Environmental Factors Can Affect Learning

Environmental factors can play an important role in all learning styles. For instance, some learners, learn better when it is bright while others are bothered by excessive light. Other learners learn better when it is extremely quiet while noise and activity are essential for some students.

Some learners may prefer to sit quietly, while others prefer to be allowed to move around freely. four learning styles:

Activist (enjoys the experience itself),

Reflector (spends a great deal of time and effort reflecting)

Theorist (good at making connections and abstracting ideas from experience)

Pragmatist (enjoys the planning stage)

Most people combine the styles of learning

There is a difference between surface-level learning and deeper-level learning. The surface-level learning is absorbing and retaining detail and being able to reproduce it later, deeper-level learning involves engaging with fundamentals principles and adjusting your own beliefs accordingly. Deeper-level student do well both in coursework and exams and surface-level student could do well in exams if they were good at cue spotting.

 

 

12. War and Peace

In what way the nature of war described?

Since the early history, people have fought against other people.Any struggle in which 2 large groups try to destroy or conquer each other is a war. War can be identified as a contest between nations or states for extention of land,for wealth,for natural resources,for power. Wars have always caused great suffering and hardship.

There are many kinds of war: local,world,religion,gaurilla wars,wars between families,nations.

To understand why wars continue to go on when nearly everyone wants to live in peace, we must look into the nature of war. Sometimes war results from a disagreement between 2 nations,sometimes from a desire for conquest.

In ancient times people often fought for land so that they could get enough to eat. This type of war is no longer common. People of ancient empires fought for wealth. A ruler who conquered new lands didn’t drive the people out of the lands. He wanted to collect taxes from the people. Most countries fear the possibility of attack and maintain forces to defend themselves. A nation may decide to choose its own time and strike the 1t blow. A nation can conquer a weaker neighbor and increase its own resources.

The causes of war may be selfish, base, but the reasons are usually lofty and noble. In modern times, a nation usually does not make war for a single simple reason. In every country there are groups of people with different aims and different hopes. People in any country are likely to see their own interests more clearly than those of people in another country. People’s own desires seem so reasonable and so important that the desires of people in another country look selfish and unreasonable. Many people with different purposes may unite to make war, but they often start quarelling among themselves when the war is over. When the victory is won, general terms become specific and don’t satisfy all the winners.

Changes has happened in the ways of waging warfare. Guns took the place of spears, swords, arrows as the chief weapons of war. Modern warfare moved away from the days when soldiers with rifles were the most important part of an army. War has been mechanized.

During the 1 WW machine guns and other new arms fired more accurately and more rapidly than earlier weapons. Steamships and railways could speed the movement of troops and supplies. By the end of the 1800’s technology enabled countries to fight longer wars and bear greater losses than ever before.

During the 2 WW armies used machine guns, tanks, aeroplanes, submarines, aerial bombing. The nuclear age opened with the development of the atomic bomb during WW2. The German introduced a new method of warfare – blitzkrieg(lightening war). The blitzkrieg stressed speed and surprise.

By 1952 both USA and USSR had hydrogen bombs that were more powerful than atomic bombs. Intercontinental ballistic missiles had been developed by 1957. USA and USSR also had intermediate range ballistic missiles.

Origins of the Cold War

The Cold War is the term applied to the period of confrontation and tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of the 2d WW to the end of the 1980s. The origins of the Cold war lie in the 1917 Russian Bolshevic Revolution. The Cold war was rooted in the mutual mistrust, misreading of intentions, non-cooperation, opposing interests of the Soviet and the Western blocs. The Cold War tentions intensified because the Soviet required a buffer zone of eastern European states which would offer some guarantee against future invasion from the West. As the West refused the Soviets a role in the post war reconstruction of Japan, Italy, so the Soviets excluded the West from Eastern Europe. Us foreign policy believed Soviet intentions were to extension territory.In response US adopted policy to prevent the Soviet spreading communism. In 1949 NATO was created. The Soviet response to NATO was the creation of the Warsaw pact in 1955. The Warsaw pact was designed to maintain the communist regimes of eastern Europe against the threat of internal opposition. Until 1959 Cuba’s leaders had supported the USA. After the revolution that brought Fidel Casttro to power, Cuba adopted communism and received help from USSR. The Soviet sent weapons to Cuba. American military also began practice moves in the seas around Cuba and built troops in nearby Florida. There were nuclear missiles in Cuba and Castro feared there would be an invasion to capture these. People feared that a nuclear war would start. Khruschov sent letters to Kennady suggesting that he would remove the missiles from Cuba if the Americans didn’t invade and remove US missiles from Turkey. Kennady ignored and said that Americans invade if the missiles remained. The Soviets accepted. The USA and the USSR realized how close they had come to nuclear war and worked to improve relations.

Factors contributed ti the ending of the Cold War included: The Soviet economic stagnation, the impact of 10year military intervention in Afghanistan, the leadership of Michail Gorbachev. The end was finally signaled in 1989, when Gorbachev accept the rejection of communist rule. The fall of Berlin wall in 1989 signalled the end of artificially constructed east Germany state, and by 1991 the Soviet Union had itself collapsed.

 

Courts and trial

Become a criminal Reasons. Many people steal things they couldn't obtain. Others, such as drug addicts, steal to get money to buy drugs or other things they need. Some shoplifters steal for excitement, but others do because they are poor. Many car thieves take cars for joy riding.To meet some personal needs. The motives. A robber may kill the victim to avoid detection. Some gangsters blackmail people to obtain money. A man may beat his wife in a fit of rage during a quarrel.

2 Common criminal and civil offences. "Crime" is an offence against the state or individuals. The 1st group is crimes against people or property. Crimes against people include assault kidnapping, murder, manslaughter, and rape.Crimes against property include arson, car theft, burglary, embezzlement, forgery, fraud, trespassing and vandalism. The 2nd group is crimes against public order and morality. They include disorderly behaviour, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness. The 3rd group is organized crimes - activities of groups of gangsters or racketeers. They specialize in gambling, blackmail, prostitution, drug peddling and some others.The 4th group is called " white-collar crimes". These are fraud, cheating in the payment of taxes, petty thefts by employees. One of the most common "white-collar" crimes today is a computer crime. The last group is political crimes. It includes acts of terrorism and assassinations of political figures, airplane hijacking, assassinations, bombing and the taking of hostages have become more frequent.

5 Capital punishment In the USA, 85% of the population approve of the death penalty. in Britain, people are against the use of capital punishment. The use of the death penalty should be only available for murder and serious violent crimes. The pro-hanging lobby uses four main arguments.First there is the deterrence theory (potential murderers would think twice before committing the act). The idea of retribution( before committing a crime, a murder should accept the consequences.) The arguments against the death penalty. If the deterrence theory were correct, the rate should have fallen. A matter of
individual conscience and belief. Innocent people are sometimes wrongly convicted. Capital punishment is carried out by hanging; electrocution, gassing or lethal injection, beheading or stoning, shooting. It deters others from committing such crimes. Opponents argue that execution is crueland uncivilized.

6 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY There are two kinds of juvenile delinquents. One is the status offender. This is a young person who has been truant, has run away from home, has not abided by parents' rules. The second kind of juvenile delinquent is one who has done something like robbery, rape, or murder. Punishment is usually more lenient. Boys are much more likely than girls to get into trou­ble with the law. Children who get into trouble early in life are more likely to get into deeper trouble later on. Stealing, lying, truancy, and poor achievement