hall A23_____________ her flight. Gripping her handbag firmly, she made her way to the exit gate and out into the bright sun to the aircraft standing like some great silver bird. After А24______________her boarding card to the hostess, she climbed up the steps into the cabin and looked around her. The air was fresh and warm. Some passengers were getting comfortable in the A25 ___________________. A few of the passengers were trying to get some sleep, but most of them were reading. Above a door at the end of the passage she saw А26_____________: NO SMOKING. FASTEN SEAT BELTS. She sat and heard the voice of the captain. "This is Captain Green А27_________________. Our estimated time of arrival in Sydney will be one a.m., so we've got a long flight A28_______ ________us. I hope you'll enjoy it. Our hostesses will be serving dinner shortly. Thank you."
А22 1) delaying 3) speaking 2) waiting for 4) leaving
А23 1) announced 3) made known 2) advertised 4) declared
А24 1) delivering 3) handing in 2) passing 4) presenting
А25 1) stools 3) seats 2) benches 4) chairs
А26 1) a message 3) an advice 2) an instruction 4) a notice
А27 1) speaking 3) telling 2) talking 4) saying
А28 1) in front of 3) behind 2) ahead of 4) above
Раздел 4 Письмо
C1 You have 20 minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Jessica who writes:
... You know, after the exams I was so exhausted. Now I feel very tired and unfit. Don’t know what to do about it. My friends are simply hooked on shaping, and mummy says that yoga is the ideal option. What would you recommend? What sports do teens in Russia practice? Fs for my father, he has just come back from his business trip to New Zealand...
Write a letter to Jessica. In your letter • tell her what she should do to keep fit • ask 3 questions about her father's business trip Write 100-140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C2
You have 40 minutes to do this task. Comment on the following statement.
Many people are seriously concerned about the problem of climate changes; others think that all those environmental issues are not a big deal really.
Вариант 4 Раздел 1 Аудирование Во время выполнения теста по аудированию перед каждым заданием дана пауза с тем, чтобы вы смогли просмотреть вопросы к заданию, а также паузы после первичного и повторного предъявления аудиотекста для внесения ответов. По окончании выполнения всего раздела "Аудирование" перенесите свои ответы в бланк ответов. В1
A. The speaker says that the first lamps were linked with religion. B. The speaker comes to the conclusion that electricity is a powerful and convenient way of getting light. C. The speaker thinks that torches, candles, and oil lamps are important ways of getting light. D. The speaker is confident that people conquered the darkness with the help of fire. E. The speaker says that for a long time fire was the main source of light in the darkness. F. The speaker is sure that the Sun is the most important source of light. G. The speaker believes that natural gas may be a source of light.
Вы услышите интервью при приеме на работу. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А1—А7 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
A9 Allen recognised 1) everything in his school. 2) only his old classroom. 3) the staff room and the headmaster's study. A12 The laboratories were 1) new and modern. 2) old but well-equipped. 3) the same. A14 Allen 1) did not recognize the old headmaster. 2) recognized the headmaster at once. 3) hardly recognized the headmaster. Раздел 2 Чтение В2
Установите соответствие между заголовками А—Н и текстами 1—7. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
A. Clothes are different B. Hydrogen cars D. Water circulation E. Vanilla Orchid F. A risky water sport H. A legendary plant
1. A Native American legend says that the water lily was once a star. It fell from the sky and, striking the water, it changed into a flower. Other tales date from ancient times. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder in his Natural History wrote that water lilies were an antidote for magic love potions. The water lily, "queen of the water", is found in shallow ponds, in slow-moving streams, and on the borders of lakes where the soil is rich. 2. Kitesurfing is a new exciting water sport for the new millennium. It is rather a young sport. The idea of the sport is that a kitesurfer stands on a board with foot straps and uses the power of a large controllable kite to move him and his board across the water. It may seem simple but it is challenging as well because your body is the only connection between the kite and the board and you have to control them both at the same lime. 3. The water on the Earth is always in continuous movement on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Once the rain water hits the ground it becomes either surface water or ground water. This is the part of the process known as the water cycle. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle", there is no beginning or end. 4. Wear a hat. Floppy cotton ones with brims are the most practical, and you can make them wet with cool water. Not only does the cool water give instant relief, but as it evaporates from the top it'll act like a tiny refrigerator. Flip flops instead of boots would also be a nice thing when you are dying of immense heat. Even if you are a mad dog, stay out of the midday sun. Get up early, when it's cool, and stay out late. 5. Water is necessary for life. Millions of years ago the first forms of life on Earth grew in the sea. Although today many plants and animals are able to live on land, they still need water. This life-sustaining liquid makes up most of the animal blood or plant sap that nourishes living tissues. 6. Mass-produced cars that used petrol were brought to the market by Henry Ford in 1903. Now William Clay Ford, his great-great-grandson, says that finally we will end up using cars fuelled by hydrogen. Big car companies including Toyota, BMW, Honda, General Motors and Nissan are already developing hydrogen cars that do not cause pollution, or add to global warming; they only emit water. 7. One of the biggest shocks when you arrive in a new country can be the clothes people are wearing. You may look fashionable at home, but you suddenly find you are behind the times or simply someone to laugh at when you arrive abroad.
