How prevalent are alcohol and tobacco use.

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s (NIAAA’s) 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), which is one of the largest comorbidity studies ever conducted, included extensive questions about alcohol and tobacco use and related disorders. NESARC data confirmed the widespread use of alcohol with tobacco: Approximately 46 million adults used both alcohol and tobacco in the past year, and approximately 6.2 million adults reported both an AUD and dependence on nicotine.

Alcohol and tobacco use varied according to gender, age, and ethnicity, with men having higher rates of co-use than women. Younger people tended to have a higher prevalence of AUDs, nicotine dependence, and co-use. Although Whites were more likely to drink alcohol, American Indians/Alaskan Natives were most likely to smoke, or to smoke and drink concurrently. Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders were least likely to smoke or drink, or smoke and drink concurrently.

Alcohol and tobacco use may lead to major health risks when used alone and together. In addition to contributing to traumatic death and injury (e.g., through car crashes), alcohol is associated with chronic liver disease, cancers, cardiovascular disease, acute alcohol poisoning (i.e., alcohol toxicity), and fetal alcohol syndrome. Smoking is associated with lung disease, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, a growing body of evidence suggests that these substances might be especially dangerous when they are used together; when combined, alcohol and tobacco dramatically increase the risk of certain cancers.

The American Heart Association estimates that more than 34 percent of the United States population has some form of cardiovascular disease. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption both are major risk factors for various forms of cardiovascular disease. However, little evidence exists to suggest that drinking and smoking together raise the risk more than the sum of their independent effects.

Determining the risk factors for cardiovascular disease is difficult because the issues involved are extremely complex. First, cardiovascular disease encompasses a variety of conditions (such as heart attack, stroke, and hardening or narrowing of the arteries), which result from numerous factors. Second, although tobacco has been shown to raise the risk for cardiovascular disease in a dose-dependent manner – the more a person smokes, the more his or her risk of developing cardiovascular disease increases – alcohol’s effect on cardiovascular disease depends on many factors, including gender, age, and drinking patterns. Overall, moderate drinking appears to reduce the risk for many forms of cardiovascular disease, whereas drinking large amounts of alcohol generally increases the risk.

XI. Напишите аннотацию к тексту

Текст С

ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO

Alcohol and tobacco¹ are among the top causes of preventable deaths in the United States. Moreover, these substances often are used together: Studies have found that people who smoke are much more likely to drink, and people who drink are much more likely to smoke. Dependence on alcohol and tobacco also is correlated: People who are dependent on alcohol are three times more likely then those in the general population to be smokers, and people who are dependent on tobacco are four times more likely than the general population to be dependent on alcohol.

The link between alcohol and tobacco has important implications for those in the alcohol treatment field. Many alcoholics smoke, putting them at high risk for tobacco-related complications including multiple cancers, lung disease, and heart disease (i.e., cardiovascular disease). In fact, statistics suggest that more alcoholics die of tobacco-related illness than die of alcohol-related problems. Also, questions remain as to the best way to treat these co-occurring addictions; some programs target alcoholism first and then address tobacco addiction, whereas others emphasize abstinence from drinking and smoking simultaneously. Effective treatment hinges on a better understanding of how these substances – and their addictions – interact.

Understanding just how alcohol and tobacco interact is challenging. Because co-use is so common, and because both substances work on similar mechanisms in the brain, it’s proving difficult to tease apart individual and combined effects of these drugs. In this Alcohol Alert, we examine the latest research on the interactions between these two substances, including the prevalence of co-occurring tobacco and alcohol use disorders (AUDs), some of the health consequences of combined use, biological mechanisms and genetic vulnerabilities to co-use and dependence, barriers to the treatment of tobacco dependence in patients with alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders, therapies that are proving effective in treating co-occurring tobacco and alcohol dependence in depressed patients, and treatment interventions for adolescent patients with co-occurring tobacco and AOD use disorders.

XII. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме «Addiction» (10-15 предложений).

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ ТЕСТ № 6

В задании I установите соответствие между английскими и русскими

 

1. abuse

2. addiction

3. compulsions

4. crime

5. dependence

6. medication

7. obsession

8. overeating

9. gambling

10. withdrawal

 

 

a) зависимость

b) преступление

c) азартная игра

d) зависимость

e) 1. навязчивая идея, 2. одержимость

f) 1. лечение, 2. лекарство

g) непреодолимое влечение, мания

h) злоупотребление

i) наркоман

j) отвыкание, воздержание

k) перегрев

 

В заданиях II – III выберите термин, который нужно поставить в предложение

II … is the inappropriate use of chemical substance in ways that are detrimental to one's physical or mental well-being..

