Модальные глаголы в английском языке

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

Учреждение образования

«МОГИЛЕВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Им. А.А. КУЛЕШОВА

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Практикум по грамматике английского языка

Авторы составители:

Н.Д.Голякевич, О.Д.Селюк

Могилев

МГУ им. А.А. Кулешова

Рецензент

старший преподаватель кафедры

фонетики и практики английского языка

МГУ им. А.А. Кулешова

Л.В. Сыромолотова

Практикум предназначен для работы со студентами II курса факультета иностранных языков, а также может быть использован в учебном процессе студентами неязыковых специальностей для ознакомления с употреблением в речи модальных глаголов английского языка.

 

CAN

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.Ability, capability	can (can’t) –the present tense; could (couldn’t) –the past tense	может     мог могли	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative negative	to be able to; to know how to do something; to have the ability to do something.	He can perform complicated operations. He is a very skilful surgeon. Can she swim well? He could not feel or hearanything.
2.Possibi-lity due to circum- stances.	can (can’t) –the present tense; could (couldn’t) –the past tense	могу может   мог могли	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative interrogative	to be able to; it’s possible to do something	At a chemist’s shop you can get medicines of all kinds.
3.a) Permission   b) Request   c) Prohibition	can– the present tense; could –the past tense in reported speech. can could (a polite request)   can’t	можешь можете   могу ли я не могли бы вы     нельзя	Indefinite Infinitive   Indefinite Infinitive   Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative     interrogative     negative	to permit; to be allowed	The doctor said, “You can take long walks every morning.” Can (could)you giveme some medicine for my headache?   You can’t visit him, he has an infectious disease.
4.Unreality	could –(Subjunctive II form)	мог бы могли бы	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive indicates the action which was not carried out in the past.	affirmative interrogative negative	would be able to do smth.     would have been able to do smth.	Why don’t you want the doctor to come? He could prescribe some medicine to bring down the fever (if he came). You could have stayed in bed for a few days. But you didn’t.
5.Uncer-tainty, doubt, astonish-ment .	can/could	неужели может ли быть, чтобы	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking.	interrogative (general questions)	Is it possible that…? Do you believe that…?	Can (could)he be her husband? He is twice as old as she is.   Can (could)she stillbe runninga high temperature? Can(could) he have been operated on? Can (could)they have been keeping toa diet for a few years?
6. Incredulity, improbabi- lity	can’t/ couldn’t	не может быть, чтобы; невероят-но, чтобы; вряд ли	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	negative	It’s hardly possible that; I refuse to believe that; I don’t think it’s possible that; It’s next to impossible that; I don’t believe that; I doubt that; It’s impossible that; It’s incredible that; It’s doubtful that…	Hecan’t (couldn’t) beher husband. She can’t (couldn’t) still be running a high temperature. He can’t (couldn’t) have been operated on. They can’t (couldn’t) have been keeping to a diet for a few years.
7. For emotional colouring	can/could(in present time contexts)	И что они… И о чем они … И как он … И что это она …	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	interrogative (special questions)		What can (could) you knowof such things? What can (could) they be speakingabout? How can (could) you have made such a mistake? What can (could) he have been doing all this time?

 

Notes: I. Remember the following set phrases with the verb can:

1.She can’t help crying. Она не может не плакать.He couldn’t help admiring the city. Он не мог не восхищаться городом.

2. I can’t but ask about it. Мне ничего другого не остается, как спросить об этом. They couldn’t but refuse him. Им ничего не оставалось, как отказать ему.

3.He can’t possibly do it. He couldn’t possibly afford a car on his present salary. He can’t possibly have done it. Он просто не может (не мог, не мог бы) …

II. The Russian sentences of the type « Неужели он не заметил вас? Не может быть, чтобы он не заметил вас. Неужели ему не нравится здесь? Не может быть, чтобы ему здесь не нравилось». are rendered in English in the following ways:

1. Can (could) he have failed to notice you? 2. Can (could) he dislike it here?3. Can (could) nobody have seem him do it? 4. Can (could) he never have got my letter? 5. Can (could) it be that he didn’t notice you? 6. He can’t (couldn’t) have failed to notice you. 7. He can’t (couldn’t) dislike it here?

Explain the meanings of “can” in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I can see perfectly well what it is all about, thank you.

2. Could you tell us what took place there?

3. “If only I could have been there”, she said.

