Unit 1. Chemistry: key to progress and abundance

Методическое пособие

по развития лексических навыков в области профессионально-ориентированного общение на английском языке по специальности

«Аналитический контроль качества химических соединений»

 

 

Екатеринбург, 2009 г.

Пояснительная записка

Данное пособие предназначено для работы со студентами, обучающимися по специальности «Аналитический контроль качества химических соединений», и ставит своей целью подготовить их к чтению и переводу соответствующей технической литературы на английском языке, а также сформировать базовые навыки и умения для устного общения на языке по данной специальности.

Пособие содержит адаптированные и оригинальные тексты из иностранных журналов и научно-технической литературы, а также тексты, переведенные с русского на английский язык. Тематика текстов следующая: общая и неорганическая химия, правила чтения химических формул и уравнений, химическая посуда и оборудование химической лаборатории, описание химических элементов, аналитическая химия, известные химики. Содержание текстов соответствует программам специальных дисциплин, и по своей сложности данные тексты предназначены для студентов IV курса, имеющих базовые знания по дисциплине «Английский язык». В конце пособия предлагается итоговый тест на контроль уровня сформированности навыков по окончанию курса.

Тексты снабжены упражнениями, рассчитанными на активизацию лексического и грамматического материала. Выбор упражнений и их последовательность обусловлены характером текстов. К текстам даются пояснения, облегчающие понимание и перевод отдельных мест, представляющих определенную языковую трудность.

Пособие может быть использовано для самостоятельной работы студентов.

 

Unit 1. CHEMISTRY: KEY TO PROGRESS AND ABUNDANCE

The science of chemistry includes a study of properties, composition, and structure of matter, the changes in struc­ture and composition which matter undergoes, and the accom­panying energy changes.

The close links between science and industry enabled the chemical industry to make great progress.

Zelinsky's works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds. These com­pounds are now counted in thousands, and they are extremely important in the economy. Scientists evolved an original method of extracting phenol and acetone simulta­neously from benzene and propylene. Phenol and acetone are needed for the manufacture of plastics, textile fibres, organic glass and other chemical products.

Scientists are making a major contribution to the pro­duction of aniline dyes, and many new dyes have been evolved with their help.

The research of the scientists has revealed the physical and physico-chemical conditions necessary for the industrial production and processing of polymeric materials.

The theory of chain reactions is a major discovery of our time. The development of this theory is linked with the name of the scientist Semyonov, a Nobel Prize winner.

VOCABULARY

chemistry -химия science -наука to include -включать property -свойство composition -состав matter -материя to undergo –подвергаться accompanying -сопутствующие energy changes –преобразование энергии research –исследование development –развитие enable –давать возможность

to set up -основывать branch -отрасль close links –тесная synthesizing - синтез compound –соединение to evolve -разрабатывать simultaneously -одновременно manufacture -производство textile fibres -текстильные волокна contribution –вклад aniline dyes –анилиновые красители to reveal -открывать, показывать condition -условие processing -обработка chain reaction –цепная реакция discovery -открытие to achieve -достигать

 

FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY

The field of chemistry is now a very large one. There are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. Some of the better known fields are inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biological chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, industrial chemistry, colloidal chemistry, andelectrochemistry.

Inorganic chemistry. It was originally considered that the field of inorganic chemistry consists of the study of materials not derived from living organisms|. However it now includes all substances other than the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Organic chemistry. At one time it was thought that all substances found in plants and animals could be made only by using part of a living plant or animal. The study of these substances, most of which contain carbon was therefore called organic chemistry. It is now known that this idea is quite wrong, for in 1828 F. Wohler made an "organic" substance using a simple laboratory process.

Organic chemistry now merely means the chemistry of carbon compounds.

Physical chemistry is concerned with those parts of chemistry which are closely linked with physics as, for in stance, the behaviour of substances when a current of electricity is passed through them.

Electrochemistry is concerned with the relation between electrical energy and chemical change. Electrolysis is the process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change in the conducting medium, which usually is a solution or a molten substance. The process is generally used as a method of deposition metals from a solution.

Magnetochemistry is the study of behaviour of a chemical substance in the presence of a magnetic field. A paramagnetic substance, i.e. one having unpaired electrons is drawn into a magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances, i.e. those having no unpaired electrons, are repelled by a magnetic field.