Ниже представлены ответы. В самих текстах выделены ключевые слова, определяющие выбор правильного ответа. В3
It is impossible to imagine our life without computers 1 ______________________________ _________________________. But it is interesting to find that computer work is among the 40 most health damaging jobs. According to the latest researches, computers do not improve our health and that they can seriously damage our system 2 _________________________________ ______________. People for whom computer work is their bread and butter have the most health complaints because of muscle and joint diseases. Excessive computer use for more than a few hours on a daily basis can easily increase the risk of neck, shoulder and back problems. Additionally, light-touch keyboards that permit high speed typing, and constant mouse and trackball use, greatly damage affected nerves and tissues in the hands over a period of time. In the early stages of this condition, fatigue, numbness and a general discomfort of the affected area are felt. Coldness, or numbness in the hands, may also be present. You may also feel a loss of strength and coordination in your hands. These symptoms usually occur only after prolonged activity and stop 3 ______________________________________________. There are many steps you can take 4 _____________________________________________ _____________________________. A first step is to place the computer monitor in a position that is lower and further away from you. Make sure to sit straight. You should not have to stretch forward to reach the keys or read what is on the screen by choosing the appropriate font size on your screen. Be sure to move around and frequently shift your position. Arise from your seat and move around every 30 minutes. Placing your mouse or trackball device in close proximity to your keyboard can also help 5 _____________________________________________. One of the bad aspects of computer use is that even the children who cannot read and write yet, are already used to this machine. They develop at a very early age the habit of playing on the computers for hours on end. Excessive recreational computer use, such as video games for an extended period of time causes a lot of problems. So, take stretching breaks every few minutes. Do balanced exercises 6 ____________________________________________. Relax in a warm bath or shower at the end of a long work day.
A. which never stops surprising B. when the activity is ended C. such as walking on a daily basis D. avoid shoulder and neck strains E. to prevent all this F. because almost everything involves the use of it G. when they are not properly used
We had an enormous apple tree in our garden only a few yards from the kitchen window. "We really must cut the tree down," my husband said, soon after we moved into the house. "I'm sure it's dangerous." "Don't be silly," I said. I quite liked the tree myself. "It's quite safe. It isn't going to fall down on the house!" "Well, I read something in the paper only the other day," he said. "A tree crashed into a woman's bedroom during a storm. She was going to get rid of the tree — and now she's in hospital!" In the end, after several arguments of this kind, we asked a couple of workmen to come along and cut the tree down. It was not an easy job. In fact, it took them all morning. But at last the tree was lying on the ground. "What about the roots?" the men asked. "Shall we take them out too or leave them?" "Oh, take them out," I said. "Let's make a good job of it!" This took all afternoon and I was beginning to think about the size of the bill! There was also a big hole in the garden! "You'll be able to put all your old rubbish in there!" the men said as they left. My husband climbed down into the hole and began to look around. "Hey, look!" he called up to me. "There are some old coins here! And I think they're gold!" I climbed down into the hole and we started to dig around, hoping to find some more coins. We did -- and we also found a small metal box. We broke it open. It was full of jewellery — rings, necklaces and bracelets! "Gosh!" I said, "I suppose someone hid these things in the ground — perhaps during a war!" "They're probably worth a small fortune!" my husband said. "Well, aren't you glad now that you got rid of that old tree?" А16 The man's wife 1) thought the tree was dangerous. 2) liked the tree. 3) couldn't stand the tree. 4) wanted to plant flowers near the tree. Saving Water
В11 Water, water, everywhere, but not a lot to drink. If we don't use this most ____________ natural resource wisely we will pay dearly. VALUE
В12 Water is the most important resource for life on the planet. But is too easily taken for granted. With ____________dry weather and increases in demand, it is important that we all use water wisely to make sure there continues to be enough water levels left in rivers and wetlands to support a rich and varied wildlife. CONTINUE
В13 Saving water also saves money. Anyone who lives in, or buys, a ______________ built home has their water metered and pays for what they use. NEW
В14 Low water _______________ can also choose to switch to water meters to save money. USE
В15 But everyone could benefit ______________if we all used less water. There is no new water on earth. FINANCE
В16 All our water is recycled and needs _______________before we can use it at home and that costs money. TREAT
The Doctor
It was a ringing frost. It was snowing. A22 ____________snow lay on the track as the doctor struggled slowly against a biting wind to the lonely farmhouse. Snow-drifts surrounded him from all A23 ____________. The sky was A24 ___________with dense clouds. The doctor was out of sorts. It must have been two hours A25 __________he left the cosy warmth of his consulting-room in the small town to visit the old woman who А26 _____________ sick in this deserted spot. He wondered, as he had so often done before, why he had chosen this remote district to practise in. Was he too honest or merciful? He knew that all his friends worked in big cities for large А27 ________________. And only he had chosen А28 _____________ practice in a small town.
