Богомолова А.Ю., Терехова Г.В.

А.Ю.Богомолова

Г.В.Терехова

Методические указания

по теме «Город»

 

 

Оренбург 2000

 

ББК81.2АНГЛ Я7

Б 74

УДК 802.0: 20 (07)

 

Рекомендовано к изданию Редакционно-издательским Советом ОГУ

 

 

Рецензент

кандидат филологических наук, доцент Л.Ф.Мачнева

 

Богомолова А.Ю., Терехова Г.В.

Б 74 Город: Методические указания.- Оренбург: ОГУ, 2000.–27с.

 

 

Данная работа представляет собой подборку текстов по теме «Город» и систему упражнений к ним. Они рассчитаны для студентов всех специальностей I курса. Упражнения рассчитаны на развитие лексических и разговорных умений и навыков, а также на закрепление навыков чтения и перевода.

 

 

ББК 81.2АНГЛ Я7

ã Богомолова А.Ю.,

Терехова Г.В.,2000

 

ã ОГУ, 2000

Содержание

 

Введение ……………………………………………………………………..4

1 Текст I «A Few Facts From the History of Big Cities»…………………….5

2 Речевые ситуации по теме «Город»………………………………………8

3 Текст II «Washington» ………………………………………………..…..10

4 Текст III «Cambridge»…………………………………………………….11

5 Текст IV «Windsor» ……..……………………………………………….13

6 Текст V «London»..………………………………………………………14

7 Текст VI «From the History of Moscow»…………………………………16

8 Текст VII «Sign Language» ………………………………………………19

9 Текст VIII «The Future»…………………………………………………..19

10 Текст IX «New life, new earth, new town»………………………………21

Список использованных источников………………………………………23

Приложение A Карта центра Вашингтона………………….……………..24

Приложение Б Карта центра Лондона……………………………………..25

Приложение В……………………………………………………………….26

Приложение Г……………………………………………………………….27

 

 

Введение

 

Данные МУ предназначены для студентов I курса всех специальностей. Они включают в себя подборку текстов и упражнений к ним. Все тексты являются аутентичными; это позволит студентам развить и закрепить полученные в средней школе знания.

Основная цель МУ заключается не только в том, что в процессе работы над предлагаемыми текстами студенты повторяют и закрепляют программный лексический и грамматический материал, а также в том, что в ряде случаев они учатся устанавливать точные соответствия между английскими и русскими понятиями. Таким образом, предлагаемая работа информирует, развивает и обучает студентов.

 

 

Текст I A Few Facts From the History of Big Cities

Learn to read the new words

Julius Caesar - Юлий Цезарь

The English Channel - Ла-Манш

The Thames - Темза

B.C. (Before Christ) - до Рождества Христова, до нашей эры

A.D. (Anno-Domim, lat) - после Рождества Христова, нашей эры

The Romans - римляне

Muscovite - москвич

to invade - вторгаться в, напасть на

to settle - (зд.) поселяться

site - (зд.) площадка, место

to surround - окружить

resident - постоянный житель

to replace - заменить

brick - кирпич, кирпичный

to establish - основать, учредить

preliminary - предварительный

construction - строительство

purpose - цель

to take over - (зд.) отвоевать

outlet - (зд.) выход

to require - требовать

effort - усилие

to be in existence - существовать

 

Read and translate the sentences with new words

1 ) I’m happy to say that the college founded a few years ago has grown into an important research center.

2) The hotel serves meals to residents only.

3) The old equipment was gradually replaced by the most up-to-date.

4) This is only a preliminary plan.

5) Most people learn foreign languages for practical purposes.

6) The reconstruction will require a lot of money and a great effort too.

7) Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established a long time ago.

8) The construction of the hospital will be financed by the state.

9) The site is surrounded by a thick forest.

 

1.3 Give the equivalents to the underlined words

1) The reconstruction of the factory takes a lot of money.

2) We’ll do out best to fulfill your order soon.

3) What ‘s the aim of your visit? Why are you bothering me?

4) The creation of the palace lasted several years.

5) The first trade contacts were set up between their corporations last year.