Biochemistry. Just as the physical chemist works on the boundaries between physics and chemistry, so the biochemist works on the boundaries between biology and chemistry. Much of the work of the biochemist is concerned with foodstuffs and, medicines. The medicines known as antibiotics, of which penicillin is an early example, were prepared by biochemists.

VOCABULARY

field –область, отрасль nuclear chemistry –ядерная химия It was... considered (thought) –предполагали, считали to consist -состоять из to derive –происходить от to include –включать, содержать в себеhydrocarbon –углеводород substance -вещество to contain –содержать for instance -например behaviour -поведение

current of electricity –электрический ток relation –соотношение, зависимость whereby –посредством которого to cause –вызывать conducting medium –проводящая среда solution -раствор molten -расплавленный method of deposition metals –метод осаждения металлов to draw (drew, drawn) –тянуть to repel -отталкиваться boundary -граница

EXERCISES

I. Give English equivalents for these words.

отрасль развитие исследование

условие выделение открытие

состав свойство наука

производство одновременно достигать

 

II. Answer the questions.

1) Which branch of chemistry deals with the study of materials not derived from living organisms?

2) Which branch of chemistry studies the behaviour of a chemical substance in the presence of a magnetic field?

3) What is the study of substances containing carbon called?

4) What other branches of chemistry do you know?

5) By whom were antibiotics prepared?

IV. Make up sentences out of these words.

1) And, phenol, an original method, acetone, our scientists, simultaneously, benzene, and, evolved, from, extracting, propylene, of.

2) Substance, field, the study, in the presence, behaviour, chemical, magnetochemistry, of, of, is, a, of, a, magnetic.

3) World-wide, this, to, scientists, recognition, much, due, research, credit, our, is, whose, won, has.

4) Other, needed, manufacture, textile fibers, plastics, acetone, and, are, organic glass, for, the, products, of, and, chemical, phenol.

5) Physics, chemistry, parts, linked, which, concerned, are, closely, with, with, physical, chemistry, is, those, of.

V. Translate into English.

1) Наши ученые разработали новый метод обработки металлов.

2) Биохимики внесли большой вклад в производство антибиотиков.

3) Электрохимия связана с изучением отношений между электрической энергией и химическими изменениями.

4) Они не знают состава этого соединения.

5) Этот ученый определил физические и физико-химические условия необходимые для промышленного производства и обработки полимерных материалов.

 

VOCABULARY

symbol -символ equation –уравнение presently -в настоящее время to derive –происходить copper (Cu) -медь sodium (Na) –натрий to designate –обозначать

carbon dioxide C02 –двуокись углерода sulphuric acid H2S04 –серная кислота to indicate –указывать, означать statement –формулировка to decompose –разлагаться (на составные части)

 

VOCABULARY

molecule -молекула diatomic -двухатомный single –единичный subscript –подстрочный индекс polyatomic -многоатомный numerical –числовой corresponding -соответствующий

sulphur –cepa covalent -ковалентный unlikе –различный similar –подобный hydrogen chloride -хлористый водопровод electropositive -электроположительный

 

PERIODIC LAW

One of the cornerstones of modern chemical theory is
the Periodic Law. It can be simply stated as follows: The properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms.

In 1869 Mendeleyev arrived at the conclusion that by the arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic weight the similarity and periodicity of properties of various, valence groups of the elements were clearly delineated.

There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleyev's table which led him to predict the existence of six undiscovered ele­ments, (scandium, gallium, germanium, polonium etc). His confidence in the new classification was clearly expressed in the predictions which he made of the chemical properties of these missing elements. And within fifteen years gallium, scandium and germanium were discovered.

Although this table has been modified hundreds of times, it has withstood the onslaught of all new facts. Isotopes, rare gases, atomic numbers, and electron configurations have only strengthened the idea of the periodicity of the properties of the elements.