А22 1) Profound 3) Broad 2) High 4) Deep
А23 1) sectors 3) parts 2) borders 4) sides
А24 1) hidden 3) wrapped 2) covered 4) concealed
А25 1) during 3) since 2) while 4) from
А26 1) lay 3) was situated 2) rested 4) remained
А27 1) communities 3) crews 2) companies 4) bands
А28 1) separate 3) private 2) isolated 4) individual
Раздел 4 Письмо
You have 20 minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Sam who writes:
... At school we are doing a project on the greatest museums in the world. Are there any large and famous museums and art galleries excepting the Hermitage in your country? Could you tell me about them? Where are they situated? What do they exhibit? By the way, we bought a very nice, pappy a few days ago...
Write a letter to Sam. In your letter • answer his questions • ask 3 questions about his new pet
Write 100-140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
You have 40 minutes to do this task. Comment on the following statement.
Many people believe that being young means a lot of fun and entertainment, but some say that it is not so easy.
Вариант 5 Раздел 1 Аудирование Во время выполнения теста по аудированию перед каждым заданием дана пауза с тем, чтобы вы смогли просмотреть вопросы к заданию, а также паузы после первичного и повторного предъявления аудиотекста для внесения ответов. По окончании выполнения всего раздела "Аудирование" перенесите свои ответы в бланк ответов. В1
A. The speaker says that wooden wheels gave cyclists a very bumpy ride. B. The speaker recommends bike riders to observe some safety rules. C. The speaker thinks that cycling is a very cheap kind of transportation. E. The speaker says that the first bike had to be pushed by the rider's feet. F. The speaker gives some standard recommendations for bike care. G. The speaker is sure that a bike, is a simple machine, but it provides almost unlimited recreation and exercise.
A2 It is raining. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated A11 Steve's father works 1) as a secretary in a Mexican company. 2) as an architect in a firm. 3) as a bus driver. A13 Steve's mother 1) often cooks Spanish food. 2) can cook nothing. 3) has no time to cook at home. Раздел 2 Чтение В2
A. A dangerous creature F. Complementary medicine H. Underwater swimming
1 Traditional Chinese medicine has been practised for around 3,000 years in the Far East. But in recent years alternative medicine has become very popular in the West. It seems that people have begun to worry about the side effects of drugs and choose such treatments as yoga, reflexology, homeopathy and acupuncture to complement, or sometimes even replace, Western medicine. 2 Reflexology is a form of therapy in alternative medicine which is massaging of feet and hands based on the research into the nervous system and reflex. Feet and hand sensors communicate with body organs. It is possible to influence their health by pressing certain points. 3 Humans always needed to keep in touch and to exchange information. When writing was not invented yet people carried oral messages from one person to another. In writing it became much easier. But not reliably enough. The first people who created and organised the system of mail delivery were the Romans. 4 Airmail made sending letters to most parts of the world easy, quick and cheap. Nevertheless, new technology of the 20th century gave the world an alternative way of communication through fax machines or the Internet sending e-mails. So, traditional postal services are becoming less popular. Because of its slow speed compared to an e-mail or a text message many people now call traditional post "snail mail". 5 Humans have always wanted to fly. Their desire to swim under the water was not weaker. Primitive devices that allowed people to breath under water date from 3,000 years ago. But only a little more than half a century ago French diving legend Jacques Cousteau developed the first practical Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA). Since then interest to the sport of scuba diving is growing only stronger. 6 There is a blue-ringed octopus on Australian coasts, an octopus tiny enough to be hiding in a can of drink. Though little and harmless it may seem, it is the most dangerous lethal octopus in the world. Its venom includes a component found in no other creature. His mouth contains enough venom to kill at least twenty men. 7 On line education has revolutionized the education industry. The computer technology has made the dream of distance learning a reality. Education is no more limited to classrooms. It has reached far thanks to the computer technology. Physically distant locations have come close to each other only due to computer networking.
