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И. В. Волкова, Н. В. Макерова,Стр 1 из 22Следующая ⇒
ФИЛИАЛ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ «НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МЭИ» В г. Смоленске И.В. ВОЛКОВА, Н.В. МАКЕРОВА, Т.И. ПЕТРОВА, Г.А. СУРОВНЕВА ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ПО БАЗОВЫМ АСПЕКТАМ РАЗГОВОРНОЙ РЕЧИ Практикум По курсу «Английский язык» Смоленск 2012
УДК 4И (Англ.) (07) П- 69
Утверждено учебно-методическим Советом филиала МЭИ в г. Смоленске в качестве учебно-практического издания для студентов всех специальностей неязыковых вузов Подготовлено на кафедре иностранных языков
Рецензент Зав. кафедрой ин. языков Смоленского института экономики СПб Академии управлении и экономики, кандидат педагогических наук М.А. Давыдкина
CONTENTS
PART I. HOT ISSUES UNIT 1. GLOBAL LANGUAGE LEARNING Learn the following words and word combinations
Vocabulary List
TEXT 1. Read and translate. Some Facts about English
· There were only 30 000 words in Old English. Modern English has the largest vocabulary in the world – more than 600 000 words. · There are about 60 000 words in common use. · About 450-500 words are added to the English vocabulary every year. · 70 per cent of the English vocabulary are loan words and only 30 per cent of the words are native. · There are words from 120 languages in English, including Russian. · The most frequently used words in written English are: the, of, and, to, a, in, that, is, I, it, for. · The most frequently used word in conversation is I. · The longest word in the English language is: Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (a lung disease). · The commonest letter is «e». · More words begin with the letter «s» than any other. · The most overworked word in English is the word set. It has 126 verbal uses and 58 noun uses. · The newest letters added to the English alphabet are «j» and «v», which are of post-Shakespearean use. · The sentence «The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog» includes every letter of the English alphabet. · The words «racecar», «kayak» and «level»can be read the same way in either direction. · The words «month», «orange», «silver», or «purple» have no rhymes. · The largest English-language dictionary is the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary, with 21 728 pages. · The commonest English name is Smith. There are about 800 000 people called Smith in England and Wales, and about 1 700 000 in the USA. TEXT 2. Read and translate. Give a summary of the text. The Future of English Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only to Chinese in number of people who speak it. It is spoken in the British Isles, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and much of Canada and South Africa. That’s about 400 million people. English is also a second language of another 300 million people living in more than 60 countries. If you add to this the enormous number of people who learn to understand and speak English (like yourself), you will realize that English is indeed a «world language». In Shakespeare’s time only a few million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as a result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. Five hundred years ago they didn’t speak English in North America: the American Indians had their own languages. So did the Eskimos in Canada, the aborigines in Australia, and the Maoris in New Zealand. The English arrived and set up their colonies. Today English is represented in every continent and in the three main oceans – the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific. English is mixing with and marrying other languages around the world. It is probably the most insatiable borrower. There are words from 120 languages in its vocabulary, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Russian and Spanish. Other languages absorb English words too, often giving them new forms and new meanings. So many Japanese, French and Germans mix English words with their mother tongues that the resulting hybrids are called Japlish, Franglais and Denglish. In Japanese, for example, there is a verb Makudonaru, to eat at McDonald’s. One of the many «Englishes» spoken and written today is Euro-English. Euro-English has its origins in the political arena of the European community. A century ago, some linguists predicted that one day England, America, Australia and Canada would be speaking different languages. However, with the advent of records, cinema, radio, and television, the two brands of English have even begun to draw back together again. Britons and Americans probably speak more alike today than they did 50 or 60 years ago. In the 1930s and 1940s, for example, American films were dubbed in England. It’s no longer the practice today. People have long been interested in having one language that could be spoken throughout the world. Such a language would help to increase cultural and economic ties and simplify communication between people. Through the years, at least 600 universal languages have been proposed, including Esperanto. About 10 million people have learned Esperanto since its creation in 1887, but English, according to specialists, has better chances to become a global language. So, why not learn it? Questions 1. What do advertisements say about learning English? 2. How does the teacher feel about such advertisements? 3. How would students like to learn English? 4. What belief about learning a foreign language was shared by people some years ago? What is the opposite extreme? 5. What does the teacher think of the ways in which a foreign language should be learned? Vocabulary List
Appearance. Appearance: Beauty How important is your appearance? Although everyone wants to be good-looking, are beautiful people always happier people? For example, it must be a problem to be a really beautiful woman, because some men may be more interested in looking at you than talking to you. They think of you as a picture rather than a person. There are also some people who think that women who are exceptionally pretty and men who are particularly handsome must be stupid. They believe that only unattractive people can be intelligent. On the other hand, no one wants to be really ugly, and have a face that nobody wants to look at; and no one wants to be plain either — that is to be neither attractive nor unattractive, and have a face that is easily forgotten. Being attractive is like being rich — it can help you find happiness, but it doesn't always make you happy. So maybe the best thing is to try to be interesting person. For interesting people have interesting faces, and interesting faces are almost always attractive.
