Match the terms with their definitions

classical conditioning	the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)	the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
conditioned stimulus (CS)	responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
discrimination	the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
extinction	a once-neutral event that has come to elicit a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
generalization	an organism’s automatic reaction to a stimulus
neutral stimulus	a stimulus that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training
unconditioned response (UCR)	a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)	a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus
b'l
aversive control	the training of an organism to remove or withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts
avoidance conditioning	the training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
escape conditioning	increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs
fixed-interval schedule	the process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
fixed-ratio schedule	learned reactions that follow- one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the nest
negative reinfo rcement	the technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is “molded"' by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring closer and closer approsimations to the desired behavior before giving the reward
operant conditioning	a schedule of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement each time
primary reinforcer	a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement
reinfo rcement	a schedule of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained each time
response chain	a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained
secondary reinforcer	a stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer
shaping	a stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water
variable-interval schedule	a stimulus or event which follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
variable-ratio schedule	a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will oocur again
c)
behavior modification	a form of conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects or points, which can be accumulated and exchanged for various rewards
cognitive learning	a systematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings
cognitive map	learning by imitating others, copying behavior
latent learning	a condition in which repeated attempts to control or influence a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable and that any effort to cope will fail
learned helplessness	alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior
modeling	a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
social learning	a form of learning that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation
token economy	a form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others
d)
chunking	memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
declarative memory	memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed
encoding	memory of one’s life, including time of oocurrence
episodic memory	knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings
maintenance rehearsal	process of grouping items to make them easier to remember
memory	system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it
procedural memory	memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject’s active rehearsal
retrieval	very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus
semantic memory	the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory
sensory memory	the process by which information is maintained over a period of time
short-term memory	the transforming of information so that the nervous system can process it
storage	the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
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confabulation	techniques for using associations to memorize information
decay	the linking of new information to material that is already known
eidetic memory	blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories
elaboradve rehearsal	fading away of memory over time
interference	the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
mnemonic devices	conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the wodd
recall	the act of filling in memory gaps
recognition	the alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on a person’s experiences and attitudes
reconstructive processes	memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material
schemas	memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before