Half of US Jobs Now Held by Women

 

1. Women are on their way to holding more than half of all American jobs. The latest government report shows that their share of jobs nearly reached fifty percent in September. Not only have more and more women entered the labor market over the years, but the recession has been harder on men. In October the unemployment rate for men was almost eleven percent, compared to eight percent for women.

2. Industries that traditionally use lots of men have suffered deep cuts. For example, manufacturing and building lost more jobs last month. But health care and temporary employment services have had job growth. Both of those industries employ high percentages of women. Thirty years ago, women earned sixty-two cents for every dollar that men earned. Now, for those who usually work full time, women earn about eighty percent of what men earn. Women hold fifty-one percent of good-paying management and professional jobs.

3. Men still hold about nine out of every ten top positions at the four hundred largest companies in California. The results have remained largely unchanged in five years of studies have been interviewed fifteen women. They all value their independence and many enjoy having the power of control. But women also feel pressure, worry and guilt as women still take care of the children. Also, men who are not the main earners may feel threatened.

4. The job market continues to suffer the effects of last year's financial crash. Now, a judgment has been reached in the first case involving charges of criminal wrongdoing on Wall Street. Last week, the government lost its case against two managers at Bear Stearns, the first investment bank to fail last year. The Justice Department continues to investigate other companies.

 

(From the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter, 2009, November)

 

 

VII. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)

а) истинными (true)

б) ложными (false)

в) в тексте нет информации (no information)

 

1) The unemployment rate for men and women was the same.

2) Health care and temporary employment services employ high percentages of women.

3) An economic research group reported this week that the recession in the United States ended in June of last year.

 

VIII. Прочитайте 3 абзац и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

 

Where do men still hold about nine out of every ten top positions?

 

Вариант №3

I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения

(a – j), соответствующие существительным:

 

 

1) growth	a) selling and sending goods to other countries
2) salary	b) money that you receive as payment from the organization you work for, usually paid to you every month
3) inflation	c) the ability of a company, country, or a product to compete with others
4) trade-off	d) continuing increase in the prices of goods and services
5) crisis	e) an increase in size, amount, or degree
6) competitiveness	f) an organization that holds money, important documents and other valuables in safe keeping, and lends money at interest
7) export	g) the amount of money in an economy at a particular time
8) capital	h) a person who buys goods and services for his\her own use and not for resale
9) consumer	i) balance between two situations in order to get an acceptable result
10) bank	j) a period of good difficulty, danger or uncertainty in Economics

 

 

II. В следующих предложениях подчеркните определения, выраженные именем существительным, и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

 

1) There are many different market structures in the world.

2) In a monopoly, one company has a much larger market share.

3) The labour market obeys the laws of supply and demand.

 

 

III. a) Выполните КОПР № 2, 4.

б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) Deregulation of services like transport and banking has happened in many countries in recent years.

2) Schaeffer, a privately held industrial group, made an $17.8 billion offer for Continental, one of the world’s biggest suppliers of car parts.

3) The first two sick days are paid by the employer.

 

IV. В следующих предложениях подчеркните модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) Managers who can operate effectively across cultures and national borders are invaluable in global business.

2) Americans may object to their central bank displacing private lenders.

3) Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil) that grow coffee.

 

V. В следующих предложениях подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle 2 и укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) Like most things in our modern, changing world, the function of management is becoming more complex.

2) The operations required to perform a particular job could be identified.

3) In managing organizations mentioned it is necessary to draw on intuition and subjective judgment.

 

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3.

 

World Bank’s Action on Inflation

1. The World Bank highlighted that Russia must control inflation and allow for appreciation of the ruble if it wishes to see its robust economic performance stay on course. Recent curbs imposed on staple goods would do little to reverse inflation and could lead to price distortions. The surge in capital inflows not being absorbed by the Stabilization Fund is driving money expansion and exerting pressure on the ruble. The strong ruble has in its turn been driving up labor costs. It is suggested that wages will be growing more rapidly than productivity.

2. GDP growth has been dented by appreciation of the ruble, making exports more expensive abroad and imports less expensive to domestic consumers. Any economic policy decision involves a tradeoff, and the missing link between inflation and export competitiveness of Russia’s industrial growth is high productivity. Another challenge highlighted by the World Bank was the shrinking and rapidly aging population. By 2025, the population will drop by 12 percent, and one in five people will be aged over 65. The situation in Russia is of particular concern because of the twin factors of a low birth-rate and high mortality.

3. Salary increases in the country don’t meet up with the requirements of aging population because there is a big gap between the wages of young specialists and those who toiled their way to retirement. However Russia earned praise for maintaining an economic policy that allowed the country to weather the global liquidity and credit crunch crises. Besides Russia’s capital inflow into the economy has increased considerably.

 

(From ‘ The Moscow Times’, 2008, July)

 

 

VII. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)

а) истинными (true)

б) ложными (false)

в) в тексте нет информации (no information)

 

1) The World Bank highlighted that Russia must control inflation.

2) Soon there will be no inflation in Russia.

3) There was only one challenge highlighted by the World Bank.

 

 

VIII. Прочитайте абзац 3 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

 

What did allow Russia to weather the global liquidity and credit crunch crisis?