Questions 1. How can beauty influence on our life? 2. What benefits do attractive women and men get? 3. What experiments were made to prove the idea? 4. Do good looks guarantee happiness? 5. Do you agree with the opinion that human beauty is gene deep? 6. What can you say about beauty detectors? 7. What can symmetrical appearance tell us about? 8. What is special about appearance in the animal world? 9. Why is plastic surgery so popular nowadays? 10. What is your personal opinion on the problem of the article?
Age «How old are you?» It's a simple question, and there's usually a simple answer: «sixteen years old», «twenty years old», «fifty-five», etc. But if someone is described as «young» or «middle-aged» or «old», then how old are they? It's difficult to know because these words have different meanings for different people. Except for the word teenager, which describes young men whose age is between thirteen and nineteen other words which describe age are not exact. When, for example, does a baby stop being called a baby and become a young child? When does a boy become a young man and a little girl become a young woman? At what age does middle age begin? When do you call someone elderly and not simply old? At what age does someone become an adult? In some countries, like Britain, France, and the US, it is when the government says a person is old enough to vote. Is that really the difference between a child and an adult? The answers to these questions partly depend on how old you are. There is a saying that old age is always ten years older than yourself. If you are a youth of fifteen then you think someone of twenty-five is old. At thirty, forty seems old. If you are seventy, then you probably think someone of eighty is old. A recent survey showed that there was some truth in the old saying. People were asked, «When is middle age?» Those in their early twenties usually answered, «Between thirty-five and fifty», and people in their thirties answered, «Between forty-five and sixty».
Average Age <10> Ten is the year of the closest friendships — though not with the opposite sex. It is also the year when relationships with particular people or groups are the strongest. The ten-year-old usually gets on well with parents but needs more time alone. Personal talents begin to show. <20> In the United States twenty is the average age for the first marriage for women, although probably only a third marry at this age because they want to; the others marry because of social pressure. The human brain is at its finest at twenty. It is the age when people can vote in Denmark, Japan, Norway and Switzerland. And in Japan it is the minimum age for buying alcohol. <30> For optimists thirty is one of the happiest ages, for pessimists it marks the end of feeling young. At this age you need to take a little more care with your body than when you were younger. Young people who enjoyed an all-night party at twenty will feel much worse the next day at thirty. In Britain it is the youngest you can become a bishop. <40> Forty is the year of the 'middle-aged', although nobody who is forty wants to admit the fact. Bob Hope said that you are middle-aged when your age starts to show around your middle. <50> Fifty is an age when old friendships get closer and relationships with colleagues and relatives warmer. According to old proverbs, fifty is the age when you should be rich. George Orwell said, «At fifty everyone has the face he deserves». My Hobbies and Interests ▪ I enjoy horror movies and books. I love bowling, playing darts, watching ice hockey, swimming. As a kind of home entertainment I prefer my playstaion! I like dancing, being wined and dined, socializing with friends, going out. ▪ Who am I? Well, that's simple, I am keen on arts – music, theatre, museums and I also love to dance and keep myself fit. I like walking in the countryside where I do most of my thinking. ▪ I’m mad about all sports associated with water - sailing, diving, surfing. ▪ Snow skiing in the French Alps is a must annual holiday for me – I am ready to teach a 'first-timer'. I love cooking and entertaining. Going out to the theatre, ballet or opera is another sphere of my interests. ▪ I love socializing, going out for meals, drinking, travelling, or quiet nights in with a good film snuggled up on the couch - preferably not on my own. ▪ My interests are cultivation of flowers, talking over the phone and swimming. ▪ I’m crazy about shopping, fashion, design of wear. ▪ There are many things I would like to deal with. I like reading and watching good films, as well as opera and jazz. I am extremely fond of dancing, painting and art. I like acute senses and beauty of nature, communication and travelling. ▪ I’m interested in cooking, reading and travelling very much. I have visited already some