X. Read Text В and translate it without a dictionary. Render it in Russian.

 

TEXT B. RAM AND ROM

 

Once the information is stored in a computer's memory, the computer can calculate, compare and copy this information. The memories are of different kinds. RAM and ROM are examples the newest ones.

RAM stands for Random Access Memory, because information can be transferred into and out of any single byte of memory. The storage cells, i.e., bits of a RAM chip require power to retain their < contents. If the power fails, the contents are lost.

ROM is firmware and stands for Read Only Memory. It is permanent memory chip for program storage. Instructions and information are stored in the ROM at the time of their manufacture and cannot be altered. All microcomputers use RAMs and ROMs, and so do personal computers".

 

LESSON SIX

 

Grammar. Revision of the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb.

Text A. The Basic Principles of Programming.

Text B. Programming.

Exercises

 

I. Read the international words and guess their meaning:

Fundamental; principle; tactics; student; format; utilization; term; routine; actual; practice; list; planning; personal; to concentrate; personnel; detective; coding; programming; symbolic; final; procedure

 

II. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below:

a) a number – число, количество; номер

to number – насчитывать

a number of – ряд, множество

1. This professor’s lecture on microprocessors and microprogramming are attended by a great number of students. 2. The student’s body of our electrical engineering department numbers more than 1500 students. 3. The first automatic digital computer could add numbers at the speed of 5000 additions per second. 4. The address of our Institute is the Prosveschenya Street, number 132. 5. A number of computing devices were arranged in our laboratory.

b) mean – средний; среднее число

means – средство

to mean – значить, означать

meaning – значение

by means of – посредством

by no means – ни в коем случае

1. The year mean temperature in our town is about +8˚. 2. Electrical typewriters and keyboard devices are the common means of input into a computer. 3. This means that the ROM is the permanent memory chip for program storage. 4. By means of arranging memory registers inside hardware it is possible to store information and instructions. 5. By no means the computer can substitute a human being in all respects. 6. The meaning of the word “means” is «средство», «состояние».

c) term – термин; срок; семестр

to term – называть

in terms of – с точки зрения; на языке; в терминах

1. The term “programming” means the process by which a set of instructions is produced for a computer to make it performing specified activity. 2. President of the USA is elected for a four-year term. 3. Each academic year at institute and universities in our country consists of two terms. 4. A code can be written in terms of automatic language for then it is easy to make change in it. 5. A code may be termed a program or a routine because they are synonyms. 6. If the language being described is called simply “the language”, then the language in terms of which the description is being made is called “metalanguage”.

d) available – доступный, имеющийся в наличии; пригодный

1. A number of different computing devices available in our institute’s lab is very great. 2. The computer ES-1045 is now available for students’ use. 3. Of all the instruments available the control generator is the most suitable for producing electrical impulses.

e) any – любой, всякий (в повествовательных предложениях)

1. Any operation performed by a computer must be interpreted into a machine code. 2. Any sort of likeness to a human being is simply irrational while constructing robots.

f) rather – довольно

rather than – скорее чем; предпочтительнее

1. It would be rather difficult to predict the place where the moon will be at any particular time without computers. 2. The instructions deal directly with addresses rather than with the numbers themselves.

g) instead – вместо; взамен

instead of – вместо; взамен

1. Boolean Algebra is an algebra like ordinary one but dealing instead with classes, propositions, on-off circuit elements, etc. 2. In digital computers octal notation is sometimes used instead of binary numbers.

 

III. Pronounce the following words correctly:

introduce – вводить; знакомить; представлять	define – определять; формулировать (задачу)
subroutine – подпрограмма; часть программы	diagram – диаграмма; схема; строить диаграмму (схему)

entire – весь, целый; полный routine – программа change – перемена; изменение; изменять assign – назначать; присваивать procedure – процедура; методика проведения (опыта) debugging – наладка; отладка программы error – ошибка, погрешность invalidate – выводить из строя technique – метод; методика; технический приём

flow-chart – блок-схема; схема потока информации shorthand – стенография; сокращенная запись evidently – очевидно precisely – точно observation – наблюдение; соблюдение reemphasize – вновь подчеркнуть erase – стирать (запись); разрушать (информацию) remain – оставаться replace – заменять; подставлять; перемещать

 

IV. Memorize the following word combinations:

a computer manual – руководство к компьютеру

it should be pointed out – следует указать

commercially available computers – серийно выпускаемые компьютеры

the complete list of – полный список (перечень)

the over-all planning – общее планирование

so-called – так называемый

the actual coding – действительное кодирование

debugging the code – отладка кода

running the code on the computer – прогонка кода на компьютере

a single error – единственная ошибка

the rest of the bits – оставшиеся биты

octal number – восьмеричные числа

the previous contents – предыдущее содержание