Rules of Choice of Observation Zones

The chosen zones of observation should be identical as for the following parameters: 1)socioeconomic conditions and lifestyle of population, 2) sex, age, professional structure of population, 3) number of population.

These zones should differ only in levels of environmental pollution.

Recommendations for Practical Classes on the Theme

Key Questions:

Concepts of “environment” and “biosphere”, their basic objects.

· Basic sources and factors of the environment pollution. Classification of adverse factors in hygiene and ecology.

· Criterion of estimation of the environment quality and types of monitoring of its pollution (analytical, medical, ecological).

· Concept of hygienic regulations of pollutants in the environment, basic principles of hygienic standardization.

· Features of hygienic standardization of harmful factors in various objects of the environment. Limiting attributes of harmful effect.

· Hygienic standardization of biological pollutants in the environment.

· Hygienic estimation of objects of the environment at simultaneous pollution by various substances.

· Basic parameters of population health and their use for monitoring the environment quality.

· Factors of effect on health of the population.

· Types of direct and indirect effect of the environmental pollution on health of the population (acute and chronic effect, remote consequences).

· Methodology and methodical schemes of studying the environmental effect on health of the population.

· Rules of choice of observation zones for research of effect of the environment quality on health of the population.

Self-control Test

1. A quantitative parameter of the environmental factor which is safe for maintaining the ability to life of the man and for population health, and for future generations is called

* A. Hygienic standard

B. Hygienic factor

C. Sanitary standard

D. Level of safe effect

E. Parameter of the minimal safety

 

2. A parameter of harmful action, which at establishment of the hygienic standard has received the minimal concentration (doses) at its action on organism or environment in comparison with other parameters of harmful action is called:

* A. A limiting parameter

B. A leading parameter

C. A common parameter of sanitary safety

D. A sanitary parameter

E. A hygienic parameter of adverse effect

 

3. As a level of harmful action of adverse factor on organism, which is determined as minimally acceptable at establishment of its hygienic standard, is:

A. Accumulation of pollutant in organs and tissues which will not cause any physiological or biochemical changes in their functional condition (V level)

B. Mortality of organism (І level)

C. Specific disease (ІІ level)

D. Non-specific signs of pathological changes (ІІІ level)

* E. Temporary and partial physiological changes of unknown origin (ІV level)

 

4. The features of hygienic standardization of the environmental factors based on the so-called non-line-parabolic dependence of biological effects on dose are:

A. Determination of at least two hygienic standards (level of useful and harmful effect)

B. Determination of at least one hygienic standard (level of harmful effect)

C. Determination of at least one hygienic standard (level of useful effect)

* D. Determination of least two hygienic standards (level of safe and harmful effect)

E. Determination of two and more hygienic standards (useful, minimally safe and harmful effect)

 

5. The excess of MPC of toxic substance in the atmospheric air makes up 100. What changes in the health state of population should be expected?

* A. Severe poisonings

B. Expressed physiological changes in organs and systems

C. Increase of specific and non-specific morbidity

D. Change in health state according to separate functional parameters

E. Fatal poisonings among children

 

6. The pollutant of atmospheric air refers to the class of extremely dangerous substances. What is the most probable effect of this pollutant?

* A. Cancerogenic effect

B. Irritating effect

C. Neurotropic effect

* D. Embryotropic effect

E. Allergenic effect

 

7. The hygienic normalization of a harmful factor in the environmental object is:

* А. Such level of the given factor in the environment which does not cause any pathological changes in organism during the whole period of effect

В. Such level of the given factor in the environment which causes pathological changes in organism during the whole period of effect

С. Such level of the given factor in the environment which causes prepathological changes in organism during the whole period of effect

D. Such level of the given factor in the environment which causes functional changes in organism at the end of effect

Е. Such level of the given factor in the environment which does not cause irreversible changes in organism during the whole period of effect

 

8. To hygienic standard of the permissible content of harmful substance in reservoir water the following refers:

А. MPL (maximal permissible level)

В. MPD (maximal permissible dose)

* С. MPC (maximal permissible concentration)

D. MAL (maximal allowable level)

Е. MAD (maximal allowable dose)

 

9. Identify a correct concept of "health" by WHO from the point of view of the individual theoretical approach.

A. Condition of a human organism, at which it is capable to carry out the biological and social functions

B. Condition of a human organism, when all its functions are counterbalanced by the environment

* C. Condition of complete social, biological and psychological well-being of the man (simultaneously with absence of illness or physical defects in him)

D. Conditional statistical concept, which is fully characterized by a complex of demographic parameters, morbidity, physical development, physical disability

Е. Interval, within the framework of which the fluctuation of biological processes keeps organism at a level of a functional optimum

 

10. Identify the major factors determining the condition of population health.

* A. Social, economic, genetic, ecological factors

B. Qualitative structure of nutrition, morbidity, mortality, birth rate

C. Geographical position, climatic features, urbanization

D. Ethnical factors

Е. Level of lethality

 

11. What parameters of population health are primarily worsened under the influence of the environmental pollution?

A. Demographic

* B. Physical development of children

* C. Morbidity

D. Disability

Е. Quality of emergency care to population

 

12. To ecopathology of population the following refers:

A. Diseases which most badly yield to treatment

* B. Diseases caused by ecological factors

C. Diseases most frequently encountered in the given district

D. Diseases with a latent course

Е. Diseases affecting the majority of population

 

Municipal Hygiene

Theme No 3.

Hygienic Requirements to Microclimate

Concept of Climate and Microclimate

Climate is a complex of average physical parameters of a surface atmosphere in significant area (region, country, etc.), such as meteorological, synoptic, heliogeophysical.

Microclimate is estimated by physical parameters of air in a small area (a quarter, street) or in premises.

Major factors of microclimate are temperature, humidity, speed of air movement, atmospheric pressure (the latter does not vary greatly in premises, therefore it is usually not taken into account at estimation of microclimate).