countries, but I hope to visit much more. I adore cars and driving, long walks with my friend and of course, music. ▪ I’m keen on driving. I go to fitness-club and study foreign languages. ▪ I am fond of reading books, sport, travelling. I speak English not very good but I try to do my best. ▪ I love to go to the movies, theatres, concerts, art museums. I enjoy nature and hiking, travelling, sport. I like moonlight walks, candle light dinners. ▪ I like new meetings, wild nature walking, dancing. I like fashion, arts, design, movie, cooking, sports, learning something new. I enjoy Life. ▪ I like lots of things - I like to socialize as it helps me to understand life and other people better, I like travelling as it broadens my outlook, I like people, animals, different types of music, cinema, theatre, watching sporting events. I love spending time with small children and I'm interested in psychology. ▪ I go in for sports (jogging, mountain climbing, shooting), learn languages, love to explore culture and history of other countries, good literature, movies, rock’n’roll, blues. I like all kinds of outdoors. ▪ I am interested in literature, music, sport. I like aeroplanes, sports cars. I like to ride very much. Horses are my real passion! My Working Day I am sure that every person prefers weekends to working days, but they are inevitable in our life. I have my working days from Monday to Friday. And they are practically the same. But in my opinion, everything depends on the person, so I do my best to make them more interesting. My working day starts like this. I usually get up at 7 o’clock. Though I am not a lazy-bone, in autumn and winter it is always difficult for me to wake up early. I hate cold that's why I try to stay in bed as long as possible. Sometimes I lie for a while deciding whether to pretend being fatally ill, but then I give up this idea because only little children practice it and besides, this trick usually doesn't work. But in spring and summer I usually feel full of energy. I think it wouldn't be fair to say that I do my morning exercises regularly. I have a shower, get dressed and brush my hair. Then I go to the kitchen. My mother is an early-bird and I know that breakfast is already on the table. A cup of tea, some ham or cheese sandwiches are enough for me to be full. After breakfast I snatch my bag. Frankly speaking I find my habit of packing the bag in the morning quite irritating, because I always leave something important at home, but I can't make myself do it in the evening. And then I rush for university. Unfortunately I live far from the university. It takes me about forty minutes to get there.
Our classes start at 8.30. Usually we have 3 or 4 periods a day and 15-minute breaks between them. And we are lucky to have a large break in the middle of the day which lasts half an hour. During this break we go to the canteen to have a snack. When I don't manage to do all my homework at home the large break is mainly the time when I have an opportunity to finish it. At 15.30 when my classes are over I stay at the university to play volleyball. Our university administration arranged some extra-class activities like concerts, debate clubs and sports competitions. Honestly I’m not an active participant, but I take part in them from time to time. Usually I am back home later than 5 o'clock. On my way home I go to the baker's to buy some bread, biscuits and cakes. In the evenings I am busy doing my homework. At about eight o'clock we usually have supper. I should mention that it is the only time when we can see each other and talk about different things. We share the news and discuss our plans. When late evening comes and I have some free time left, which happens very seldom, I go for a walk with my friends. I rarely sit in front of the TV set, as I prefer meeting friends to watching TV. Besides I'm keen on music. Listening to music makes me feel relaxed. Sometimes it even helps me to do my homework. I am in the habit of doing two things together, for instance, listening to music and at the same time reading a book or writing a composition. At about 11.30 I usually have a bath and then I go to bed. I usually fall asleep at midnight. Generally I try to plan my working day. I think it helps not to waste time and do all the things at a time. And I'd like to say I'm happy to live a busy life. When you are busy life doesn't seem to be boring. My Flat It goes without saying that all of us have our own ideas about home because it can't mean the same to all people. They say «East or West, home is best», «there is no place like home», the English say «My home is my castle». As for me I'm sure that homes are not just places. Home is your little world where you live according to your own rules and interests. After a hard day I return home and think «At last I’m in». Though my house is far from the city centre I think that it is perfectly located. It is a short way to the bus stop and it is not a problem for me to get to any place in the city. It takes me about five minutes to get to the hospital, post office, pharmacy and hairdresser's. There are lots of shops and a market not far from my house, so it’s very convenient to do every day shopping. Our three-room flat is on the 6th floor. It’s rather comfortable and well-planned. As you come in through the front door, you find yourself in our entrance hall. The first door on the right of the hall leads into my parents' bedroom. There isn't much furniture here. There is a double-bed, two bed-side tables with photos, a TV on the opposite wall and a wardrobe. There is also a lady table with lots of perfumes and a big mirror. It's the place where my mom makes up every morning. There is also a door to the balcony facing the yard. My room is a bit basic but it’s OK. The walls are cream and there are patterned curtains at the window. It is also my study, so you can see a table with a notebook and a telephone and three bookshelves above. Under the table there’s a wastepaper bin and in front of it you can see my chair. In the corner of the room there is my bed with light green checked duvet. Between the bed and the window you can also find a wardrobe. In the middle of the room there’s a brown carpet on the floor. Our living room is the largest and the busiest room in our flat. It is cosy and light. Every evening we gather together there, relax, discuss our problems and watch TV. The walls are papered white but the sofa and the armchair are red. Our kitchen is rather spacious and well-equipped. We’ve got a fridge, a dishwasher, a microwave oven, a coffeemaker, a toaster, etc. Next to the kitchen there is a bathroom and a toilet. Our bathroom is rather large. Its walls are covered with bright tiles, but the floor with grey ones. In front of the door there is a bath. Near it you can find a sink and a mirror over it with some shelves. There is also a back for clothes and a wash machine in this room. I'm sure that our bathroom is very stylish and nice. So it's my flat, my «home, sweet home». Here I feel good and comfortable. Nobody can disturb me here.
Childhood Steve Jobs was born on the 24th of February, 1955, in San Francisco, California, and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs. In 1961, the family moved to Mountain View, California. This area was becoming a centre of electronics, and soon people started to call it “Silicon Valley”. (This is because silicon is used to make all sorts of electronic parts.) As a child, Steve Jobs spent a lot of time in the garage workshop of a neighbour who worked at Hewlett-Packard, an electronics company. He then joined the Hewlett-Packard Explorer Club where he saw his first computer at the age of twelve. He was very impressed, and knew right away that he wanted to work with computers. Buddhism After graduating from high school in 1972, Steve Jobs went to Reed College in Portland, Oregon. In 1974, he dropped out of college to work as a video game designer. His dream was to save enough money to go to India and study Buddhism. He came back to the US a Buddhist with his head shaved and dressed in traditional Indian clothes. He even wanted to become a monk in a Buddhist monastery, but went into business instead. Apple
In 1976, Steve Jobs and his school friend Stephen Wozniak founded a small computer company and called it «Apple». At that time almost all computers were so large that one could fill a room. They were also very expensive and only few people could afford to buy them. The two friends started working on their first personal computer. When The Apple II was produced in 1977, it was an instant success. Seven years later, Apple introduced the Macintosh computer. It was the world’s first small computer. It was also very easy to use. However, the sales of the first Macs weren’t very good. This led to tensions in the company, and in 1985 Jobs resigned. But this was not the end of Steve Jobs. Toy Story In 1986, Jobs bought a small company called Pixar which specialized in computer animation. Over the following ten years he built Pixar into a large corporation. One of the most successful of Steve’s projects was Toy Story, the first full-length film to be completely computer-animated. New Apple In the late 1990s, Apple had very serious financial problems. They asked Jobs to come back. He agreed, and quickly organized a clever advertising campaign that urged customers to «think different» and buy Macintoshes. In the past 10 years, Steve Jobs changed Apple from a small computer company to a gadget superpower. It’s now one of the richest companies in the world. Steve Jobs died on the 5th of October, 2011.