6) The town was built on a place which was famous for its location.

Read the text, pay attention to the following words

 

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

 

inside land swampy shore

similar abbey forest forming

exist magnificent

existence establish

gradual

similarity

 

Text I Read the text, translate it

A Few Facts from the History of Big Cities

London, the capital of Great Britain, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. When Julius Caesar crossed the English Channel and invaded Britain as far as the Thames in the middle of the first century B.C., people had already settled there and were living on both sides of the river.

Like many other very old cities, London was never planned. It grew around two centers – a fort the Romans built on one bank of the Thаmes, and an abbey, founded later on the other bank. As time went by, the place round the Roman fort developed into the City of London the country’s business center, the abbey is now known as Westminster Abbey.

By the middle of the first century A.D. London had already been in existence for about a hundred years. Road leading to other towns had changed into streets market grounds became squares.

At about the same time, in the year 1147, in a part of the world Londoners had never heard of, a town was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky on a site which he chose for its beauty and convenient in the middle of a magnificent forest, on the bank of a river called the Moskva. The river gave its name to the city which later, became the capital of the Russian state. When the first trade contacts were established between England and Russia, the English pronounced the name of the Russian capital their own way Muscovy. From this comes the modern Muscovite, a person living in Moscow.

Like London, Moscow was never planned. It grew up around its center, which had been surrounded by a wooden wall by the first residents. The wooden wall was later replaced by a brick one, and palaces, cathedrals and churches were built inside it, forming what is now known as the Kremlin.

Unlike old cities, such as London or Moscow, that grew by themselves, without any preliminary architectural plans, cities built later were planned by architects before construction started.

The best example of a Russian city built according to a plan is St. Petersburg, founded by Peter the Great. He wanted to found a new capital for his new Russia, and for this purpose chose a territory on the Baltic Sea that had been taken over by Russia after a war with Sweden. It was a swampy land on which it was extremely difficult to build anything, but a convenient place for a port that could give Russia an outlet to the seas and other countries. The city was built in the record time but it required an enormous effort and cost a large number of human lives. The city is famous for its wonderful planning, and its magnificent palaces, monuments, cathedrals, and other places of interest.

 

Find English equivalents in the text

в середине первого века до нашей эры;

подобно многим другим очень старым городам;

со временем, с течением времени;

деловой центр страны;

то, что известно сейчас, как…;

к середине первого века нашей эры;

примерно в то же самое время;

выбрал это место за его красоту и удобное расположение;

когда были установлены первые торговые связи;

произносим названия по-своему;

без предварительного плана;

с этой целью;

выход к морям;

в рекордные сроки;

это потребовало больших усилий;

славится замечательной планировкой;

 

Answer the questions

1)When did Julius Caesar invade the British Isles?

2)Were any people already living there at that time?

3)Did the Romans find any human settlement on the Thames?

4)Was London built according to an architectural plan?

5)Did it grow around only one center like most cities?

6)Do you think the Thames played an important part in its development?

7)Which city is older, London or Moscow?

8)How long had London been in existence when Moscow was founded?

9)Who was Moscow founded by?

10)How can you describe the place chosen for the construction of Moscow?

11)When were the first trade and diplomatic contact established between Russia and England?

12)What was built inside the wall and outside?

13)Why did Peter the Great want a new capital for Russia?

14)Why did the construction of St. Petersburg require enormous effort?

15)What can you say about the location of St. Petersburg?

16)What is St. Petersburg famous for?

17)Have you ever been there?

 

Ask your friend

 

- if he has been to London;

- whether London grew around two centers;

- if Muscovite is a person living in Moscow;

- if the center of Moscow had been surrounded by a brick wall;

- whether St. Petersburg was built without a preliminary plan;

- whether Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg;

 

Conversational Exercises

 

Taking a Taxi

London taxis carry meters indicating the fare to be paid. Drivers must charge the metered fare for the all journeys, within the London police districts, regardless of duration and distance, and including journeys to and from London airport Heathrow. Taxi drivers expect to be tipped for all journeys.