4. I could not check my tears, for they came against my will.

5. And to her friends she can be very charming.

6. It was nearly six month since his book have been published. Who could have been reading it, he wondered?

7. He could write rhymed verses with extraordinary rapidity.

8. You cannot postpone your departure until next week.

9. Could he have been at the reception? I didn’t see him.

10. This dress can’t be so shockingly expensive.

11. Harris can’t have given thought to the matter.

12. Could anyone like tinned fruit better than fresh fruit?

13. Mr. Drake can’t have been working at the bank for fifteen years.

14. Paul couldn’t have failed to learn French while living in France.

15. The dog can’t have bitten her without a reason.

16. Could the Howards still be living in Manchester?

17. You can take the tape recorder. We won’t need it today.

18. “And did you approve at the treatment that was given?” he said curtly. “I did, I cannot see how it could have been bettered”.

19. What on earth induced her to behave as she did, I never could understand. She could have married anybody she chose.

20. Can I smoke, Mr. Hawkins?

 

2. Explain the meaning of the modal verb can in the following sentences:

1. Can I have a banana? Could I have a look at the prices? 2. Can you travel anywhere you like without a visa? Could you travel to England without a visa? 3. Can you drive? Could you drive us to the school? 4. Sorry we can’t join you on Sunday. Sorry we couldn’t visit you last Sunday. 5. Can you lend me your bike? Could you lend me a pound, please? 6. I could speak better English when I was at school. 7. Can we cross the street here? 8. There was no traffic and we could cross the street quietly. 9. What a perfect morning! Who can feel sad at heart on a day like this? 10. He began to doubt whether the old man could smile.

 

3. State in which of the following sentences the form could is (1) the Past Indefinite of “can”, (2) a form expressing unreality, (3) a more polite form of “can” and (4) a form implying more uncertainty than “can”.

1. She would often say that no one but she could control the little girl.

2. Could you bring me some paper, please, to write my note on?

3. Milly asked what time it was, and her mother said that it couldn’t be more than one.

4. It was time for me to be getting back too, and I could have walked back with him. But I knew somehow that he didn’t want that, so I sat for a few minutes watching him as he went down the road.

5. Form, where I was I could see the clear profile of his face.

6. “Do you know what time we arrive at the frontier?” “I’m afraid I couldn’t tell you exactly”.

7. “It’s impossible,” exclaimed Phil. “He couldn’t have done it”.

8. It could not be done under the present circumstances.

9. You have no idea. I suppose, who could have been there.

10. You are Agatha, aren’t you? I could not be mistaken.

11. Perhaps you could tell me a little about these messages.

12. At present they could promise nothing.

 

Can he have failed to notice you? He can’t have failed to notice you.

He doesn’t like it here.

B. Translate into English.

1. Неужели вы его не увидели?

2. Не мог он этого не заметить.

3. Неужели вы об этом не узнали?

4. Не может быть, чтобы он не одобрял вашего решения.

5. Не может быть, чтобы она вам об этом не рассказала.

6. Неужели он не верит этому?

7. Не может быть, чтобы ей не нравились эти картины.

8. Не может быть, чтобы я неправильно вас понял.

9. Неужели вы не нашли мою книгу?

 

B in negative sentences.

 

Example: He bought a new car. – He can’t/couldn’t have bought a car.

1. You are mistaken. 2. They forgot about the meeting. 3. He is writing a new novel now. 4. She has bought a new fur coat. 5. He had an accident. 6. Mary will invite the Jones to her place for the weekend. 7. They upset our plans. 8. She wastes a lot of time. 9. Mr. Fox is a reliable person. 10. She is making a cruise now.

 

11. To practice can, make up situations of your own using the following patterns.

1. Не может быть, чтобы…

- он был таким глупым

- она всё ещё писала эту статью

- они ушли, не предупредив нас

- дети гуляли под дождём уже целый час

2. Неужели…

- она всё ещё работает?

- он твой брат?

- они ищут нас так долго?

- он уже ушёл?

3. И что (где, как, почему) это…

- он может иметь в виду, говоря эти слова?

- она может находиться сейчас?

- они могли это сделать?

- такое могло случиться?

4. Он просто не может (не мог, не мог бы)

- они… позволить себе купить такой дорогой автомобиль

- он… потерять эти документы

- она… слышать нас

- они… ответить таким образом на его слова

5. … не могу не…

Я просто не могу не думать, что она совершила такую чудовищную ошибку

Я не могла не заметить, что он плохо себя чувствовал.

Они не могли не узнать о нашем приезде

Она не могла не приехать в такой день

6. … ничего не остаётся, как…

- Мне ничего не остаётся, как попросить его о помощи

- Ему ничего не оставалось, как сказать правду

- Им ничего не оставалось, как вежливо поприветствовать её

- Нам ничего не оставалось, как принять их предложение

 

Translate into English.