Family Relationships How could you describe the word «family»? First of all «family» means a close unit of parents and their children living together. But we shouldn't forget that it is a most complex system of relationships. Family relationships are rarely as easy as we would like, and very often we have to work hard at keeping them peaceful. When do people usually start a family? This question doesn't have a definite answer. In the 18th, 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century people used to get married at the age of 18 or even 16. If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said to be an old maid or a spinster. That might have turned out a real tragedy for her family which usually brought up more than three children, because in some cases a successful marriage was the only chance to provide a good life for the daughter and to help her family. Despite the fact that the girl was so young, she was already able to keep the house, take care of her husband and raise children. But life's changing as well as people's lifestyle. Nowadays we have got much more freedom in questions concerning family. It is natural to get married at the age of 20 up to 30; however, some people prefer to make a career first and only after that start a family when they are already in their forties. Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live together without being married. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, it is difficult to juggle a family life with studies. But without good education it is practically impossible to find a suitable well-paid steady job. It's a must to get a higher education, but by this moment you are already 22—24 years old. After that you seek for a well-paid job to live independently, which takes about 3—5 years. Now you see why people in the 21st century do not hurry to get married. Nowadays there are very few people who have never divorced. Today Russia one the highest divorce rates in the world. What are the reasons? • Occurrence of adultery once or throughout the marriage. The unfaithful attitude towards a spouse destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation. • Communication breakdown. After some time of living together spouses find out that they are absolutely incompatible. Constant clashes, brawls and squabbles cause serious problems. This snowball can't be settled by kisses or hugs. • Physical, psychological or emotional abuses. When a person taunts, humiliates, hits the children or his spouse, it can't but end with a divorce. • Financial problems. They say, love alone can't guarantee well-being, whereas money can solve many of your problems. So when a couple lacks it, their relations become more and more complicated, their priorities change and the relationships end. • Boredom. A lot of couples get bored of each other after 7 or more years of marriage. Boredom may become the reason of constant quarrels and adultery which inevitably leads to a divorce. However, it goes without saying, in most cases married couples succeed in solving all the problems and keep living in peace and happiness. British Family Life The English are a nation of stay-at-home. «There is no place like home», they say. And when the man is not working he is at home in the company of his wife and children and busies himself with the affairs of the home. «The Englishman's home is his castle», is a saying known all over the world. And it is true. A «typical» British family used to consist of mother, father and two children, but in recent years there have been many changes in family life. Some of these have been caused by new laws and others are the result of changes in society. For example, since the law made it easier to get a divorce, the number of divorces has increased. In fact one marriage in every three now ends in divorce. This means that there are a lot of one-parent families. Society is now more tolerant than it used to be of unmarried people, unmarried couples and single parents. Another change has been caused by the fact that people are living longer nowadays, and many old people live alone following the death of their partners. As a result of these changes in the pattern of people's lives, there are many households which consist of only one person or one person and children. You might think that marriage and the family are not so popular as they once were. However, the majority of divorced people marry again, and they sometimes take responsibility for a second family. Members of a family - grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins - keep in touch, but they see less of each other than they used to. This is because people often move away from their home town to work, and so the family becomes scattered. Christmas is the traditional season for reunions. Although the family group is smaller nowadays than it used to be, relatives often travel many miles in order to spend the holiday together. In general, each generation is keen to become independent of parents in establishing its own family unit, and this fact can lead to social as well as geographical differences within the larger family group. Relationships within the family are different now. Parents treat their children more as equals than they used to, and children have more freedom to make their own decisions. The father is more involved with bringing up children, often because the mother goes out to work. Increased leisure facilities and more money mean that there are greater opportunities outside the home. Although the family holiday is still an important part of family life (usually taken in August, and often abroad) many children have holidays away from their parents, often with a school party or other organized group. Who looks after the older generation? There are about 10 million old-age pensioners in Britain, of whom about 750,000 cannot live entirely independently. The government gives financial help in the form of a pension but in the future it will be more and more difficult for the nation economy to support the increasing number of elderly. At the present time, more than half of all old people are looked after at home. Many others live in Old Peoples' Homes, which may be private or state owned. Generation Gap Do you know what a generation gap is? Even if