VOCABULARY

Periodic Law –периодический закон cornerstone –краеугольный камень to state –формулировать as follows –следующим образом nuclear charge –ядерный заряд to arrive at a conclusion –прийти к заключению arrangement –расположение in order of increasing atomic weight –в порядке возрастания атомного веса similarity ['simiylaeriti] cxofl- valence group –валентная группа to delineate -очерчивать vacant space –свободное место to predict -предсказывать existence -существование

confidence -уверенность to express –выражать prediction -предсказание missing -отсутствующий within –в течение to modify -видоизменять to withstand –выдерживать onslaught –появление isotope –изотоп rare gases –редкие газы electron configuration –электронная конфигурация to strengthen -укреплять

EXERCISES

I. Answer the questions.

1) How many chemical elements are there now?

2) What is the symbol of Manganese?

3) What is a symbol usually derived from?

4) What does a subscript show?

5) What element is always designated first in the formula?

6) When did Mendeleyev discover the periodic law?

7) How can the Periodic Law be simply stated?

8) What elements were discovered after Mendeleyev modified the table?

9) Give some examples of polyatomic molecules of single elements.

10)What are simple diatomic molecules of a single element designated by?

 

II. True or false?

1) Symbols and formulas are used to indicate chemical reactions.

2) Groups of symbols are called equations.

3) Groups of symbols are called formulas.

4) There are 102 chemical elements now.

5) The more electropositive element is always designated last in the formula.

6) Subscriptions are used to designate the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule.

7) Mendeleyev made his discovery in 1879.

8) There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleyev’s table which led him to predict the existence of six undiscovered elements.

9) The table wasn’t modified.

10) Properties of the elements are periodic functions of the nuclear charges of their atoms.

 

CHLORINE

Chlorine is an element with atomic number 17, atomic weight 35.5 (thirty-five point five). It is a gas at ordinary temperatures and is never found free in nature. It is found in nature combined with other elements. At normal tempera­tures, chlorine is a diatomic gas (C1₂), greenish-yellow in colour and about 2 1/2 (two and a half) times as heavy as air. It liq­uefies at atmospheric pressure at —34. 1° C (minus thirty-four point one degrees Centigrade) to a yellowish liquid approx­imately 11/2 (one and a half) times as heavy as water. The liquid freezes at —100.98° C (minus one hundred point nine eight degrees Centigrade). Chlorine is soluble in water and indirectly exerts bleaching and bactericidal action by reacting with water to form hypochlorous acid.

Cl₂ + H₂O ↔ HCl + HClO → HCl + (O)

Chlorine Water Hydrochloric Hypochloric

acid acid

The hypochlorous acid is unstable, giving up oxygen to form more HC1. The oxygen attacks and destroys bacteria; it also oxidizes coloured organic substances, forming colour­less or less-coloured components.

As one of the most active elements, chlorine ranks in reactivity about with oxygen. It combines directly and read­ily with hydrogen and most non-metals except nitrogen, carbon and oxygen; it also unites with all the familiar met­als except gold and platinum.

Participating in a number of important organic reactions, in some cases chlorine appears in the final product, as in insecticides (DDT) or in the plastic, polyvinil chloride.

Chlorine is generally produced by electrolysis of water solutions of sodium chloride in electrolytic cells. When so­dium chloride or potassium chloride solutions are subjected to electrolysis, there are three products; caustic soda or caustic potash, chlorine and hydrogen. If fused sodium chlo­ride is used, there are two products: chlorine, and metallic sodium.

VOCABULARY

is never found free in natureне встречается в свободном состоянии в природе 2 1/2 times as heavy as airв 2 ½ раза тяжелее воздуха to liquefyпереходить в жидкое состояние approximatelyприблизительно to freeze (froze, frozen)замерзать, затвердевать solubleрастворимый to exertоказывать bleaching and bactericidal ac­tionотбеливающее и бактерицидное действие hypochlorous acidхлорноватистая кислота unstableнеустойчивый to destroyразрушать to oxidizeокислять, оксидировать componentсоставная часть, компонент ranks in reactivity about with oxygenпо своей реактивности почти не уступает кислороду

to combineсоединяться familiarизвестный to participateучавствовать to appearпоявляться insecticideсредство для истребления насекомых sodium chlorideповаренная соль, хлористый натрий electrolytic cellэлектролитическая ванна potassium chlorideхлористый калий to subjectподвергать caustic sodaедкий натр caustic potashедкое кали fused=moltenрасплавленный

 

 

EXERCISES

I. Answer the questions.

1) In what state is chlorine found in nature?

