Read the text again and answer the questions

What is aquaculture?

What is the role of aquaculture in fishing industry?

How well is aquaculture developed in the world?

Are these sentences true or false?

Nowadays the most part of the U.S. supply of Atlantic salmon is not cultured.

Aquaculture has been practiced since last century.

The most production of aquaculture industry is for nonfood use.

Choose the right modal verb and translate the sentences

1. Genetic improvement programs ________ be applied to more and more aquatic species to develop the existing aquatic sector which is still far behind.

a) can b) must c) should

2. There are still controversial issues that ______ be addressed in relation to biological diversity in aquaculture, such as the use of introduced species and genetically improved species.

a) must b) should c) could

3. Efforts _______ be made to upgrade the aquaculture feed manufacturing sector, through the use of improved processing methods and increase the use of locally available feed ingredient sources

a) should b) could c) may

4. Experience has shown that some species become threatened and that the shifting species mix ______ have adverse effects on the ecosystem.

a) must b) can c) might

 

5. Market-based regulation _______ both reduce overfishing pressures and ensure the overall efficiency of the industry.

a) may b) can c) must

Choose the right variant of Participle and translate the sentences

1. Ingredients ______from soybeans, corn, canola, wheat, legumes, peanuts, and barley, as well as the by-products of the brewing industries and animal packing operations, are needed.

a) making b) made c) being made

2. Aquaculture has a long history, but for much of the world it remains somewhat of a novelty, _________less than agriculture or capture fisheries.

a) practicing b) practiced c) being practiced

3. Fish and shell-fish are the major food item _________ by human beings from wild populations.

a) gathering b) gathered c) being gathered

4. Aquaculture is also practiced as polyculture, where a variety of species ______ different ecological niches are cultivated together.

a) occupying b) occupied c) being occupied

5. The _______ data suggest that over 90% of mariculture production was aquatic plants and filter-feeding invertebrates, 8% mainly carnivorous finfish species and 1% crustaceans.

a) reporting b) reported c) being reported

Choose the right form of the verb and translate the sentences.

1. Since the late 1980s, there __________ a concerted effort to maintain global commercial harvest of ocean fish at approximately 100 million metric tons.

a) has been b) was c) is

2. The major ocean stocks, which _________ largely by factory fleets, are anchovies (a relatively low-value product), pollock, tuna, herring, and mackerel.

a) is harvested b) are harvested c) harvested

3. Advances in controlled reproduction of desired species, feed formulation, and water quality management _________ generate the rapid growth of aquaculture.

a) have helped b) helped c) had helped

4. Developing countries provide around 70 percent of the total world supply of fish for human consumption, much of which _______ using traditional small-scale and labor-intensive technologies.

a) is caught b) was caught c) had been caught

5. Aquaculture ________ for a number of reasons, chief among them is food production and income generation.

a) is practiced b) practices c) was practiced

Variant IV

Read the text and translate it

Production systems for aquaculture

There are only a few production systems in use for aquaculture, and they include earthen ponds, raceways, cages or net pens, and indoor recirculating systems. Earthen ponds or cages placed in existing bodies of water are the oldest production system and the indoor recirculating systems are the newest. For successful culture, considerable technical expertise is required when using a recirculating system. All of the current industries use earthen ponds (catfish, tilapia, Asian carps, shrimp), raceways (rainbow trout), or cages/net pens (Atlantic salmon, yellowtail, an amberjack from Southeast Asia). Producers are experimenting with indoor recirculating systems using a wide variety of species. There are a few successful producers using indoor systems, but the number will inevitably grow as both the systems and information on targeted species increase. Successful aquaculture can be viewed as the correct match of species under a certain set of market conditions with production system. Some species do not tolerate some of the production systems or do not thrive in those systems. Behavioral characteristics of the various species often point toward the appropriate culture systems. For example, sedentary fish (bluegill, catfish, and flounder) should probably be raised in systems without significant water flow (earthen ponds, cages/net pens), whereas those that typically swim a great deal (tuna, trout, and striped bass) can be raised in raceway systems with a constant flow of water.

Fish are generally considered good quality food for human consumption because of the low saturated fat levels and generally high levels of n-3 fatty acids. Fish tend to retain the fatty acids that are in their diet. Thus, we can manipulate the fatty acid concentrations of fish and produce "designer fish" for targeted markets. Further, we can control the fat concentration in muscle through selected feed and produce a low-fat or high-fat fish depending on the demands of the market. Cultured aquatic animals can be safer products for consumption than wild fish because they are raised in a defined environment, and pollutants can be eliminated. Wild fish can be exposed to environmental pollutants and retain those they encounter. Organoleptic properties (taste) of fish and shell-fish raised in aquaculture can be quite different from wild stocks. Fish flavor can be manipulated by dietary ingredients fed to the target species. There is also a taste consideration with environment. Some species can survive both fresh-and saltwater, but osmoregulation changes to meet the challenges of those environments. This physiological change affects taste because of the chemical compounds used to regulate ionic balance. A good example of this is the freshwater shrimp. When raised in freshwater, taste has been described as mild, whereas if the shrimp is placed in saltwater for one to two weeks, it will taste more like a marine shrimp. Even with these positive attributes, aquaculture is experiencing growing pains.

 

Read the text again and answer the questions

1. What are the basic production systems used for aquaculture?

2. When is aquaculture successful?

3. Why is fish useful for human consumption?

Are these sentences true or false?

1. People can not change the fatty acid concentrations of fish.

2. Some species of fish can be raised without large water flow.

3. Not all species can survive in saltwater.

 

Choose the right modal verb and translate the sentences

1. The modern fishing industry, with fleets of large capital-intensive vessels, _____ be traced back to the introduction of the trawler early in the twentieth century.

a) can b) could c) must

2. The finfish and crustacean aquaculture sector _____ sustain its rapid growth rate and the aquafeed manufacturing sector will have to compete successfully with other users, including much larger animal livestock production sector.

a) can b) is to c) may

3. In the coming decade, the aquaculture sector will ______ base its feeding regimes upon the use of feed ingredient sources whose global production can keep pace with the increasing needs of a growing and hungry world.

a) have to b) be able to c) ought to

Feed manufacturers can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture.

a) can b) could c) may

5. The production of marine and diadromous species such as shrimp, salmon, trout, yellowtail, seabass, seabream and grouper ______ be increased to meet the growing demand.

a) can b) must c) might