you don't know the particular definition, you are aware of this problem, basing on your own experience. Generation gap is a popular term used to describe serious differences between people of two generations. To realize how to deal with it, you should keep in mind that generation gap includes several aspects: children must know as much as possible about their parents and parents – about the world outlook of their children, about relations between brothers and sisters, and also about the attitude to them of close relatives on both sides – father's and mother's. Children demand a great deal of attention, time and patience. There are many families where both parents keep working after giving birth to their baby and neglect their children's upbringing. In such cases most of the time the child has to spend on his own or with his friends. Due to the fact that he has not got any guidance from his parents he may be involved in some bad companies which commit violence or even crime and become alcohol or drug addicted. When the parents discover that, it's usually too late to change anything. On the other hand, there is a different situation when the parents treat their children too strict and don't give them any freedom at all. In this case the children may become pariahs among their peers. Constant bans may increase the risk that the child will grow up insolent and defiant. This causes another big problem – lying. The child is forced to lie to the parents because of the fear to be punished. It can be anything from putting on make-up in the girls' room at school to stealing. Some children rebel against discipline and family values. They listen to a loud music, wear inappropriate, to their parents' mind, clothes, dye their hair in inconceivable colours, have all their bodies pierced and tattooed trying to show their independence and establish their identity. They want to be treated as adults, but they are not ready to take all the necessary responsibilities. It doesn't mean that a child is bad and he will become a criminal. Of course, not! It only means that a child is in his transitional age and he is in need of your understanding and support. But how to handle such behaviour? Parents and children should speak as often as possible, and have some parent-child activities like shopping or going in for sports. It is worth involving the child in discussing some family questions. Moreover, children in their teens are very vulnerable when they are criticized in public, so it should be avoided. Parents should always be honest and sincere with their child; otherwise it would be unfair to require the same from him. Too authoritarian parents can't do any good to their children as well as parents who overindulge all the child's caprices. Overindulgence may lead to the same results as negligence. There are parents who are afraid of hurting the child by banning something when it is necessary. Such parents risk becoming powerless in the family and losing control over their children who may become spoiled and capricious. It demands to make a great effort from both parents and children to reach mutual understanding. Sibling Rivalry Have you got a brother or a sister? I have a younger brother and I think it's wonderful! I have a person who is very close to me and who will always help and support me in difficult situations. However, when children are young, there may occur jealousy, competition and fighting between brothers and sisters. It is a concern of almost all parents having two or more kids. The problem usually starts when the second child is born. Conflicts between brothers and sisters may be caused by the following reasons: Children want to show that they are separate from their siblings. Fearing that a brother or a sister is better at anything, they try to find out their own talents, activities and interests. Sometimes children think that mum or dad loves their sibling more, they feel that another child gets more attention. Children can't share a room, their parents, toys, etc. There are three main skills that parents should teach their children in order they could get along well together. They are communication, respect and negotiation. Communication. It means that children should learn to listen attentively to each other. Use family meetings to talk about things that concern everyone. At such meetings nobody should shout and everyone should have a chance to express his or her opinion. Respect. Try to explain to your children that if they want people to treat them nicely, they have to treat them nicely, too. People who treat each other with respect, get along together much better than those who are rude and selfish. Parents can also give examples of their own life so that children could understand better the necessity of being respectful. Negotiation. Your child should keep in mind that whether he is younger or older, taller or shorter than other children, it does not give him any more rights than the others in the family have. It demands a lot of time and effort to teach the child the skill of negotiating, but it's a must for every parent. You should be fair with your children and try to find a solution which will satisfy each of them. Parents should have a certain power in the family. However, this power can be reached only through trusting. If your children don't trust you, it's impossible to achieve anything but fear and contempt. Finally, it's necessary to say that children shouldn't be compared to one another at all. They are individuals and are waiting for the appropriate attitude. Bringing up children is a huge responsibility. To have a brother or a sister means to be never alone. From time to time children get sick of one another, but it is quite natural. The main thing is they'll have a close person throughout their life. My Family And Me In my opinion family is one of the most important things in our life. There are four of us in the family: my dad, my mom, my younger sister and me. I think it would be right if I begin with my parents. They have been married for twenty years already. My father Alexander Victorovich is forty-six. He is a businessman. He is tall, handsome, dark-haired, green-eyed and broad-shouldered. He has got many experiences in different spheres of life and it’s very interesting to