2) At what temperature does chlorine liquefy?

3) Is chlorine easily soluble in water?

4) What action does chlorine exert in water?

5) What is the reactivity of chlorine?

6) What products are obtained when sodium chloride or potassium chloride solutions are subjected to electrolysis?

7) By what method is chlorine generally produced?

8) What products are produced if fused sodium chloride is used?

 

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The analysis of a complex material usually involves four steps, sampling, dissolving the sample, separating mutually interfering substances, and determining the constituents of interest. The first step, sampling can be a significant problem, particularly in industrial applications.

Sampling is complete when the subdivision is small enough to permit analysis.

The second step is the dissolving of a sample. If we know the nature of the sample we use a suitable reagent.

I/Gravimetric methods involve a weighing operation as the final measurement.

Gravimetric analysis have been developed for almost every­thing from A(luminium) to Z(irconium).

Gravimetric procedures may be done in various ways: by precipitating, by dissolving, by removing as a volatile com­pound^.

Volumetric methods involve measurement of that volume of a solution of known concentration which reacts with a known amount of the sample. Such a solution is called a standard so­lution.

Volumetric techniques are now applicable to most of the elements and to many specific inorganic and organic com­pounds. They are widely used in all phases of chemistry, in medicine, and in many allied sciences.

Physico-chemical methods depend upon the measurement of physical properties other than mass and volume. Such me­thods are important when the simpler methods of analysis are inadequate.

 

METHODS OF SEPARATION

Methods of separating a solid and a liquid are built around two processes, filtration and centrifugation.

Filtration is the process of passing the suspension of solid and liquified through a porous barrier which will trap the solid. The barrier may be filter paper, sintered glass, asbestos matting, glass wool and others.

Centrifugation is mechanized setting (or floating) and de­pends upon the difference between the densities of the solid and the solution. Gravitational setting is usually inadequate. A centrifuge can be used to enhance the gravitational force moving the particles. Most centrifuges operate at hundreds of revolutions per minute. Extremely difficult separations require speeds of tens of thousands of revolutions per minute.

 

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

are built around two processes – базируются на двух процессах the process of passing … through – прцесс пропускания … через

mechanized setting - механическое осаждение depends upon – зависит revolutions per minute – обороты в минуту

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

by "ion exchange" we mean -под ионным обменом мы подразумеваем of like sign -одноименные по знаку for such exchange to be possible –чтобы осуществить этот обмен

of it own -свои собственные can move freely in and out -могут свободно входить и выходить

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

are spread down … into layers -оседают пластами

provided -при условии, что was engaged in -занимался

CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

The techniques of carrying out a chromatographic investi­gation are very simple. The basic apparatus is the adsorption column. The adsorption column may be constructed of soft glass or in special cases of quartz. The diameter аnd length of the column are determined by the quantity of material to be
absorbed.

No universal adsorbent has been found. A good adsorbent should satisfy the following criteria: it should hold relatively large quantities of the materials to be resolved; the resolved materials must be eluted from the adsorbent by polar solvents; the size of the particles of adsorbent should be such as will allow rapid and uniform percolation; the adsorbents must not react with either the materials to be resolved nor the materials to be used as solvent or color developer; the adsorbent should not be porous and should, if possible, be colorless.

The chromatograph is made as follows: a solution of the material to be adsorbed is poured into the adsorption column and allowed to percolate through the adsorbent. The column is washed with additional portions of the original solvent from which the compound was adsorbed. The sides of the column are washed with small portions of the solvent and then larger quantities are added to the column. The passage of the solvent through the column causes the adsorbed materials to move at different rates and thus produce the chromatogram.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

should be such as will allow -должен бы быть таким, чтобы позволить

rapid and uniform percolation -быстрое и равномерное просачивание

 

GAS ANALYSIS

Special techniques are usually employed in the analysis of the gases. Since the analysis of a gas, or gas mixture usually involves the measurement of a volume and only very rarely the weighing of a sample, the results are most frequently reported in per cent by volume rather than per cent by weight.