1. drug abuse; 2. substance abuse; 3. alcohol abuse.

 

III …is a disorder related to the unhealthy use of alcohol or drugs.

1. drug abuse; 2. substance abuse; 3. alcohol abuse.

 

В задании IV выберите термин, являющийся синонимом подчеркнутому

 

IV substance dependence 1. addiction

2. abuse

3. withdrawal

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

ЧТЕНИЕ

Прочитайте текст. В задании Ч1 установите соответствие тем A-G абзацам текста 1 – 6. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. задании одна тема лишняя. Запишите в бланке ответов буквы, соответствующие темам абзацев.

A) Children being sent to children’s home are not taken care of by their parents.

B) A special department provides babies necessary medical and educational support.

C) Babies having illness stay in a hospital for medical reasons.

D) Children get excellent accommodation after the registration.

E) The publication of official report about babies problems.

F) Healthy children are kept at hospitals.

G) Special documents are needed to place the children in a children’s home.

ABANDONED CHILDREN

1. Due to controversy over the issues and debates that hospital babies have sparked, besides our own reporting The Moscow News has decided to publish an official statement from the Health Ministry, in its own words, about the scope of the problem and how it is addressing it:

2. Pursuant to the existing normative documents of the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Public Health and Social Development, babies left without parental care will be sent to children's homes of the public health system.

3. Children received from maternity homes, families and hospitals will be sent directly to a quarantine (isolation) department, where the necessary medical, health-improving and educational activities are conducted with due regard paid to the children’s ages.

4. Children suffering from severe infectious or skin diseases and other diseases requiring hospital treatment will not be placed in a children’s home. Children left without parental care must stay in a hospital for medical and not social reasons.

5. However, according to data for late 2006 from the Russian regions, there is evidence that 280 children (of different ages) left without parental care were kept in hospitals without medical reasons for a period of eight days to two months. That was due to lengthy preparation of the necessary legal documents and to a lack of accommodation in the educational system's boarding houses and in a number of children's homes.

6. Registration of children in a children’s home requires, in addition to medical documents, papers confirming the absence of parents or the inability of the parents to bring up their children: A certificate of death of the parents (or of the mother), the relevant ruling of a law court, a paper certifying abandonment of the baby by the parents, the parents' written consent to the adoption of the child by someone (their renunciation of their parental rights), etc.

ЛЕКСИКА

В заданиях Л1 – Л3 установите соответствие между английскими и русскими терминами. Запишите в бланке ответов.

 

Л1

1) rural social work 2) psychiatric social work 3) occupational social work 4) police social work 5) preventive social work 6) medical social work 7) school social work 8) gerontological social work 9) clinical social work 10) industrial social work

a) социальная работа по месту занятости b) клиническая социальная работа c) превентивная социальная работа d) психиатрическая социальная работа e) социальная работа в полиции f) социальная работа в сельской местности. g) социальная работа в школе h) социальная работа на производстве i) геронтологическая социальная работа j)социальная работа в медицинских учреждениях

 

Л2

1) absolute poverty 2) primary poverty 3) relative poverty 4) secondary poverty 5) poverty datum line

a) вторичная бедность b) относительная бедность c) первичная бедность d) горячая линия e) прожиточный минимум f) абсолютная бедность

 

Л3

1. runaway children 2. exceptional children 3. adultified children 4. stolen children 5. latchkey children

a) исключительные дети b) украденные дети c) дети-инвалиды d) дети-беглецы e) дети, проводящие часть дня без присмотра взрослых f) дети, несущие обязанности, характерные для взрослых людей

В заданиях Л4 – Л6 выберите синоним к подчеркнутому термину. Запишите в бланке ответов его номер.

Л4

psychiatric social work: 1. hospital social work

2. independent social work

3. clinical social work Л5

occupational socialwork: 1. industrial social work

2. international social work

3. voluntary social work

Л6

poverty datum line: 1. standard of living

2. minimum standard of living

3. standard of well-being

 

В заданиях Л7 – Л10 выберите правильный термин к данному определению. Запишите в бланке ответов его номер.

 

Л7

1.	street work…	…is oriented to helping people who live in agricultural areas.
2.	rural social work…
3.	youth social work …

 

Л8

1.	medical social worker …	… works closely with families and children to identify their needs.
2.	family supportworker …
3.	school social worker …

 

Л9

1.	relative poverty …	… is used to demonstrate the poverty by referring to the cultural needs.
2.	absolute poverty …
3.	primary poverty …

 

Л10

1.	drug abuse …	… is a disorder related to the unhealthy use of alcohol or drugs.
2.	substance abuse …
3.	alcohol abuse …