talk to him. Besides, he has good sense of humour. My father is intelligent, polite and ready to come to help, friendly, very energetic and, what is more important, he is a loving farther. He is always interested in my problems, gives me advice which I try to follow. He is fond of car racing. We spend a lot of time together watching sport competitions and matches on TV. I love my mother not less. Her name is Irina Petrovna. She is forty-five. She is a good-looking, fair-haired and slim woman. She is a lawyer. My mom is a woman of character and taste, well-educated, tactful and honest. She is strict but just. People say that she is always energetic, optimistic and full of common sense. My mother is good at cooking. At free time she visits cooking sites in the internet and spends hours googling new recipes. It’s a kind of relax for her. By the way, she has got a huge collection of recipes. Every weekend she cooks something delicious for us. My sister’s name is Katya. She is a pretty girl with blond hair and blue eyes. Katya is four years younger than me, so she is 13. My sister is a pupil. She does well at school and gets good marks. I think my sister is purposeful, motivated and sociable, but to tell you the truth, she is a bit selfish. Katya is keen on dancing and we all think that she is good at it. When she has free time she listens to music, looks through magazines and communicates with her friends. My mom and my sister have much in common, for example they are both crazy about shopping. And now some words about myself. My name is Kostya. I am 17. I’m in the first year of studies at university now and I enjoy every moment of my student life. I was born on the 29th of March in 1993 in Smolensk under the zodiac sign of Aries. But frankly speaking, I don’t believe that stars influence our character much. As to my appearance, it’s quite ordinary: I am of middle height, slender, my hair is dark, my eyes are grey, so nothing special, I think. Speaking about my character I can say that I’m even-tempered and reserved. But sometimes I can lose my temper and become angry. My mom says I’m stubborn but I disagree with her. Actually, I’m persistent and it’s different, in my opinion. In fact, I’m cheerful and friendly. There are many things that I like and dislike. I like when everything is OK and things are going my way. I like to study because knowledge is useful sometimes. I’m fond of computer. I have got lots of computer games but use computer not only for playing, I surf the net to find useful information, chat with friends and make reports. I dislike talking over the phone. And I hate getting up early. But I’m happy I have more things I like than dislike. UNIT 3. EDUCATION AS IT IS Vocabulary List
Oxbridge Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and the most prestigious universities in Britain. They are known together as ‘Oxbridge’. Lots of prominent British people studied there. Oxford is the oldest of the two. Nobody knows for sure when it was founded but teaching existed in some form in 1096. Cambridge was formed in 1209 by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute with townsfolk. Until the late 19th century only men were allowed to be students at the two universities. Oxbridge today is made up of about 70 independent colleges. Each of them has its name, its coat of arms and its own buildings, including a chapel, a library, a dining hall and rooms for students to live in. Each Oxbridge college has its own staff, known as ‘Fellows’. The Fellows teach the college students either one-to-one or in very small groups (known as ‘tutorials’ in Oxford and ‘supervision’ in Cambridge). This system of teaching is one of the ways in which Oxford and Cambridge differ from other universities. Students also go to lectures that are arranged by the University and are open to all students. There are lots of societies at Oxbridge: debating clubs, drama societies, language, political and cinema clubs. Sport is also a very important part of Oxbridge life. The most famous competition between Oxford and Cambridge is the Boat Race, a rowing race which takes place every year on the River Thames. It’s a popular national event and is shown on TV.
The Open University The Open University offers degrees for people who do not have a formal education and qualifications, or who are older. The OU provides university education to those wishing to get higher education on a part-time and/or distance learning basis, including people with health disabilities (nearly 13,000 OU students have health disabilities). The University has Faculties of Arts; Education & Language Studies; Health and Social Care; Law; Mathematics, Computing and Technology; Science; Social Science; and Business and Law. The OU Business School is the largest provider of MBAs in the UK, producing more graduates than all the rest of the business schools in the UK put together. The OU uses a variety of methods for distance learning, including written and audio materials, the Internet, disc-based software and television programmes on DVD. Course-based television broadcasts by the BBC, which started on 3 January 1971, ceased on 15 December 2006. For most modules, students are supported by tutors who provide feedback on their work and are generally available to them at face-to-face tutorials, by telephone or on the Internet. The OU now produces mainstream television and radio programming aimed at bringing learning to a wider audience. Most of this programming, including series such as Rough Science and "Battle of the Geeks", are broadcast at peak times, while older programming is carried in the BBC Learning Zone. The OU now plans to focus on mainstream programmes. Teaching at the OU has been rated as "excellent" by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. The English national survey of student satisfaction has twice put the Open University in first place. The OU offers a large number of undergraduate qualifications, including certificates, diplomas, and Bachelors degrees, based on both level and quantity of study. An OU undergraduate degree requires 300 (or 360 for honours) CATS credits. Students generally do not undertake more than 60 credits per year, meaning that an undergraduate degree will take typically six years to complete.