В3
The popularity of eco-tourism or ecological tourism is increasing every year 1 ____________ _____________________________________________________________________________.Most commonly it is understood as "a kind of tourism operating in an environmentally friendly fashion". Mass tourism has often harmed natural habitats and caused pollution of remote places like the Himalayas, 2 ____________________________________________________________. And thinking of where resources are coming from and where wastes are going is at the heart of the idea of eco-tourism. More and more people live in towns and cities and they want to experience wild spaces and species, so, 3 ______________________________________________________________. The draw for people is often the natural environment — seeing giraffes, elephants in Kenya or South Africa, walking through the forests of Costa Rica, diving among the corals of Australia's Great Barrier Reef or the Red Sea. Being a real eco-tourist means being responsible for the environment of the place you travel to, protecting nature and trying not to damage or remove endangered plants or animals, learning new ways to live on the planet and thinking about our impact: as guests, 4 __________________ _______________________________________________________________________. A walk through the rainforest is not eco-tourism if that particular walk is taken at the expense of the natural world or of 5 _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________. In Russia there are also places 6 _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________. People travel through the wilderness of Siberia, enjoy beautiful views of unspoiled taiga forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and mineral springs.
A. where litter just doesn't biodegrade B. the people who already live there C. we shouldn't do anything we wouldn't do at home D. but not everybody knows what this term really means E. within nations there are tourism bureaus in states, provinces, and cities F. that you can visit being an eco-tourist G. one in every 10 tourists is already an eco-tourist
Johnny was three when he ran away from home for the first time. Somebody left the garden gate open. Johnny wandered out, crossed some fields, and two hours later, arrived in the next village. He was just able to give his name and address. By the time he was seven, Johnny used to vanish from home two to three times a year. Sometimes he covered quite long distances on foot. On other occasions he got on a bus or even a train, and simply sat there until someone asked for his ticket. Generally the police brought him home. "Why do you do it?" they used to ask. "You aren't happy at home, are you?" "Of course not," Johnny replied. "Then why?" "I just like seeing places," Johnny told them. Johnny continued "to see places" although everyone tried to stop him. His parents used to watch him closely, and so did the teachers; but sooner or later Johnny managed to slip away. As he grew older, his favourite trick was to hide on a long distance lorry. Sometimes he used to travel hundreds of miles before anyone discovered him. It is hardly surprising that eventually Johnny managed to get on board a plane. He was twelve at that time. It was a cargo plane and, a few hours later Johnny found himself in Cairo. How did you get on board? No one knows! According to Johnny himself, it was easy: he just went into the airport, walked along some corridors and got on board the nearest plane. In spite of this, Johnny did well at school. He enjoyed Maths and languages and, perhaps not surprisingly, he was especially good at Geography. "What do you want to be when you grow up?" his teachers asked him. Johnny did not take long to answer that question. "An explorer!" he answered. "But it's difficult to become an explorer in this modern age," they tried to tell him, "unless you go to space!" But it was no use: Johnny knew what he wanted. Just before he left school, Johnny saw a notice in one of the daily papers. An expedition was about to go to Brazil to travel up the Amazon. There were vacancies for three young people "willing to work hard and with a sense of adventure". Johnny applied... and, two months later, he was on his way to Brazil.
A19 Johnny was 1) a dull pupil. 2) a pupil at the top of the class. 3) a pupil out of control. 4) a bright pupil. A21 In the end, Johnny 1) joined the expedition. 2) ran away from school. 3) stayed at home. 4) worked for a newspaper.
Snow В4 Tiny crystals of ice that fall to Earth_________________snow. Snow is the result of a chain of events. CALL
В5 It _________________its existence as water vapor, which is water in the form of gas. START
В6 If a cloud_________cold enough, the water vapor freezes to form ice crystals. At temperatures between about — 40° C and 0° C, water vapor crystallizes around bits of dust in the cloud. BE
В7 The crystals grow as more drops join the crystals already __________. These crystals are usually hexagonal, and many hexagonal crystals frozen together make a snowflake. FORM
В8 The way that ice crystals join together _____________ every snowflake a unique design. Even so, most snowflakes have six points or six sides. GIVE
В9 Snow greatly affects climates and living things. A cover of snow on the ground helps _______________ a climate cold. This happens because snow reflects, or bounces back, most of the Sun's heat. KEEP
В10 However, a snow cover can also protect small plants from the effects of severe cold. When snow melts in the spring, it provides freshwater for people and animals. But if snow _________________ for years, it may form huge slabs of ice, called glaciers. NOT MELT
Caves В11 A cave is a __________________ hollow space under the ground that has an opening large enough for a person to enter. Caves range in size from tiny passages to huge systems of connected "rooms" and tunnels. The world's longest cave system is Mammoth Cave, in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It is more than 560 kilometers long. Large caves are often called "caverns". NATURE
В12 People have been using caves for a long time. Caves once offered shelter that was warm in winter and cool in summer. Caves were also easier to defend against human and animal enemies. Finding tools and bones and food in caves, _______________have been able to learn a great deal about our remote ancestors. SCIENCE
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