Classification of field crops

Crops are variously grouped and classified. For example', they may be classified as cultivated or row crops, such as com, soybeans and cotton; non-cultivated crops, such as wheat and barley; and hay or pas­ture crops, such as clovers, alfalfa, and many other small-seeded legu­mes and grasses.

Crops are also grouped according to² the duration of their growth. Annual crops are those that complete their life cycle in one season. Biennials start their growth in one season but produce seed and die at the end of the second season. Perennials grow for more than two sea­sons, producing seed each year.

The most important and most often used classifications are botanical classification and agronomic classification.

Botanical classification.

Botanical classification is based upon similarity of plant parts. Most of our field crops belong to one of the two botanical families, the grasses and the legumes.

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The main food plants known belong to the grass family, including all cereal crops and about three fourths³ of the cultivated forage crops. Cereals are the world's leading food and feed crops. They are grain-bearing grasses such as wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats etc⁴. Forage grasses are the ones that are highly essential for the economic production of livestock products.

Almost all grasses have hollow stems made up of nodes and internodes and varying greatly in length in different plants. The roots are fibrous. Grasses may be either annuals or perennials.

The legume family includes such large-seeded legumes as field beans, field peas, soybeans and such nutritious forage crops as alfalfa and clovers. The plants of this family are the only⁶ ones growing in a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. Multiplying in the nodules on the roots of the legume crops raised bacteria are able to fix free atmospheric nitrogen in their bodies and eventually in the plant residu­es. Ploughing under⁷ these plant residues, one can increase soil fertility. Being high in protein content the legume crops are also valued as food both for man and farm animals.

Legumes may be annuals, biennials or perennials. The fruit is a pod containing from one to several seeds. Legumes have tap roots.

There are some other botanical families that include crop plants widely used by man. Such crops are potatoes, sugar beet, cotton, flах, buckwheat and others.

Пояснения к тексту

1) for example — например;

2) according to -— согласно, no;

3) three fourths — три четверти;

4) etc. [it'setre] -— и так далее;

5) made up of — состоящий из;

6) to plough under — запахать.

Запомните

only — только

the only — единственный

 

Лексический минимум к тексту А

field, cultivated (row) crop, cereal, forage crop, annual, biennial, perennial, alfalfa, soybeans, flax, legume, stem, root, fibrous root, tap root, seed, life cycle, hay, pasture, soil fertility, nitrogen, content, to plough un­der, to belong (to), to contain, to complete, to include, to use, to vary  in), one, only, the only.

 

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АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА

VII.       Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.

VIII. 11ереведите следующие группы слов, содержащие существительные в функции определения (устно):

soil fertility increase, soil air circulation, life cycle duration, mineral fertilizer application, higher protein content, most important plant parts, high-quality hay production, chemical weed control.

IX. Определите no суффиксам, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, и дайте их русские эквиваленты (устно):

agronomically, hybridization, industrial, ventilation, economically, vegetative, characterize, function, intensity, transformation, special, specialist, actively, structure, statistically.

X. Переведите следующие группы слов, содержащие причастия (устно):

leading cereal and forage crops, crops adapted to the conditions of the region, collective farms growing wheat, some crops grown by our farm, animals supplying people with food, soil supplied with nitrogen, one of the cereal crops raised, crops requiring much nitrogen, number of years required for growth, wheat varieties best known to people, the only crop producing high yields.

XI. Выделите причастия в постпозиции и причастные обороты в следующих предложениях. Переведите (устно):

1. Of the cereal crops grown wheat, corn and rice are the three most important for man. 2. Biennials are plants growing for two years. 3. Similarity of plant parts is the basis used for botanical classification. 4, Growing forage crops, farmers not only increase soil fertility but also supply their animals with highly nutritious feed, 5. Gaseous nitrogen fixed by bacteria living in the roots of legumes increases nitrogen con­tent of the soil. 6. Crops growing best under cool condition, include wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and rye. 7. The farms obtaining high yields of potatoes every year are known to all agricultural specialists of our region. 8. Of the crops known as cultivated crops our farm grows com and potatoes. 9. Classifying field crops according to their use, scientists name such groups as grain crops, root crops, forage crops, fiber crops and some others. 10. Completing their growth by the end of the first season, all annual plants die. 11. Almost all small-seeded legumes rai­sed are used for hay on our farm. 12. Some crops are biennials starting their growth in one season and producing the seed in the second season.

 

 

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XII. Назовите номера предложений, в которых слово one:

а) заменяет существительное, б) является подлежащим и не переводится, в) эквивалентно русскому "один" (устно):

1. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting crop growth. 2. Botanical classification is the one based on the similarity of plants. 3. One can group plants according to the dura­tion of their growth.

4. Most important field crops belong to the grass family and corn is one of them. 5. One can improve soil fertility by application of fertili­zers. 6. Perennial crops are the ones that grow for more than two years. 7. Rainfall cannot be influenced by man, but one can grow crops by application of irrigation. 8. One should know the crops belonging to the grass family. 9. They use traditional cultural practices in com producti­on but we use the improved ones and obtain higher yields.

XIII. Выделите слова-заместители существительного, переведите предложения (устно):

1. The optimum temperature for cotton is higher than that for small grains. 2. Some crops do best under warm conditions; these are com, cotton, rice and some others. 3. Cereal crops are known as the most important ones for man. 4. Row crops are those that are cultivated during their growth. 5. This soil is better than that one. 6. The growth of com is more affected by good soil conditions than that of rye. 7. One should know the difference between the roots of grasses and those of legumes. 8. There are many different cultural practices of crop produc­tion, this one is traditional.