Вариант №4

I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения

(a – j), соответствующие существительным:

 

1) insurance	a) a number of people united for business or commerce
2) company	b) legal responsibility for something
3) customer	c) financial protection
4) association	d) the work of buying or selling products or services
5) risk	e) you feel certain
6) business	f) a person, who buys things
7) loss	g) no longer having something
8) liability	h) the possibility that something dangerous might happen
9) confidence	i) a person or company that provides insurance
10) underwriter	j) a group of people joined together for some common purpose

 

 

II. В следующих предложениях подчеркните определения, выраженные именем существительным, и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

 

1) There are several ways to measure how developed a country is: life expectancy, education level and real income of the population.

2) Even in the freest economies, like the USA, there is some government control.

3) The interest rate is determined by the levels of supply and demand in the money market.

 

 

III. a) Выполните КОПР № 2, 4.

б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) Russia has played a historic role in providing energy to Europe and the world.

2) Interest rates and taxes were raised.

3) Retired employees often get a company pension.

 

IV. В следующих предложениях подчеркните модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) In the market economy companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market.

2) Taxpayers should clearly understand how the tax is calculated, how much they have to pay and when.

3) Many millions of people have a quality of life today that previous generations could not dream of.

 

 

V. В следующих предложениях подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle 2 и укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) Mostly with money earned from energy exports, Russia began to pay off its foreign debts.

2) Governments may also restrict the amount of imports entering the country.

3) Auctions opened are becoming very popular, for example, on the Internet.

 

 

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3.

 

Lloyd’s of London

 

1. Lloyd’s, the biggest insurance business in the UK and in the world, is not a company, but an association of London underwriters. It was incorporated in 1871 and it is so called from Edward Lloyd. Edward Lloyd was the owner of a coffee house where underwriters at that time met to do business. Today more than 20, 000 members of Lloyd’s in 80 countries work for Lloyd’s. Underwriting members or underwriters are grouped into 280 syndicates. The syndicates vary in size from the relatively small units to several thousand individuals.

2. Insurance is usually undertaken through Lloyd’s brokers rather than directly with Lloyd’s underwriting members. Lloyd’s brokers know better what syndicate to approach and how to negotiate the business. They act, like other brokers, and negotiate on behalf of their customers. They do not bear any risks, since only underwriting members bear all the risks with unlimited liability. One of the main principles of insurance with Lloyd’s is the spreading of risk as widely as possible among syndicates to minimize their losses.

3. Lloyd’s is best known as a centre of marine insurance, but at the same time all kinds of insurance are practiced there. In fact, at the present day marine insurance comprises less than half the total business undertaken. Almost anything can be insured there as well: aircraft, communication satellites, civil engineering projects, livestock and so on. Besides they do some business in travels, publishing and land. Lloyd’s motto is “Confidence in the future”.

 

 

VII. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)

а) истинными (true)

б) ложными (false)

в) в тексте нет информации (no information)

 

1) Edward Lloyd was the proprietor of a coffee house where at that time insurers met to do business.

2) Only brokers bear all the risks with unlimited liability.

3) Lloyd’s provided free insurance against loss or damage.

 

 

VIII. Прочитайте абзац 2 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

 

How do Lloyd’s brokers act?

 

1) underwriter - страховщик (часто морской, член ассоциации страховщиков «Ллойдc»)

 

2) syndicate - синдикат (вид монополистического объединения предпринимателей в целях ограничения конкуренции, повышения цен и увеличения прибыли)

 

Вариант №5

I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения

(a – j), соответствующие существительным:

 

1) wage	a) effort or work, especially tiring physical work
2) outcome	b) any of the possessions or qualities of a person, an organization, or especially a country
3) labour	c) ability to do something
4) employment	d) good fortune and success, especially in money matters
5) capacity	e) money which one receives regularly, usually as payment for one’s work or interest from investments
6) enterprise	f) paid work; useful activity
7) flexible hours	g) the amount that something, especially a factory, can produce
8) prosperity	h) a company, organization or business
9) resource	i) one can change the time when to start and finish work
10) income	j) a payment made for work done, calculated by the hour, day, or week or by the amount produced, and usually received daily or weekly

 

II. В следующих предложениях подчеркните определения, выраженные именем существительным, и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

 

1) The exchange rate is the amount of one currency needed to buy another currency.

2) A business plan should prove that your business will generate enough revenue to cover your expenses and make a satisfactory return for bankers and investors.

3) Sales promotion can be directed at the consumer, the trade purchaser or the company's sales force.

 

 

III. a) Выполните КОПР № 2, 4.

б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) Small and medium businesses employ the majority of the population and enable them to earn a wage.

2) Companies in the 1980-s merged with other companies that produced the same or related goods or services.

3) Many partnerships have started as sole proprietorships.

 

IV. В следующих предложениях подчеркните модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) People must choose how best to use their available resources to satisfy the greatest number of wants and needs.

2) Materials can be bought on credit to help finance current expenditure.

3) Business people may borrow money in order to expand their business.

 

V. В следующих предложениях подчеркните Participle 1 и Participle 2 и укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1) When drawing up a contract for the sale of goods, it is necessary to give a detailed description of the goods.

2) Signing the letter the manager asked the secretary to send it off at once.

3) Games and competitions are becoming commonplace in promoting sales of a product or service.

 

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2.