Education in the USA Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United States, but the age range from state to state. Compulsory education is provided by public schools, state-certified private schools, and an approved home school program. In most public and private schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle school (sometimes called junior high school), and high school (sometimes referred to as senior high school). Most children enter the public education system around ages five or six. The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August or the day after Labor Day in September, after the traditional summer recess. Children are assigned into year groups known as grades, beginning with preschool, followed by kindergarten and finishing in twelfth grade. The US uses ordinal numbers (e.g., first grade) for naming grades (In the UK students would use cardinal numbers, e. g. year ten.) The school year ends up usually in late May or early June. After pre-school and kindergarten, there are five years in elementary school. After completing five grades, the student will enter junior high or middle school and then high school to get the high school diploma. Students completing high school may choose to attend a college or university (post-secondary education). Undergraduate and graduate degrees may be associate's degrees (AA, AS) after two year program or bachelor's degrees (B.A., B.S., B.F.A., B.S.W., B.Eng., B.Phil.) normally after four years of study. Curriculum varies widely depending on the institution. Typically, an undergraduate will be able to select an academic major or concentration, which comprises the main or special subjects, and students may change their major one or more times. Postraduate degrees may be either master's degrees (M.S., M.B.A., M.S.W.) or doctorates (Ph.D., J.D., M.D.). Private institutions are privately funded and there is wide variety in size, focus, and operation. Some private institutions are large research universities, while others are small liberal arts colleges.
(AA, AS) – Associate of Arts, Associate of Science (B.A., B.S., B.F.A., B.S.W., B.Eng., B.Phil.) – Bachelor of Arts, a Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Social Work, Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Philosophy (M.S., M.B.A., M.S.W.) – Master of Science, Master of Business Administration, Master of Social Work (Ph.D., J.D., M.D.) – Doctor of Philosophy, Juris Doctor, Doctor of Medicine
Going to College in the USA Clerk: Why do you want to enter our college? Have you studied our course catalogue? Foreign Student: Yes, I have. You are a four-year college, and you are state supported. The tuition fee is reasonable. Everything suits me. Then you have a large foreign community. Clerk: Oh, yes, we have foreign students. Have you passed the Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL as it is often called? Foreign Student: Yes, my TOEFL score meets your requirements. Here is my “Score Record”. Do I have to take any entrance examinations? Clerk: Yes, I’m afraid, you do. One of our admission requirements for foreign students is to sit SAT, Scholastic Aptitude Test. Foreign Student: When is it held? Clerk: You should contact our foreign student adviser about it. Foreign Student: Do I qualify for financial assistance? Clerk: Oh, we must study all your papers very carefully first, before we say. By the way, what would you like to major in? Foreign Student: If I enter your college, I would like to major in public finance. Clerk: Generally we offer majors in economics, though there is a course on State and Local Public Services and Finance. But you should read the description of the course, information about departments in our college and curriculum opportunities very carefully to be sure that it is what you need. Foreign Student: Sure, I’ll do it. Clerk: Then, we are very strict about students’ attendance, taking exams, credit tests, writing course papers on time. Foreign Student: If I get accepted it won’t be a problem, I think. What facilities for sport, recreation and entertainment do you offer? Clerk: Not every university can boast of similar facilities. We have a gym, a swimming pool, different students’ clubs. If you pass your SAT and if you become our student, you won’t regret it. Foreign Student: It’s nice to hear it. After I get in touch with the adviser and study the curriculum I’ll contact you again, if you don’t mind. Clerk: Welcome. Foreign Student: Before I leave, may I look around the college? Clerk: Certainly, I’ll show you round.
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