 

Dramatize the dialogues

 

A.: West London Air Terminal, please. I have to be there by 11¹⁰.

B.: I can’t promise, but I’ll do my best. You’re just in time 70 p., please.

A.: Thanks a lot. Here’s 80 p. You can keep the change.

 

2.9A: Do you think you can get me to Victoria by half past?

B.: We should be OK if the lights are with us. You’ve still got five minutes to spare. 70 p., please.

A.: Thanks very much indeed. Here’s a pound, give me 20 p., please.

2.10 A: Picadilly, please. I have an appointment at 10³⁰.

B.: I think we can make it if we get a move on. Here we are, sir. 80 p. Please.

A.: Many thanks. Let’s call it a pound.

 

2.11 A.: Paddington, please. I want to catch the 11¹⁵.

B.: We’ll be all right if there are no hold ups. This is it, sir. 70 p., please.

A.: Thank you. Here’s fare, and this is for you.

 

Перед Вами центр Вашингтона (см. Приложение). Найдите на карте достопримечательности, упоминаемые в тексте

 

Text V The Growth of London

Learn the new words

evidence – свидетельство

principal – главный

nucleus – центр

to refer to – относиться к …

to be adjoined – примыкающий

expansion – распространение

to accelerate – ускорять

to relieve – облегчать

density – плотность

shortage – недостаток

to restrict – ограничить

“sprawl green belt” – зеленый пояс

 

The growth of London

Archeological evidence that London was an active center in Roman times. By the Middle Ages when London became the political and commercial capital of England, it was one of the principal cities in Europe. The original commercial nucleus of the City of London (only a mile square – 2.6 sq km – referred to simply as “the City”) was adjoined by the City of Westminster, where the political centre established by the monarchy was supplemented by the administrative offices of Parliament and Whitehall (originally a royal palace).

London’s expansion accelerated during the Industrial Revolution of the late – eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, by the end of which it had developed into the largest city in the world. During the twentieth century, population growth has been concentrated in the outer suburbs, in the surrounding areas known as the “home counties” and in 12 new towns around London. These new towns, out of a total of 32 in Britain as a whole, were created after 1945 within a radius of 129 km of London to relieve the density of population and the capital’s housing shortage. To restrict the sprawl of built – up areas, London pioneered the concept of a “green belt” around the city where the land is left open and free from further large – scale building development.

 

Modern London

Like most of the world’s great cities, London is a place of change and innovation. See the remarkable “inside out” Lloyd’s of London building in the heart of the city’s financial district – designer with its pipes and lifts on the outside!

Close by the Bramah Tea and Coffee Museum which tells of the unique contribution these two beverages have made to the culture, society and economy of Europe.

The Docklands Light Railway provides unrivalled views of the developments in Docklands. You can also reach the Area by a high speed river bus service, which runs from Chelsea Harbour and Charring Cross Pier on the Embankment. Getting around Britain’s capital needn’t be a complicated matter! London’s famous red double-decker buses will get you almost anywhere (and also provide an unbeatable way of seeing the sights). When you are in a hurry, however, use the Underground “tube” trains instead.

Another way of seeing some of London’s sights is by river. A journey on the Thames, by pleasure boat or river bus, gives a completely new perspective on the capital.

Many guided walking tours are operated by the various companies throughout the year. Discover the London of Shakespeare and Dickens, or follow the trail of ghosts and Ghouls.

 

London’s villages

 

Each area of London has its own special atmosphere and many places retain the character and charm of small villages. Discover Hampstead to the north of the city, which, with its exclusive shops, pavement cafes and fine Georgian Houses, in a sought – after residential district. The wide open spaces of Hampstead Heath are great for walking, and Parliament Hill provides one of the best views over London.

Get to know the Thames – side village of Richmond to the west, where you can linger in antique shops, walk along the river or explore the beautifully wild landscape of Richmond Park. Also in the area are the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and Henry VIII’s magnificent Tudor palace of Hampton Court.