 

1. Не может быть, чтобы он был дома вчера в это время. 2. Неужели он сказал вам об этом? 3. Возможно, он и заходил к ним, когда был в Москве. 4. Он мог бы сделать это, но не захотел. 5. Неужели он отказался ехать туда? 6. Не может быть, чтобы он спал сейчас. 7. Не может быть, чтобы они уехали, не попрощавшись с нами. 8. Не может быть, чтобы она вам так ответила. 9. Он мог бы приехать завтра. 10. Не может быть, что он столкнулся с другой машиной. Он такой осторожный водитель. 11. Вряд ли он забыл о своем обещании, я напоминала ему об этом вчера. 12. Он не мог прочитать эту книгу так быстро, она слишком трудна для него. 13. Они смогли бы подняться на вершину, но им помешала погода. 14. Вряд ли они поженятся; они слишком разные люди. 15. Разве мог кто-нибудь подумать, что он выиграет матч?

 

MAY

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.a)Permi-ssion   b) Request   c) Prohibition	a)May –the present tense b) Might – the past tense     a) May – the present tense b) Might – the past tense c) Might– Subjunctive II   May not	можешь, можете   можно, может   не могли бы вы     не смей, нельзя, ни в коем случае	The Indefinite Infinitive   Indefinite Infinitive   Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative     interrogative     negative	to be allowed, to be permitted	a) I have got two historical novels. So you may take one of them. b)Mother said you might takesome oranges. a)MayI see him in the hospital on Tuesday? b) He asked me if he might rest for an hour. c) MightI spendthe week-end with you?   - May I have a look at the picture? - No, you may not.I don’t want you to.
2.Possibili-ty due to circumstances	a)May –the present tense   b) Might– the past tense	можешь, могли	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative		a) Let’s meet at 5 o’clock at the post-office if the place and time are convenient to everybody. We may get there by bus. b) He said he might getto work by the Metro.
3.Unreality	Might – Subjunctive II	мог бы, могли бы	Perfect Infinitive	affirmative		If he had arrived an hour earlier, hemight have hada good night’s rest. Luckily I didn’t join them in their walk. It was very windy and I might have caughta cold.
4.Disappro-val or reproach	Might – Subjunctive II	мог бы, могли бы	Indefinite Infinitive. Perfect Infinitive	affirmative		Your child is shivering with cold. You might be more attentive to him. Tell him to put on his jacket. You answered his invitation with a cold refusal. You might have invitedme to this lecture.
5.Supposi- tion implying doubt uncertainty	May/Might	возмож-но, может быть	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	affirmative   negative	perhaps, may be	She looks pale. Shemay (might) be ill,but I think shemay (might) not have a high temperature. I think the doctor may (might) be examining the patient now. Nick is missing today. He may (might) have been taken ill. She may have been staying in bed for a week.

Notes:

1. He might have fallen. Он чуть не …

2. I may as well give you a lift. I might as well give you a lift. Я, пожалуй, …

3. If your mother has made up her mind, my dear, you may (might) just as well give in without any fuss. Пожалуй, лучше …

4.From afar he house might have been taken for a small inn. Можно было бы принять за…

5. Charles came out of the examination room. “How did you get on?” I asked. “It might have been worse, I suppose,” he said. Могло бы быть и …

MUST

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.Obliga-tion, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view.	must -in present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech	должен	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative	to be obliged to it’s necessary for smb to do smth	If you have a new heart attack you must be takento hospital. What musthe doto keep fit? He said he must goto the dentist.
2. Prohibition	mustn’t	не должен нельзя	Indefinite Infinitive	negative	to be forbidden	Students mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.
3.Emphatic request or advise.	must mustn’t	должен	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative		You mustn’t missthe film. It’s worth while seeing it. You must dropin at the chemist’s on your way home.
4.Supposi-tion, implying assurance, strong probability.	must	вероятно, должно быть, наверное, по-видимому, очевидно, по всей вероятнос-ти	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	Only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences.	probably,evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability	He must be too old to wander about the city so long. They must be admiringthe beautiful flowers in Hyde Park now. They must have been watchingswans and ducks floating on the pond for an hour. She must have got usedto their customs and traditions.

Notes: 1.Absence of necessity is expressed by needn’t.

e.g. Must I mention all thosefacts in my report?

-Yes, you must. They are important.

- No, you needn’t. They are of no use.

2. Must is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably) they didn’t come to any agreement; b) They must have failed to come to any agreement; c) They must have misunderstood us; d) He must never have guessed the truth; e) No one must have told them the truth;

3. Must is not used with reference to the future. In thiscase its equivalents are used.

e.g. She is likely (unlikely) to come.