XIV. Исходя из содержания текста А, скажите, как можно классифицировать полевые культуры (по-русски или по-английски).

XV. Скажите, чем отличаются бобовые растения от злаковых (по-русски или по-английски).

XVI.     Контроль чтения и понимания текста А.

Задание на дом № 2

XVII. Употребите вместо пропусков слова из лексического минимума в соответствующей форме (письменно).

1. Some crops are not harvested but … …, increasing soil fertility. 2. all crops belonging to the grass family have … roots. 3. Potatoes are cultivated during their growth:, and are known as a …crop.4.  Grasses grown for grain belong to … crops. 5. Bacteria living on the roots of.... crops fix... from the soil air. 6. Soybeans are the crop having the highest protein... of all farm crops grown. 7. Sugar beets do not... to the grass family. 8. Grain may be …either as human food or as feed for livestock. 9. Clover is a... plant, producing seed for more than two seasons.

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XVIII. Выберите подходящее по смыслу причастие. Переведите предложения (устно):

1. In our region there are some collective farms (grown, growing) wheat. 2. These are the crops (grown, growing) by our farm at present. 3. Small grains are the crops (harvesting, harvested) with combines. 4. This crop will grow well on soil (supplying, supplied) with nitrogen. 5. The environmental conditions (required, requiring) by crops for their best development should be favourable. 6. Crops such as wheat, oats, rye and barley are the ones (required, requiring) relatively cool conditi­ons for their growth. 7. Humidity is one of the most important factors (influenced, influencing) the crop growth. 8. Plants (producing, produ­ced) flowers and fruit when days are short are known as short-day plants. 9. The crops (including, included) in the grass family are all cereals and most of forage grasses.

XIX.     Переведите на английский язык (письменно):

а) 1. Имеются пропашные и не пропашные культуры. 2. Кукуруза растет в течение одного сезона. 3. Двулетние культуры не производят семена в первый год. 4. Кормовые культуры выращиваются как корм для скота. 5. Выращивая бобовые, мы можем повысить плодородие почвы. 6. Азот фиксируется бобовыми культурами.

б) 1. По продолжительности роста культуры классифицируются как однолетние, двулетние и многолетние. 2. Зерновые куль-
туры, принадлежащие к семейству Злаковых, являются ведущими пищевыми культурами. 3. Сходство частей растений используется как основа для ботанической классификации. 4. Азот фиксируется клубеньковыми бактериями, живущими на корнях бобовых. 5. Когда растительные остатки бобовых запахиваются, они повышают плодородие почвы. 6. Злаковые отличаются от бобовых видом корней.

XX. Выполните лабораторную работу № 2.

 

 

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XXI. Проверка домашнего задания.

XXII.Переведите следующие группы слов (устно):

an important branch of economy, new and improved varieties, cul­tural practices, from the same area, control of pests and diseases, the only method used, seedbed preparation, achievements of biological sci­ences, practical experience, favourable environmental conditions, un­der warm conditions, growing season, frost-free period, average annual rainfall, world's leading cereal crops, cultivated crops, large-seeded le­gumes, plant residues, protein content, fibrous and tap roots.

  XXIII. Определите функцию слов с окончанием -ed. Переведите предложения (устно):

1. The methods of yield increases used are effective. 2. The met­hods of yield increases used on our farm are highly effective. 3. The methods of yield increases are effectively used on most of our farms. 4. The improved methods of yield increases have been developed and are now being used on our collective farms. 5. Last year the collective farmers of the farm "Zarya" used new methods of yield increases. 6. The soil analyzed contained much nitrogen.

XXIV.Ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту А (устно):

1. How can farm crops be classified? 2. What is an annual plant? 3. How long do biennial plants grow? 4. What are the most important botanical families? 5. What family does wheat belong to? 6. What other cereals belong to the grass family? 7. Do forage crops also belong to the grass family? 8. What roots have grasses (legumes)? 9. Why are legumes so important? 10. What large-seeded legumes do you know?

  XXV.Прочтите текст В, не пользуясь словарем, и скажите, какие культуры приводятся автором в качестве примеров озимых и яровых однолетних культур, двулетних культур и многолетних
злаков.

 

Text В

Life Cycle

According to their life cycle plants are classified as annuals, bienni­als and perennials. The life cycle of a plant includes all the phases of plant growth starting with a seed. Many important crop plants complete their life cycle in one growing season. Such plants are known as annu­als.

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Some annuals are spring annuals planted in spring and harvested in autumn. There are also winter annuals planted in autumn and harvested next summer. Winter wheat is an example of a winter annual and corn is a typical spring annual. Some plants complete their life cycle in two seasons. During the first season stems and roots are produced. Se­cond-year plants produce flowers, fruit and seed and at the end of the second season they die. Beet is a good example of a biennial plant. People use roots of biennial plants and harvest root crops at the end of the first season. Many plants live for more than two seasons, such plants are known as perennials. They produce seed every year. After seeds have been produced, the plants do not die. They are not active during winter, but in spring they produce new growth. Many of our hay and pasture crops are perennials. The examples of perennial crops are alfalfa and clovers.

XXVI. Прочтите текст еще раз. Разделите его на 4 абзаца и озаглавьте каждый из них по-русски (по-английски).

LESSON 4

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

Герундий.