Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject).

В конструкции "субъектный инфинитивный оборот" действие, совершаемое подлежащим, выражается инфинитивом. Глагол-сказуемое лишь указывает на отношение к этому действию. Перевод предложения следует начинать со сказуемого (неопределенно-личным оборотом) и, если требуется по смыслу, вводится союз “что”.

These elements are known to have been foundtwenty years ago.

Известно, что эти элементы были открыты двадцать лет назад.

Между компонентами сложного подлежащего может стоять сказуемое, выраженное:

а) глаголом в форме страдательного залога: to be said, to be reported, to be known, to be stated, to be supposed, to be considered, to be seen, to be expected, to be believed и др.;

б) глаголом в форме действительного залога: to seem – казаться, to appear, to prove – оказываться, to happen – случайно оказаться;

в) сочетаниями: to be likely – вероятно, возможно, to be unlikely – маловероятно, to be sure – несомненно, to be certain – безусловно.

The group is believed to complete the research next month.

Считают, что группа закончит исследованиев следующем месяце.

Вариант 1

 

I. Выберите правильный вариант видовременной формы глагола, перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, указав, в какой видовременной форме находится выбранный вами глагол.

Example: The engineer … to test the device.

a) was asked; b) have been asked; c) are asking; d) has asked.

The engineer was asked to test the device. – Инженера попросили испытать механизм. (Past Simple, Passive Voice)

1. An ever-increasing volume of information … in digital form.

a) are transmitted; b) are been transmitted; c) is transmitted; d) transmits.

2. The digital pulses … perfectly after they become attenuated with distance.

a) can be regenerated; b) can been regenerated; c) could have be regenerated; d) being regenerated.

3. Access to knowledge … far easier recently by computerized indexes of scientific and technical journals.

a) were made; b) has been made; c) are made; d) make.

4. Your watch is not ready yet. It … still ….

a) are … being repaired; b) was … being repaired; c) is … repairing; d) is … being repaired.

II. Прочитайте предложения, перепишите их, выделив указательные местоимения. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.

Example: We know that a computer is a complex electronic device. – Мы знаем, что вычислительная машина является сложным электронным устройством.

1. That machine is quite automatic – it does everything by itself.

2. There are computers that can do many jobs.

3. Two of these elements, germanium and silicon, are especially important.

4. The story of the telephone is similar to that of the telegraph.

III. Прочитайте предложения, перепишите их, обращая внимание на выделенное местоимение it, переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: We find it necessary to repeat the experiment. (формальное дополнение) – Мы считаем необходимым повторить этот эксперимент.

1. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev published his Periodic Table.

2. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy.

3. This is a complex problem, but we can solve it.

4. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future.

5. It is our future specialty, but we do not know much about it at present.

IV. Прочитайте предложения, перепишите их, обращая внимание на выделенные слова ones, one, переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: One should be very careful. – Нужно быть очень осторожным.

1. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

2. One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.

3. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.

4. One of the wonderful applications of electronics is radar.

V. Перепишите предложения, употребив глаголы в правильной видовременной форме, переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на функции глаголов to have, to do, to be в предложениях.

Example: This material (to have) many valuable qualities. – This material has many valuable qualities. – Этот материал имеет много ценных свойств.

1. A good conductor (to have) many free electrons.

2. The duration of the pulse (to have) to be approximately a thousand-millionth of a second.

3. The Internet (to be)composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks called internets.

4. They (to be) to prepare everything for the experiment.

5.Scientists (to do) a lot of research recently.

6. (to do) semiconductors conduct electric current worse than metals?

VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: To solve the problem is very important. Решить эту проблему – очень важно.

1. The problems to be solved are of great importance.

2. To make this experiment you should use the new device.

3. They seem to have made a mistake in their measurements.

4. To study this phenomenon requires much knowledge.

VII. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребив субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Напишите их и переведите на русский язык.

Example: It is expected that the experiment will be over soon. – The experiment is expected to be over soon. – Предполагают, что эксперимент скоро закончится.

1. It is reported that the research has been carried out successfully.

2. It is said that optical technology is cost-effective and versatile.

3. It was thought that the chemicals convey important information to the brain.

4. It is expected that the new method will appear in future.

Работа над текстом

I. Прочитайте текст используя пояснения к тексту. Выполните упражнения к тексту.

Integrated Circuits (1)

1. Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20^th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit’s mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

2. There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed a transistor at a time. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power, because the components are small and close together. Chip areas range from a few square mm to around 250 mm², with up to 1 million transistors per mm².

3. Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips are another family of integrated circuits that is crucially important to the modern information society. While the cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, when spread across typically millions of production units the individual IC cost is minimized. The performance of ICs is high because the small size allows short traces which in turn allows low power logic (such as CMOS) to be used at fast switching speeds.

4. ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip. This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionality of Moore’s law. In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves—the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up.

5. Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have become commonly used. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the existence of integrated circuits. Indeed, many scholars believe that the digital revolution brought about by integrated circuits was one of the most significant occurrences in the history of mankind.

Notes:

vacuum tubes	электронная лампа
discrete	отдельный, дискретный
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor	комплементарная МОП-структура
shrink	сокращаться, уменьшаться (в размерах)
photolithography	фотолитография
performance	работа, (рабочая) характеристика