Choose the correct variant.

1. His German is very poor. He must (study/be studying/have studied) very hard. 2. His German is very good, he must (study/be studying/have studied). 3. His German has considerably improved, he must (study/be studying/have studied) hard during his holiday. 4. He must (study/be studying/have been studying) German these two years, his German is rather rich and fluent. 5. She must (have taken/be taking/have been taking) a bath at that moment that’s why she did not answer your call. 6. She must (be/being/have been) at home now, we saw her leaving the office. 7. She must (be/ be being/ have been) at home, she can’t go away because there is no one to look after her sick mother. 8. You must always (think/be thinking/have thought) twice before you say anything. 9. Now he must (think/be thinking/have thought) of what she has said. 10. He knows they are coming. They must (write/be writing/have written) to him of their arrival in due time. 11. She must (play/be playing/have been playing) the piano now. 12. the foreigner must (understand/understood/have understood) me, for he nodded his head. 13. Where is Sara? I haven’t seen her for a long time. – She must (stay/be staying/have stayed) at her friends’. She wanted to spend July with them. 14. He must (get/be getting/have got) all he needed, otherwise he would have come again. 15. We must (meet/have met/have been meeting) somewhere before.

 

9. Open the brackets and use the proper infinitive after the verb “must”.

1. Look! All people in the street are going with their umbrellas up. It must (rain). 2. He has changed his job. He must (follow) your advice. 3. He must (fall) ill. Otherwise, he would have come to the party. 4. Where is Michael? He must (be) here by now. – He lives in the country. He must (miss) the train. 5. What a dreadful noise! What is the matter? – Our neighbours must (quarrel) again. 6. Nobody must (notice) that he was not used to speaking in public. 7. The criminal must (be) very careful. He did not leave any fingerprints.

 

8. To practice must make up situations of year own using the following patterns.

1. Должно быть, он…

- болен

- проводит эту ночь в гостинице

- потерял свои ключи

- работает здесь с самого утра

2. Он, должно быть (наверное), будет…

- здесь завтра

- в отпуске в Калифорнии этим летом

- спать, когда мы придём

- ещё в офисе в это время

3. Он, должно быть, не…

- был никогда бедным

- понял нас

- взял эту книгу

- позвонил ей

4. Нельзя…

- так шуметь

- чтобы дети слышали, о чём мы говорим. Закрой дверь, пожалуйста.

- оставаться здесь: может кто-нибудь прийти

5. Пора…

- уходить домой

- навестить Анну

- сообщить ей об этом

 

REVISION

TO HAVE TO

 

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.Obligation, necessity, arising out of circumstances	have (has) to; had to; shall (will) have to; have (has) got to(in colloquial English) Do (does) … have to? Did … have to…? Have(has) … got to…? (coll.)	приходится, должен, вынужден	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative   interrogative	to be obliged	If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consulta doctor. I wondered how long I had to stayin hospital. DoSoviet people have to pay for medical care? Did you have to waitfor us? Have I got to wakehim up for the medicine?
2. Absence of necessity.	don’t (doesn’t) have to; didn’t have to; haven’t (hasn’t) got to	не нужно, нет необхо-димости,	Indefinite Infinitive	negative	needn’t do	You don’t have to stayin here with me, if it bothers you. You haven’t got to be operatedon, have you?

 

Note: “didn’t have to do” indicates that the action was not performed as there was no obligation.

e.g. He didn’t have to water the flowers (and he didn’t). It was raining all day long.

TO BE TO

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.Obligation, arising out of a plan, an arrangement	am (is, are) to; was (were) to;	должен должны	Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive (an unful- filled plan)	affirmative interrogative	to plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to agree; to decide	Today I am to goto the post-office. When areyou to gothere? Yesterday I was to have goneto the post-office to send a parcel, but I wasn’t able to. (a planned action was not carried out)
2. An order, an instruction	___” ___	___”___	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative		If your letter contains anything valuable you are to registerit.
3.Possibility	___” ___	можно	Indefinite Infinitive Passive	affirmative interrogative negative		A letter marked “Post Restante” is to be left at the post-office until it is called for. Where arepostal orders to be cashed? Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.
4. Something thought of as unavoidable	___” ___	суждено	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative		I didn’t know when I was to geta letter from her. I still hoped to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.

