II. Make up the word combinations

Petroleum tankers

oil oil

fuel material

tankers industry

chemical equipment

developed products

drilling nations

III. Fill in the missing words (raw components, oil, raw, vital, subsidy)

1. Petroleum is the … material for many chemical products.

2. The industry is divided into three major ….

3. Petroleum is … to many industries.

4. The world consumes 30 billion barrels of per year.

5. Governments provide a heavy public... to petroleum companies.

 

IV. Find synonyms in the list

Petroleum, petrol, nations, device, exploration, countries, example, important, gasoline, oil, research, patterns, vital, equipment.

 

V. Agree or disagree with the following statements

1. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting, and marketing petroleum products.

2. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline.

3. Petroleum is also the raw material for many natural products.

4. Petroleum is of importance to the maintenance of scientific research.

5. The world consumes 20 billion barrels of oil per year.

VI. Put the words in order to make a sentence

1. The/industry /largest /of /the /are/ fuel /and/ products/ volume/ gasoline/ oil.

2. The/ for/ petroleum/ chemical/ is/ raw/ products/ material/ many.

3. Petroleum/ vital/ to/ is/ industries/ many.

4. The/ consumes/ world/ year/ billion/ barrels/ of/ 30/ oil/ per.

5. Governments/ subsidy/ a/ heavy/ public/ provide/ to/ companies/ petroleum.

 

VII. Give short answers to the questions

1. Does the petroleum industry include the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum products?

2. Are the largest volume products of the industry fuel oil and gasoline?

3. Is petroleum the raw material for many chemical products such as pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics?

4. Is the industry usually divided into two major components?

5. Is petroleum of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization?

6. Did the United States consume 35% of the oil produced in 2007?

7. Do the production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum represent the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value?

8. Do governments provide a heavy public subsidy to petroleum companies?

VIII. Read the questions and fill in the correct word

1. … can be included in petroleum industry?

a) How

b) What

c) When

2. … you know the largest volume products of the industry?

a) Does

b) Is

c) Do

3. … is petrol?

a) What

b) Who

c) How

4. … are the major three components of petroleum industry?

a) Who

b) What

c) Where

5. … oil do different countries consume?

a) How

b) How many

c) How much

6. … you name the world's largest industry

a) Would

b) Can

c) May

 

IX. Answer the questions

1. What does the petroleum industry include?

2. What are the largest volume products of the industry?

3. What is petroleum?

4. What major components is the industry usually divided into?

5. How important is the petroleum in our life?

6. How much oil does the world consume per year?

7. How does the government promote petroleum companies?

 

 

UNIT II

Text

Petroleum

 

Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. A fossil fuel, formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure.

Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 88 million barrels each day.

An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.

The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 per cent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 per cent in the heavier oils and bitumens.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly narrow limits as follows.

 

Vocabulary

flammable [ˈflæməbl] - огнеопасный; легковоспламеняющийся

liquid [ˈlɪkwɪd] - жидкость

hydrocarbon [ˈhaɪdrəuˈkɑ:bən] - углеводород

compound [kəm'paund] - строение, структура, смесь

beneath [bɪˈni:θ] - внизу, ниже, под

fossil [ˈfɔsl] - ископаемое

fuel [fjuəl] - топливо, горючее

algae [ˈælɡə] - морская водоросль

underneath [ˌʌndəˈni:θ] - внизу, ниже, снизу, вниз

sedimentary [ˌsedɪˈmentərɪ] - осадочный

undergo [ˌʌndəˈɡəu] - испытывать, переносить

basin [ˈbeɪsn] - бассейн, резервуар

reservoir [ˈrezəvwɑ:] - резервуар, бассейн

refine [rɪˈfaɪn] - очищать, перерабатывать

consumer [kənˈsju:mə] - потребитель

estimate ['estɪmət] - оценивать

well [wel] - скважина

predominantly [ prɪˈdɔmɪnəntlɪ] - особенно, преимущественно

dissolve [dɪˈzɔlv] - растворять

solution [səˈlu:ʃən] - раствор, решение

gaseous [ˈɡæsjəs] - газовый, газообразный

condense [kənˈdens] - уплотнять, сгущать, уменьшать объём, сжимать

resemble [rɪˈzembl] - походить, иметь сходство

volatile [ˈvɔlətaɪl] - летучий, быстро испаряющийся

sulfur [ˈsʌlf ə] - сера

trace [treɪs] - след

fairly [ˈfɛəlɪ] - в некоторой степени

copper [ˈkɔpə] - медь

Comprehension task