It must be remembered that the volume of a gas is greatly dependent upon both the temperature and the pressure and it is necessary to adjust each measurement to standard condi­tions of temperature and pressure. It is obvious then that these conditions must remain constant over the course of the analysis.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

the results are... reported in per cent by volume rather than per cent by weight -результаты даются в процентах относительно объема, а не относительно веса

over the course of the analysis -в течение всего процесса анализа

 

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

enables one -обеспечивает simple to carry out -прост в поизводстве

based on -основан на

ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES

Many problems of quantitative chemistry are more complex than determining the amount of a pure substance or the com­position of an aqueous solution of a pure compound. Often the problem arises simply because the compound or solution has an unknown or complex composition.

There are three fundamental schemes than can be used in the problem at hand.

1. Phase separation: The metal ion, A, can be determined
without interference front B if we separate A from B. We do
this by preparing a two-phase system such that all of A is in
one phase and all of B is in the other phase.

2. Selective determination: The metal ion, A, can be deter­
mined in the presence of B if we can find a determination
which is selective toward A, ignoring B.

3. Combined determination: The two metal ions, A and B,
can be determined together. This type of measurement com­
bined with another independent measurement gives the amount
of each ion.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

are more complex than -более сложны чем

the problem at hand -рассматриваемая проблема

 

EXTRACTION

Liquid-liquid phase separations are possible when a metal forms a compound soluble in two immiscible liquids. The dis­tribution of the compound between the two liquids can be con­sidered to be a solubility contest. Practical considerations dictate that one of the liquids must be water. Among the liquids other contestants are: carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulfide, ethers, paraffin hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydro­carbons. Alcohols cannot be added to this list.

Most inorganic compounds just are not interested in the organic solvents which are immiscible with water. Sometimes, however, a complexing agent can be found which will coach an inorganic substance into an organic solution. Cupric, lead, zinc, silver, mercuric, and cadmium salts, for example, will dissolve, in either chloroform or carbon tetrachloride if it con­tains some dithizone.

PRECIPITATION

The most generally useful technique for accomplishing a phase separation is the solid-liquid separation, obtained in a precipitation.

To have wide applicability a precipitant should form com­pounds with many metal ions, and these compounds should have a wide range of solubility. To obtain proper conditions, the concentration of the precipitant should be controlled easilly.

What sort of precipitant is most desirable depends upon many variables: how many samples must be determined, what constituents are present, what reagents are at hand, what time is available, what accuracy is desired, etc.

ELECTROLYSIS

Another type of solid-liquid phase separation is furnished by electrolytic techniques. Two electrodes are placed in the solution of interest, and a current is passed through the solu­tion at a voltage sufficient to reduce some but not all of the metals present. If the current and concentrations are adjusted properly, the metals which are reduced will plate out on the electrode in a pure metallic deposit which can be dried and weighed directly.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

the solution of interest -исследуемый раствор will plate out -отлагается

to reduce some but not all -для частичного удаления

ION EXCHANGE

Another procedure utilizing the elution technique is the ion exchange separation. This time the solid (which is called the substrate) is a salt or compound with salt-forming capacity, something like a sulfonic acid group. When a solution con­taining metal ions is passed through such an acid substrate, the ions can replace the protons, forming salts. Further elution repeats many times the cycle of ion exchange, replacement of a proton by a salt ion, followed by replacement of the metal ion by proton. As in chromatography, the repetitious procedure magnifies small differences in saltforming capacity and per­mits separations which are extremely difficult by any other method.

Ion exchange substrates fall into two groups: cation ex­changers and anion exchangers. Acidic functional groups are

effective as cation exchangers. These groups include sulfonic acids,— SO₃H; carboxylic acid,— COOH; phenols or alcohols,— OH; and mercaptans,— SH. These interact only with cations and by an exchange reaction of the following sort:

— SO₃H + M⁺ = — SO₂M + H⁺.

Most anion exchangers are amines, depending upon one of the functional groups — NH_2,— NHR, and NR₂. These groups form ammonium type salts, and the anion can be displaced:

— NH₂ • HC1 + X = — NH₂ • HX + Cl.

 

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

saltforming capacity -способность солеобразования something like -нечто вроде

by any other method -любым другим методом fall into two groups -разделяются на две разные группы

 

Unit 7. Famous chemists.