 

Note: Remember the following set phrases:

1. Where am I to go? Куда мне деваться?
2. What am I to do? Что мне делать?
3. What is to become of me? Что со мной будет?
4. When am I to be there? Во сколько мне приходить?
5. Who is to begin? Кому начинать?
6. Who’ s to blame? Кто виноват?
7. What’ s to be done? Что делать?
8. He’s nowhere to be found? Его нигде нельзя найти?
9. He is to be pitied? Его надо пожалеть.
10. You are to be congratulated. Вас надо поздравить.
11. It’ s to be hoped. Надо надеяться.

 

 

NEED

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1Necessity.	need	необходимо нужно	Indefinite Infinitive	interrogative affirmative (not typical)	necessary	Need I answer this question?
2. Absence of necessity.	needn’t	1. нет необходимости, не нужно 2. зря, незачем было, не надо было	1. Indefinite Infinitive 2. Perfect Infinitive (expresses an action which was performed though it was not necessary)	negative	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.	The teacher needn’t explain such simple things. The pupils know them. We needn’t have brought our grammar books today. We are having a class in phonetics instead.

Notes: 1. When rendering the Russian «не нужно было» use “needn’t have done” to show that the action wasperformed though it was not necessary. Use “didn’t have to do” to indicate that the action was not performed as there was no obligation. e.g. He needn’t have bought the book (but he did). It is available at the library. It is available at the library. I didn’t have to buy the textbook (and I didn’t) as I had it at home.

2. In negative sentences the negation is not always associated with the verb “need”, it may be found else where in the sentence. e .g. I don’t think we need continue our talk. They need hardly discuss the problem again.

1. Explain the meaning of “need” in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

1. “Why don’t you go and look at the snake?” her mother suggested, “You needn’t go up close.”

2. It’s not easy to hold responsibility. I needn’t tell you that.

3. Angela opened the door and walked in. Her daughter was still up. “You needn’t have stayed up, waiting for me,” said Angela.

4. If you don’t like cocktail, you needn’t drink it.

5. “Do your remember what you did when you were twenty-five?” “You need not have reminded me of it.”

6. Need we insist upon the date?

7. You needn’t worry.

8. Need you bring your girl-friend with you?

9. She said that if he didn’t like to come to her parties he needn’t come at all.

10. I was rather afraid that he might act as through we were intimate friends, which would have been embarrassing. But I need not have worried.

11. Does he need to study more at home?

 

Choose the correct variant.

1. He says I (mustn’t/needn’t) do it. He has already done it. 2. You (mustn’t/needn’t) carry your driving license with you. 3. I can show my student’s card and I (mustn’t/needn’t) pay to get in. 4. I’ve hurt my knee and the doctor says I (mustn’t/needn’t) play football for two weeks. 5. Copies (mustn’t/needn’t) be done without permission. 6. He is a very discreet person, you (mustn’t/needn’t) be afraid of telling him everything. 7. He (mustn’t/needn’t) be said twice. 8. You (mustn’t/needn’t) answer the question if you don’t want to. 9. It’s a non-smoking carriage. You (mustn’t/needn’t) smoke here. 10. She (mustn’t/needn’t) go to bed so late. Ha sshe forgotten the doctor’s instructions?

 

SHOULD – OUGHT TO

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1.Obligation weakened to the sense of advice, desirability.	should shouldn’t Should I …? ought to oughtn’t to Ought I to…?	нужно следует следовало	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive The Perfect Infinitive indicates that a desirable action was not carried out (an undesirable action was carried out).	affirmative negative   interrogative	I advise you to do… I advise you not to do… I recommend you to do… I urge you to do… It’s advisable for you to do… I would advise you to do…	You ought to/should help your friend. He is in trouble. You should/ought to be getting ready for your report. You ought to/should have changed for the Underground. Gorky Street is far away from here. He oughtn’t to/ shouldn’t have left London without visiting Hyde Park.
2.Instructions, corrections	should shouldn’t Should I…?	нужно следует	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative interrogative	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.	This preposition should be pronouncedwith a neutral sound in an unstressed position. You should takethis medicine three times a day before your meals.
3.Disapprova, reproach for failing to do what was one’s duty or moral obligation.	should shouldn’t ought oughtn’t	следует следовало бы нужно нужно бы	The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action was not carried out.	affirmative negative		You ought to/should be speakingmore clearly. You oughtn’t to/ shouldn’t have allowedhim to go out so early after his illness.
4.Supposition implying probability.	should shouldn’t ought to oughtn’t to	должно быть очевидно вероятно	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.	affirmative negative	Very likely he … It’d likely he … Most likely he … Very probably he … I think it probable that … I expect he … Probably not … It’s unlikely that … I don’t think he …	This dish ought to/should bevery delicious as it has been prepared by Mother. This dish is very delicious. It ought to/should have been preparedby Mother.
5. Emotional colouring.	Should I?		Indefinite Infinitive	interrogative		Why should I? Why shouldyou helphim? How should I know?