 

Ethnic diversity

 

London is among the most multi-racial cities in the world and it is estimated that some 160 languages and dialects are spoken by the children in London’s schools. There is a corresponding religious diversity in the capital. Afro-Caribbeans and Indians, numbering 288,000 and 333,000 respectively, from the largest ethnic minority communities in the capital. Other substantial minorities include Pakistanishes, Bangladeshis, Chinese, Africans and Arabs. Ethnic minority newspapers, in both English and ethnic languages, are well established in London and cultural activities are expanding.

 

 

7 Text VI “From the history of Moscow”

Text VIII

8.1 Read the text “Sign Language”

Man has long dreamed of an international language, but attempts to create one have always failed because no country wants to leave its traditional language. Now a new means of international expression is beginning to catch on: the language of graphic symbols.

Symbols can help to break down the culture barriers raised by the world’s 5.800 languages and dialects. Sings are more effective than words because they take up less space and because their meaning can be understood more quickly.

Who, for example, can fail to understand such symbols as these widely used warnings against thin ice and fallings stones and such sings as plus and minus in mathematics. Packages can be sent in any languages, too. These symbols instruct Dockers to handle them – “keep frozen” and “keep dry”.

Equally clear are labels that show a glass (“fragile”), a crossed out hook (“use no hooks”) and a package separated from the sun by a heavy diagonal line (“protect from heat”).

People as well as packages can travel without knowing any foreign languages. For example, a foreign in airports or railway stations can find an information desk or a pick-up point for lost children, if he looks around for these signs.

“I got off the plane in Moscow some years ago”, a visitor to Russia remembers, “and I was able to find my way to my luggage, the bank at the airport, a taxi and the hotel, and I don’t speak a word of Russian – all by signs”.

 

The Future

In the future there will be no time.

In the future there will be too much time.

In the future we will only work one day a week.

In the future we will become free of all thoughts processes; thinking will be computer aided.

In the future heroes and heroines will be greens: men and women who battle against all odds with the mess we will continue to make on planet earth.

The future is clear.

The future is bright.

The future is wrapped up in polythene and stored on discs in the filing cabinets of politicians.

In the future the nuclear family will be nuked along with the muesli and Habitat furniture.

Sex, class, religious and race differences will disappear with the future and all of us in it.

The President of the United States of the World will be a woman in sheep’s clothing.

In the future we will all wear leisure clothes all day and all night.

In the future there will be global media warfare.

In the future the population of the Third World will rise proportionately to its word debt and growing inability to feed itself.

In the future the developed world will continue to feed itself fatly on the back of the Third World poverty.

In the future we will have video-phones, nation-to-nation interface, honeymoons on Venus, and instant ice, guaranteed free of all preservatives.

The future is an ecological nightmare; fossil fuel shortage, holey ozone layer, depleted rainforest, toxic waste, poisoned seas, and extinct species.

The future will make us sit up and listen.

The future is our master and we its servants.

The future is our goal, our gaol and our purgatory.

To the future.

 

9.2 Now you are going to further reduce “The Future” to five lines, but this time in a different group again, you should all agree on the final choice that best represent your own views.

 

9.3 Extension. Say what the world will be like

 

Something to think about

The American and Russian space programs were not only useful in terms of space exploration, but there were also many spin offs – inventions which came to be used in our everyday lives. Non-stick frying pans is an example. Can you think of any findings from this experiment that might be useful to us in the same way?

 

Describe the future town using pictures B.1 and Г.1 (см. Приложение В и Г)

 

 

Приложение А

 

 

 

Рисунок А.1

 

Приложение Б

 

 

 

 

Рисунок Б.1

 

 

Приложение В

 

 

 

 

Рисунок В.1

 

 

Приложение Г

Рисунок Г.1

А.Ю.Богомолова

Г.В.Терехова

Методические указания

по теме «Город»

 

 

Оренбург 2000

 

ББК81.2АНГЛ Я7

Б 74

УДК 802.0: 20 (07)

 

Рекомендовано к изданию Редакционно-издательским Советом ОГУ

 

 

Рецензент

кандидат филологических наук, доцент Л.Ф.Мачнева

 

Богомолова А.Ю., Терехова Г.В.