Task: 1) read the texts

Answer the questions

Antoine Lavoisier.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is a French chemist, was the founder of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier carefully measured the weights of substances involved in chemical reactions. In 1772 he began a series of experiments that demonstrated the nature of combustion. He concluded that combustion results from the union of a flammable material with a newly discovered gas, which he called oxygen. Lavoisier published his findings in his Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789).

With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments on respiration in animals. Their studies demonstrated a similarity between common chemical reactions and the processes that occur in living organisms. These experiments provided the foundation for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a system for naming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use.

Lavoisier was born in Paris. He received an excellent education and developed an interest in all branches of science, especially chemistry. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1768.

Lavoisier was arrested in 1793 by the leaders of the French Revolution. Many years earlier, he had become a partner in a firm that collected a number of taxes for the government. In spite of his achievements, Lavoisier was found guilty of conspiracy with the enemies of France because of his involvement in tax collection. He was executed by guillotine.

 

Questions

1) What famous scientist did Lavoisier work with?

2) What experiments did they conduct?

3) The foundation of what science did their experiments provide?

4) Why was he arrested?

5) What series of experiments did Lavoisier begin in 1772?

 

Alfred Nobel.

Alfred Bernard Nobel, a Swedish chemist, invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes. As a young man, Nobel experimented with nitroglycerin in his father’s factory. He hoped to make this dangerous substance into a safe and useful explosive. He prepared a nitroglycerin explosive, but so many accidents occurred when it was put on the market that for a number of years many people considered Nobel almost a public enemy.

Finally in 1867 Nobel combined niter with an absorbent substance. This explosive could be handled and shipped safely. Nobel named it dynamite. Within a few years he became one of the world’s richest men. He set up factories throughout the world and bought the large Bofors armament plant in Sweden. He worked on synthetic rubber, artificial silk and many other products.

Nobel was never in good health. In later years he became increasingly ill and nervous. He suffered from a feeling of guilt at having created a substance that caused so much death and injury. He hated the thought that dynamite could be used in war when he had invented it for peace. Nobel set up a fund of about 9 million U.S. dollars. The interest from the fund was to be used to award annual prizes, one of which was for the most effective work in promoting international peace.

Alfred Nobel was born on October, 21, 1833 in Stockholm. He was the son of an inventor. He was educated in St. Petersburg, Russia, and later studied engineering in the United States.

 

Questions

1) Who was Nobel’s father?

2) What was Nobel’s chief invention?

3) Why did people consider him a public enemy for a number of years?

4) What kind of Prizes did he set up?

5) What was the interest from these fund?

 

Final test.

I. Match the words.

1) Solvent 2) depositing 3) alkali 4) particle 5) mercury 6) dioxide 7) dyestuff 8) soluble 9) charge 10) equation

a) частица b) двуокись c) заряд d) растворитель e) растворимый f) осаждение g) уравнение h) краситель i) ртуть j) щелочь

Литература

1. Андреев Г.Я., Гураль Л.Л., Лев А.Л. Сборник технических текстов на английском языке. М.: Издательство «Высшая школа», 1972.

2. Иллюстрированный словарь английского и русского языка с указателями. М.: Живой язык, 2003.

3. Парахина А.В. Пособие по переводу технических текстов с английского языка на русский. М.: Издательство «Высшая школа», 1972.

 

Методическое пособие

по развития лексических навыков в области профессионально-ориентированного общение на английском языке по специальности

«Аналитический контроль качества химических соединений»

 

 

Екатеринбург, 2009 г.

Пояснительная записка

Данное пособие предназначено для работы со студентами, обучающимися по специальности «Аналитический контроль качества химических соединений», и ставит своей целью подготовить их к чтению и переводу соответствующей технической литературы на английском языке, а также сформировать базовые навыки и умения для устного общения на языке по данной специальности.

Пособие содержит адаптированные и оригинальные тексты из иностранных журналов и научно-технической литературы, а также тексты, переведенные с русского на английский язык. Тематика текстов следующая: общая и неорганическая химия, правила чтения химических формул и уравнений, химическая посуда и оборудование химической лаборатории, описание химических элементов, аналитическая химия, известные химики. Содержание текстов соответствует программам специальных дисциплин, и по своей сложности данные тексты предназначены для студентов IV курса, имеющих базовые знания по дисциплине «Английский язык». В конце пособия предлагается итоговый тест на контроль уровня сформированности навыков по окончанию курса.