SHOULD

B. Criticize a past action.

1. Kate left the door unlocked.

2. I sat in the sun all day.

3. Ann went to the country in that nasty weather.

4. You overslept that morning & were late for your classers.

5. My sister didn’t feel well yesterday but went to the disco.

6. The girl’s feeling sick. She has eaten too much ice-cream.

7. It was rather cold yesterday but Nick didn’t put on a warm jacket. Now he’s ill.

8. I needed this book very much but I didn’t buy it.

9. She spent the whole night at the disco club.

10. The secretary didn’t pass the letter to Mr. Brown.

 

Translate into English.

1. Вам следует быть более внимательным и не делать никаких грубых ошибок.

2. С какой стати вы должны делать всё сами? Ваша дочь уже может помогать вам.

3. Вы не должны задавать никакие вопросы.

4. Вам бы следовало обращаться к друзьям.

5. Напрасно ты ему звонила. Нужно было идти прямо туда.

6. Тебе не следует расстраиваться по таким пустякам.

7. Почему бы тебе не взять меня с собой в это путешествие.

8. Откуда я могу знать, нужно это делать или нею

9. Вам следует помочь ей.

10. Вам следовало бы извиниться: вы не правы.

11. Вам следовало сходить туда и поговорить с ними.

12. Вам надо было прочитать книгу в прошлом году.

13. Вы не должны были беспокоиться.

14. Не следует говорить с ней по-английски.

 

 

OUGHT TO

Translate into English.

1. Вам следует чаще навещать её. Она очень скучает без вас.

2. Вам нужно было пользоваться словарём, вы не сделали много орфографических ошибок.

3. Завтра, вероятно, будет хорошая погода.

4. Вам нужно было объяснить ей, что она была неправа.

5. Вы должны знать, что существует много эффективных путей изучения иностранных языков.

6. Вам нужно было проявить больше вкуса в выборе подарка.

7. Вам не следовало говорить такие вещи в её присутствие.

8. Тебе следует по чаще писать своим родителям.

9. Я должна была поздравить его вчера, но совсем забыла о его дне рождения.

10. Я считаю, что мне следует сказать им всю правду.

 

 

SHOULD – OUGHT TO

Choose the right variant.

1. She looks bad. She should (be/have been) more careful about her health. 2. You shouldn’t (miss/have missed) the chance. It was a brilliant opportunity for you. 3. I think the policeman was right. She shouldn’t (exceed/have exceeded) the speed. 4. I ought to (bring/have taken) the opera glasses. Now I see nothing. 5. It seems to me that he is a hot-tempered person and often flies into a rage because of mere trifles. He should (control/have controlled) his temper. 6. They should (clear/have cleared) up the problem long time ago. 7. I ought not to (stay/have stayed) there long. The party was a failure. 8. You should (shave/have shaved) this beard of yours! 9. She should (be/have been) more attentive. Didn’t she see a car on the right? 10. It is a secret. You ought not to (reveal/have revealed) it to anybody.

 

Translate into English.

1. Тебе следует сегодня раньше лечь спать, чтобы завтра раньше встать.

2. Уже поздно. Соседи, наверное, уже спят. Не стоит так громко включать радио.

3. Петя, не нужно с ним спорить. Он все равно его не убедит.

4. Нам нужно было поехать на метро, а не автобусом. Мы бы уже были дома.

5. Мне нужно остаться посоле уроков? Ты считаешь, что я должна ему помочь?

6. Тебе не нужно было приходить. Ты только потерял время.

 

Translate into English.

1. Вам следует поверить ему.

2.Вам следует оставить ей записку. Она придет поздно.

3. Я не думаю, что вы должны разговаривать с ним таким тоном.

4. Вам следует вернуть эту книгу в библиотеку сегодня.

5. Ему следовало бы прислушаться к нашему мнению.

6. Тебе не следовало ходить туда без предупреждения.

7. Ей следовало бы распознать всю правду.

8. С какой стати вы должны все делать сами? Она может помочь вам.

9. Вам бы следовало обратиться за советом к ним.

10. Завтра день рождения твоей сестры. Я думаю, что ты должен подарить ей что-нибудь.

11. Тебе следует захватить плащ. Может пойти дождь.

12. Ну, что же, вы были правы. Мне не так надо было это сделать.

13. Если у тебя болит зуб, тебе надо обратиться к врачу.

