Laboratory Investigations. Examination of. Examination of Feces, Urine, Gastric Juice Contents. Investigation of Duodenal Contents. Smear, Culture, Test, Reaction. X-ray examination

to take urine by way of catheter – брать мочу катетером

to collect urine – собирать мочу

amount of excreted urine – количество выделенной мочи

acid (alkaline) urine – кислая (щелочная) моча

specific gravity of urine – удельный вес мочи

albuminuria, proteinuria – выделение белка с мочой, протеинурия

ketonuria – кетонурия

glucosuria – глюкозурия

24 hour urine collection, daily urine – моча, собранная в течение суток, суточный диурез

to measure diuresis – измерять диурез

fluid balance sheet – запись водного баланса

acetone-odour urine – моча с запахом ацетона

beer-coloured urine – моча цвета пива

urinary sediment – осадок мочи

urinary sediment examination according to Kakovsky – Addis – анализ осадка мочи по Каковскому - Аддису

salts of uric acid, urates – соли мочевой кислоты, ураты

salts of oxalic acid, oxalates -соли щавелевой кислоты, оксалаты

clump of pus cells in urine – скопление лейкоцитов в моче

waxy (hyaline, granular, leukocytic) casts – восковидные (гиалиновые, зернистые, лейкоцитарные) цилиндры

urine for culture (flora) and sensitivity to antibiotics – посев мочи на культуру (флору) и на чувствительность к антибиотикам

dwindling urine output – снижение выделения мочи

chronic retention of urine – хроническая задержка мочи

indwelling urethral catheter – постоянный уретральный катетер

suprapubic catheter – надлобковый катетер

bladder drill – дренирование мочевого пузыря

multifractional duodenal intubation – многофракционное дуоденальное зондирование

duodenal bile. A-bile – дуоденальная желчь, порция А

hepatic bile, C-bile – печеночная желчь, порция С

cystic bile, B-bile – пузырная желчь, порция В

gastric juice examination by a fractional method – исследование желудочного сока фракционным методом

gastric juice examination after having test meal -исследование желудочного сока после пробного завтрака

free (combined / fixed) hydrochloric acid – свободная (связанная) соляная кислота

gastric juice total acidity – общая кислотность желудочного сока

gastric juice hyperacidity (hypoacidity) – повышенная (пониженная) кислотность желудочного сока

intestinal parasites in feces – кишечные паразиты в кале

undigested muscular fibers – непереваренные мышечные волокна

remnants of undigested food – остатки непереваренной пищи в кале

pathological admixtures in feces – патологические примеси в кале

eggs of worms – яйца гельминтов

liquid feces – жидкий кал

semi-liquid feces – кашицеобразный кал

solid feces – плотный кал

occult blood in feces – скрытая кровь в кале

bolus-like feces – овечий / комковидный кал

tape-like feces – лентовидный кал

(non-)formed stool – (не)оформленный стул

tarry feces / stool, melena – дегтеобразный кал / стул, мелена

newly taken smear / swab – свежевзятый мазок

vaginal smear – мазок из влагалища

throat swab – мазок из зева

cervical smear – мазок из шейки матки

buccal smear for sex chromatin – мазок со слизистой щеки на половой хроматин

to take a swab – брать мазок

to make / prepare a smear – делать мазок

fecal culture – посев испражнений

allergy test – аллергическая проба

to do sensitivity test to smth. – провести / сделать пробу на чувствительность к …

cross-match test – реакция на групповую совместимость крови

X-ray examination form / slip – направление на рентгенологическое исследование

control (repeated) X-ray examination – контрольное (повторное) рентгеновское исследование

to refer a patient for X-ray, to refer a patient to be X-rayed – направить пациента на рентгеновское исследование

to prepare a patient for X-rays – подготовить пациента к рентгеновскому исследованию

artificial contrast study of organs and systems – искусственное контрастирование органов и систем

photoroentgenography – флюорография

X-ray roentgenodiagnostic room – рентгеновский / рентгенодиагностический кабинет

X-ray protective gloves (apron) – рентгенозащитные перчатки (фартук)

X-ray contrast substance / material / medium – рентгеноконтрастное вещество

to introduce a contrast substance – вводить контрастное вещество

barium swallow study / examination – исследование с помощью бариевой взвеси

plain film of the abdomen – обзорный рентгеновский снимок брюшной полости

Тема 17

NURSING PROCESS

 

Historical perspective

Nursing has always been directed at serving the health care needs of society. Nursing originated with the desire to keep people healthy and provide comfort, care, and assurance to the ill. Nursing was distinguished in its early history as a form of community service and was originally related to a strong instinct to preserve and protect the family. Although the goals of nursing have remained relatively the same over the centuries, its practice has been influenced by the changing characteristics of society. Thus nursing has gradually evolved into a modern profession.

Nursing is as old as medicine. Throughout history, nursing and medicine have had an interdependent relationship. During the era of Hippocrates, medicine practiced without nursing, and during the Middle Ages, nursing practiced without rational medicine.

Many ancient societies did not value human life so the caretakers of life were less respected. The nurse tended to the hygiene of clients in the home under the direct supervision of a physician. Nurses did not participate in activities to promote health nor did they teach families how to care for the ill.

Under the influence of Christianity, nurses gained respect, and the practice of nursing expended. Although nursing became increasingly humanistic, there was still no formal education or training for nurses.

The Sisters of Charity (1633) was founded by St. Vincent de Paul. The sisters cared for people in hospitals, asylums, and poorhouses. The sisters also became widely known as visiting nurses because they cared for sick people in their homes. The first supervisor of the Sisters of Charity was Louise de Gras who established perhaps the first educational program to be associated with a nursing order. The program included experience in the hospital, home visits, and the care of the ill.

In the eighteenth century, the growth of cities brought an increase in the number of hospitals and a greater role for nurses.

In 1860 Florence Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not for the layperson. Her philosophy of nursing practice reflected the changing needs of society. She saw the role of nursing as having “charge of somebody’s health” based on the knowledge of “how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recovery from disease”.

During the same year she developed the first organized program of training for nurses, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London.