Тексты снабжены упражнениями, рассчитанными на активизацию лексического и грамматического материала. Выбор упражнений и их последовательность обусловлены характером текстов. К текстам даются пояснения, облегчающие понимание и перевод отдельных мест, представляющих определенную языковую трудность.

Пособие может быть использовано для самостоятельной работы студентов.

 

Unit 1. CHEMISTRY: KEY TO PROGRESS AND ABUNDANCE

The science of chemistry includes a study of properties, composition, and structure of matter, the changes in struc­ture and composition which matter undergoes, and the accom­panying energy changes.

The close links between science and industry enabled the chemical industry to make great progress.

Zelinsky's works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical compounds. These com­pounds are now counted in thousands, and they are extremely important in the economy. Scientists evolved an original method of extracting phenol and acetone simulta­neously from benzene and propylene. Phenol and acetone are needed for the manufacture of plastics, textile fibres, organic glass and other chemical products.

Scientists are making a major contribution to the pro­duction of aniline dyes, and many new dyes have been evolved with their help.

The research of the scientists has revealed the physical and physico-chemical conditions necessary for the industrial production and processing of polymeric materials.

The theory of chain reactions is a major discovery of our time. The development of this theory is linked with the name of the scientist Semyonov, a Nobel Prize winner.

VOCABULARY

chemistry -химия science -наука to include -включать property -свойство composition -состав matter -материя to undergo –подвергаться accompanying -сопутствующие energy changes –преобразование энергии research –исследование development –развитие enable –давать возможность

to set up -основывать branch -отрасль close links –тесная synthesizing - синтез compound –соединение to evolve -разрабатывать simultaneously -одновременно manufacture -производство textile fibres -текстильные волокна contribution –вклад aniline dyes –анилиновые красители to reveal -открывать, показывать condition -условие processing -обработка chain reaction –цепная реакция discovery -открытие to achieve -достигать

 

FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY

The field of chemistry is now a very large one. There are more than 30 different branches of chemistry. Some of the better known fields are inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biological chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, industrial chemistry, colloidal chemistry, andelectrochemistry.

Inorganic chemistry. It was originally considered that the field of inorganic chemistry consists of the study of materials not derived from living organisms|. However it now includes all substances other than the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Organic chemistry. At one time it was thought that all substances found in plants and animals could be made only by using part of a living plant or animal. The study of these substances, most of which contain carbon was therefore called organic chemistry. It is now known that this idea is quite wrong, for in 1828 F. Wohler made an "organic" substance using a simple laboratory process.

Organic chemistry now merely means the chemistry of carbon compounds.

Physical chemistry is concerned with those parts of chemistry which are closely linked with physics as, for in stance, the behaviour of substances when a current of electricity is passed through them.

Electrochemistry is concerned with the relation between electrical energy and chemical change. Electrolysis is the process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change in the conducting medium, which usually is a solution or a molten substance. The process is generally used as a method of deposition metals from a solution.

Magnetochemistry is the study of behaviour of a chemical substance in the presence of a magnetic field. A paramagnetic substance, i.e. one having unpaired electrons is drawn into a magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances, i.e. those having no unpaired electrons, are repelled by a magnetic field.

Biochemistry. Just as the physical chemist works on the boundaries between physics and chemistry, so the biochemist works on the boundaries between biology and chemistry. Much of the work of the biochemist is concerned with foodstuffs and, medicines. The medicines known as antibiotics, of which penicillin is an early example, were prepared by biochemists.

VOCABULARY

field –область, отрасль nuclear chemistry –ядерная химия It was... considered (thought) –предполагали, считали to consist -состоять из to derive –происходить от to include –включать, содержать в себеhydrocarbon –углеводород substance -вещество to contain –содержать for instance -например behaviour -поведение

current of electricity –электрический ток relation –соотношение, зависимость whereby –посредством которого to cause –вызывать conducting medium –проводящая среда solution -раствор molten -расплавленный method of deposition metals –метод осаждения металлов to draw (drew, drawn) –тянуть to repel -отталкиваться boundary -граница

EXERCISES