 

 

WILL / WOULD

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Volition (willingness, readiness, consent, intention, determination.	I will (would) I won’t (wouldn’t) We will (would) We won’t (wouldn’t)	Хочу (желаю) Не желаю Не допущу Не позволю	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative	I intend … I’m willing … We wish … We want … I’m determined …	I will tellhim about your coming, so he can meet you. I’ve often spoken at public meetings but this time I won’t. You may come if you will, but you won’t find the meeting amusing. I said I would take part in the conference.
2.a)Pesristence of refusal to perform an action. b) Refusal to perform an action with lifeless things.	will (would) won’t (wouldn’t) won’t wouldn’t will (would)	Все равно (делает), упорно отказывается, никак не, продолжает (делать)	affirmative negative	He insists on … She keeps on … She refuses … They continue …	The teacher scolds her for whispering at the lesson, but she will whisper. I asked him to tell me the truth, but he wouldn’t. I couldn’t explain anything because the words wouldn’t come. He tried hard to stop the car, but it would move.
3. Requests (polite requests, polite invitations and suggestions).	will would		interrogative	Could you give … May I ask you to give …	Will you pass me the salt? Would you come to tea this afternoon? Will youhave another cup of tea?
4. Habitual or recurrent actions.	will(the present tense) (not common) would(the pat tense) (literary style)	Обычно бывало	affirmative	Used to	That romantic girlwill sitstaring at the night sky. Hewould fishfor hours without catching anything.

Note:

I. Remember the following set phrases:

1. would rather, would sooner. I would rather do it myself. He would sooner die than do it.
2. Would you mind my staying here? I wouldn’t mind your joining us.

II. Will may express supposition with reference to the present or future in combination with the indefinite infinitive, or to the past in combination with the perfect infinitive. The meaning is found with the second and third persons. e.g. This will be the school, I believe. You will have heard the news, I’m sure.

III. Notice the use of will in the following sentences: e.g. Boys will be boys.

Accidents will happen.

You will find no greater wisdom than kindness.

 

Translate into English.

1. Я ни за что не буду делать это ещё раз.

2. Не принесёте ли вы стакан воды?

3. Я обязательно зайду к вам завтра.

4. Он попытался объяснить, но я не стал слушать.

5. Хотя работа сложная и трудная, я охотно выполню её.

6. Помогите мне открыть шкаф. Он не открывается.

7.Он погасил свет, но сон никак не шел к нему.

8. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, ручку. Моя не пишет.

9. Обычно он по вечерам садился перед камином и выкуривал сигарету.

10. Предпочитаете остаться в гостиной?

11. Не понимаю, почему окно не открывается.

12. Денни обычно сидит и часами смотрит на море.

 

SHALL

Meaning	Forms of the modal verb	Ways of rendering in Russian	Forms of the Infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Asking for instructions.	ShallI? Shallhe (she, they)?	By emphatic intonation	Indefinite Infinitive	interrogative	Must I do it? Do you want me to do it? Am I to do it?	Shall I read the article again?. Shall he (she, they) start speaking on the topic?
2.Compulsion or strict order.	You he sheshall it shan’t they	affirmative negative	I shall make him do it. I shall get you to do it.	You shall stop reading fiction books at your lectures. He shan’t prevent us from working at the problem.
3. Threat or waiting.	You he sheshall it shan’t they	affirmative negative		Tell him he shall be punished for his behaviour. You shall fail at the exam if you don’t work nard.
4. Promise.	You he sheshall it shan’t they	affirmative negative	You are sure to get… I promise that they won’t punish you	Don’t worry, youshall havea minute’s rest before the meeting begins.

Translate into English

1. Приготовить ли вам кофе?

2. Вы сделаете так, как я скажу.

3. Вы ответите за свои поступки.

4. Не ешь так много мороженого. У тебя заболит горло.

5. Вы останетесь здесь, иначе он будет вне себя от гнева.

6. Вы поступаете так, как вам сказали.

7. Сейчас ты выпьешь этот горячий чай.

8. Она пожалеет об этом, я уверена.

9. Если он не будет слушаться, он будет наказан.

10. Открыть окно? По-моему, здесь душно.

11. Мне позвонить или ты сама зайдёшь ко мне?

12. Дать ли ответ сегодня или можно подождать несколько дней?

13. Приготовить ли вам свежий чай?

14. Если он не будет слушаться, он будет наказан.

15. Вы сделаете так, как вам сказали.

16. Вы закажете это лекарство немедленно.

17. Что вы мне посоветуете: поехать в турлагерь или на море?

