Write 100-150 words. (Stolypin, Kondratyev, Lenin, Leontyev).

II VARIANT

Text 1. The Russian Economy in the 19^th century

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

The Russian empire grew enormously during the 19^th century covering land from Poland in the West to the Pacific coast in the East. The population also grew quickly. In economic terms this meant an increase in two of the four factors of production: land and labour. You might think then that the Russian economy at this time was booming. But until the 1860s this was not true at all. Compared to other important powers like Britain, France and America Russia’s economy was hopelessly underdeveloped. Why was this so?

The main problem was Russia’s feudal economic system. Almost 80 per cent of the population were peasants. They either worked on land owned by the state or they were serfs. Serfs worked land that belonged to a small number of wealthy landlords. In return for a small piece of land and a place to live serfs had to work for their landlords. In fact, the serfs didn’t just work for their landlords – they belonged to them.

This system did not encourage economic growth. Peasants’ labour was used in subsistence farming for their families or working to maintain their landlord’s estate. Without surplus goods there were no profits or savings. With no savings domestic investment for growth was not possible. Russian agriculture still used the most basic technology and almost the whole workforce was unskilled and illiterate.

In addition the empire’s industrial base was poorly developed. Before 1850 there were relatively few factories, mostly producing textiles. Some factories were run by the state but many were run on the estates of landlords. Industrial technology was basic and engineering education was not encouraged by the authorities.

To make matters worse the Crimean Was from 1853 to 1856 had weakened the Russian economy even more. Eventually, the Russian authorities realized that they had to do something about the economy. The empire was now surrounded by modern industrial powers. Russia had to make an economic leap into a new age.

The first step was the emancipation of the serfs. Tsar Alexander II finally made this happen in 1861. This meant that the population was no longer tied to the land and could provide labour for industry. With foreign investment Russia began to build up its industries. The iron and steel industries grew rapidly. Mining of raw materials increased and industrial centres developed along the Don and Dnepr rivers. The output of the iron and steel industries helped to build a huge railway network including the Trans-Siberian railway.

Growth continued and by the 1890s the Russian economy was experiencing a real boom. From five per cent in the 1860s, annual growth reached nine per cent in the 1890s – higher than anywhere else in Europe at the time. However, much of the growth was built with foreign debt. Agricultural methods and technology were still primitive. And what about the economy’s human capital? The exploited serfs had now become exploited factory workers. The majority of the population remained totally illiterate and desperately poor. With the turn of the new century how much longer could the boom continue?

 

Task 2. Now read the text again and answer these questions in your own words.

1. What aspects of the Russian economy increased in the 19^th century?

2. Give three reasons why Russia’s economy was underdeveloped?

3. What two things helped the Russian economy grow?

4. How did ordinary people’s lives change after industrialization?

 

Task 3. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.

Authorities, emancipation, engineering, estates, feudal, illiterate, landlord/landlady, peasant, serf, subsistence, textile

 

1. In a ….system, landowners owned the land and the people who worked on it.

2. The Eiffel Tower is an amazing piece of …………..

3. A person who makes their living from farming a small piece of land is often called a ……...

4. People who cannot read or write are ………….

5. Someone who owns property and rents it to others is a ………….

6. A ………. was a person who belonged to the owner of land.

7. The aristocracy own large areas of land called …………...

8. ……………. farming means you only just manage to survive on what is produced.

9. The …….. industry produces cloth, cotton and wool.

10. The people who rule the country are sometimes called the ……..

11. …….. People have to be free – their …… is necessary.

 

Writing

Imagine that you are a factory inspector for the Russian government in 1890. You visit a textile factory and you are shocked by the conditions. Write a letter to the Finance Minister Sergei Witte telling him what you saw and what you want him to do about it.

Letter from history

Remember, this is a formal letter:

Begin ‘Dear Sir’, and finish ‘Yours faithfully’ or ‘Dear Mr.Witte’, and finish ‘Yours sincerely’,

Do not use contractions (eg. ‘is not should be used instead of ‘isn’t’)

Use some or all of these words and expressions:

I am writing in order to …..

Furthermore ….

It was disgraceful to see …..

I would appreciate it if you could look into this matter.

Greeting

Paragraph 1

Say that you are writing to complain about conditions in the factories.

Paragraph 2.

Explain where you went and why. Say what you saw there (age of the workers, conditions of the factory, conditions of accommodation for workers).

Paragraph 3.

Explain more about the pay workers receive and the hours they have to work.

Paragraph 4.

Say what you want the Minister to do in order to improve conditions.

Thank him and sign off.

 

Write 150-200 words.

 

Read for more information

 

Text 1. Contemporary Russia: the fall and rise of the market economy