18. Не ходи без головного убора в такую холодную погоду. Ты простудишься и заболеешь.

19. Как вы думаете, записаться мне на приём к врачу или нет.

20. Зря она отказалась от поездки на северный Кавказ. Она пожалеет об этом, но будет поздно.

21. Открыть окно? По-моему, здесь душно.

22. Ты себя плохо ведешь. Ты будешь наказан и не пойдешь на прогулку.

 

 

DARE

MIXED BAG

Translate into English.

1. Можно взять твой учебник? – Нет, мне он нужен. Я завтра должна сделать доклад.

2. Возможно, вы правы.

3. Погода изменилась, и нам пришлось вернуться из отпуска раньше.

4. Какое счастье, что завтра воскресенье, не надо рано вставать.

5. Вам необходимо выступить на собрании. Кто-то должен выказать нашу точку зрения.

6. –Нам надо сдавать сочинения сегодня? – Не обязательно. Но если оно готово, можете сдать его сегодня.

7. Ты могла бы обратиться к нему за помощью. Я уверена, он поможет.

8. Неужели уже 7 часов? Ещё светло.

9. Может быть, я ошибаюсь, но мне кажется, это он.

10. Мы так устали, что с трудом двигаемся.

11. Наверное, очень трудно быть учителем.

12. Кто это может быть? – Это может быть кто угодно.

13. Мы должны были ехать в Испанию в начале года, но не смогли.

14. Как только она сможет выходить на улицу, оно вас навестит.

15. Она, наверное, всё ещё обдумывает то, что он ей сказал.

16. Самолеты не летают, мы должны будем остаться здесь до лета.

17. Тебе следует научиться готовить самому.

18. Придётся вставать очень рано, чтобы успеть на поезд.

19. Вам не обязательно присутствовать на собрании.

20. Я должна была подготовить доклад к следующему дню.

21. Я должна была ходить в библиотеку.

22. Ты можешь мне ничего не объяснять, я всё понимаю.

23. Не может быть, чтобы вы чувствовали себя одинокой в такой веселой компании.

24. Невозможно иметь много преданных друзей.

25. Им суждено было встретиться.

 

REVISION

1. Supply the necessary modal verbs for the following sentences, noticing the Russian equivalents given in brackets:

1. He … not and … not believe her. (не мог; не хотел)

2. He sat, thinking unhappily of his talk with Jimmy. He wondered if he … have stayed with him. He left he … have said something at least, to warm Jimmy against Smith. But what … he have said? And Jimmy … not have listened. (надо было бы; следовало бы; мог бы; не стал бы)

3.”By the way,” I asked, “what’s Bill doing now?” “How in the world … I know?” Arthur looked pained. “I thought he … have been bothering you for money.” (откуда мне занять; может быть)

4. He came out of the water, smiling. “You … have come earlier,” he said. “We … have swum together. The water is great.” (зря не пришел; могли бы)

5. “Last night, you know, Hugh suddenly began to speak to me about what my future was going to be like.” “What … it have meant? “How … I know”. (и что это могло значит; откуда мне знать)

6. There was an old apple beside the path. I said, “I bet I … climb that.” “No, you … nit,” said Jack. (могу; не надо)

7. “Well, then … you hold the line while I find the letter?” “I … not, I’m in a telephone box.” “Then … I ring you back?” “I’m not on the telephone.” “Then I think perhaps you … ring me back in half an hour. By then I … have some idea what this is all about.” (можешь ли; не могу; можно мне; тебе лучше; может быть)

8. He knows he … read classics. He … change to something else. (не нужно; мог бы)

9. “Monday will be my last day in London,” Hudson said. “I … … stay down here fairly late.” (может быть, придется)

10. In any case, I … not hang about outside indefinitely while the sisters finished their quarrel.

Тhey … continue for hours. (не мог же; может быть)

11. It’s too bad she … not have a drink with us. We … have learned a great deal about the

theatre tonight. (не могла; могли бы)

12. If you help me now I … … help you later. (может быть, смогу)

13. “I shall wait to hear what Lily to say about it.” “You … … wait a long time.” (может быть,

придётся)

14. I think you … certainly have told us the truth, and we … have decided what was the best

thing to do. (следовало бы; могли бы)

15. If your mother calls, tell her I … … be a little late. (возможно, придется)

16. On Saturday Charles broke the news to his father. Mr. March began to grumble: “You …

have chosen a more suitable time to tell me. You … have known that hearing this would put me

out of step for the day.” (следовало бы; мог бы)

 

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

Учреждение образования

«МОГИЛЕВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Им. А.А. КУЛЕШОВА

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