Diet Therapy. Managing Total Parenteral Nutrition. Managing Intravenous Fluid Therapy

Diet Therapy. Managing Total Parenteral Nutrition. Managing Intravenous Fluid Therapy

 

diet / nutrition – питание

to feed a patient – кормить больного

high-vitamin (high protein, high fibre) diet – витаминизированное (высокобелковое, с повышенным содержанием клетчатки) питание

low fat (low residue, low salt / salt-free) diet – диета с низким содержанием жира (бесшлаковая, бессолевая)

supplemental feeding / dietary supplement / extra food – дополнительное питание

artificial feeding / nutrition – искусственное питание

artificial feeding through a tube (via operative fistula, by nourishing enema) -искусственное питание через зонд (операционный свищ, питательную клизму)

dietetic therapy / treatment – диетотерапия

parenteral feeding / nutrition – парентеральное питание

appetizing diet – диета, возбуждающая аппетит

full value diet – полноценное питание

rational diet – рациональное питание

balanced diet – сбалансированное питание

bland / sparing diet – щадящая диета

liquidised diet – диета с использованием слизистых супов, жидких каш и т.д.

strict / rigid (fasting) diet – строгая (разгрузочная) диета

minced diet – диета с использованием измельченной (протертой) пищи

vegetarian diet – вегетарианская диета

weight reducing diet – диета, снижающая вес

three times a day diet – трехразовое питание

intensified nutrition – усиленное питание

foodstuffs / food products – продукты питания

high-calorie food – высококалорийная пища

high quality / good food – качественная пища

fresh / newly cooked food – свежая пища

“heavy” food – “тяжелая” пища

food taking – прием пищи

mode of cooking food – форма приготовления пищи

daily ration – суточный рацион

to fill in calculator’s list / card – заполнять порционник-меню

caloric value / content of the daily ration – калорийность суточного рациона

Тема 3

 

Nursing Manipulations

general duty nursing (bedside nursing, home nursing, psychiatric nursing) – общий уход за больными (уход за больными с постельным режимом, сестринский уход на дому, уход за психически больными)

observation of the patient / supervision over the patient – наблюдение за пациентом

to carry out prophylactic medical examination – проводить диспансеризацию

to fill in patient’s card – заполнять медицинскую карту

under the supervision of the physician – под наблюдением врача

applying an ice-bag -применение пузыря со льдом

hygienic procedures – гигиенические процедуры

to clip hair (nails) – подстригание волос (ногтей)

to wash legs (head) (to wash a patient intimately) – мытье ног (головы) (подмывание больного)

to wipe down skin with a disinfecting solution – протирание кожи дезинфици-рующим раствором

to change bedclothes – смена постельного белья

anthropometry -антропометрия

weighing -взвешивание

measuring the circumference of the thorax – измерение окружности грудной клетки

spirometry -спирометрия

venepuncture -венепункция

to perform duodenal intubation -дуоденальное зондирование

catheterization of the urinary bladder – катетеризация мочевого пузыря

to apply cupping glasses, mustard plaster, heat compress – постановка банок, горчичников, согревающего компресса

to introduce a flatus tube – постановка газоотводной трубки

to give / administer an enema – постановка клизмы

to administer oxygen by a nasal tube – давать кислород через носовой катетер

to fill in temperature chart – заполнять температурный лист

to take temperature – измерять температуру

Тема 4

 

Roles and Functions of the Nurse

 

A contemporary nurse possesses knowledge and skills in a variety of areas. In the past, nurses provided care and comfort while they carried out specific nursing functions, but changes in nursing have expanded the roles of nurses to include health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration, and concern for the whole client (see box above).

 

ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE

CARE GIVER

The nurse directly helps the client to regain health through the healing process. The nurse addresses the holistic health care of the client, including helping the client and family restore emotional and social well-being.

DECISION MAKER

The nurse, before taking any action, interprets available information and decides the best approach for the individual client. These decisions can be made alone, with the client and family, or with other health care pro­fessionals.

PROTECTOR AND CLIENT ADVOCATE

The nurse maintains a safe environment, helps pre­vent injury, and protects the client from possible adverse effects related to treatment. The nurse also protects the client's human and legal rights and assists him or her in asserting those rights if the need arises.

MANAGER

The nurse delegates responsibility, supervises other health care workers, manages the resources of the practice setting, and coordinates activities

REHABILITATOR

The nurse assists the client's return to maximal functioning through teaching and helping the client to cope with changes associated with illness or disability

COMFORTER

The nurse cares for the client as a person through emotional support. The client needs help in reaching therapeutic goals.

COMMUNICATOR

The nurse is continually involved in promoting com­munication among all people affected by the client's' needs. Communication is critical in meeting the needs of clients, families, and communities

TEACHER

The nurse explains concepts and facts about health care to the client, reinforces learning, and evaluates progress. Teaching is individualized and may be formal or informal

Career Roles. Career roles are specific employment positions. Most skills required for the expanded roles of the 1980s and 1990s are taught in baccalaureate nursing programs. These skills are now directed toward the generalist practitioner. The newer requirements for nursing specialization are redefining the term "expanded role" (Mechanic, 1988). Nursing specialties have input into the educational requirements for these roles and career opportunities (see box at left).

One method of redesigning nursing roles has been the focus of differentiated nursing practice. This practice had early design in the educational setting where graduate-expected competencies were based on different types of educational experiences. Differentiated practice is now expanding into clinical practice as new nursing roles incorporate primary nursing and case management principles (Harkness et al., 1992). Broadly defined, differentiated practice structures roles and functions of nurses according to education, experience, and competence, while recognizing the importance of all roles to create a community of professional nursing practice (Koerner, 1992). For example, in such a system there is a clear difference between the responsibilities of a baccalaureate-prepared nurse versus one with an associate's degree.

 

CAREER ROLES

NURSE EDUCATOR

Nurse educators work in schools of nursing, staff development departments, and client education departments. They provide educational programs for student nurses and nurses and teach clients about self-care and home care. They usually are required to have graduate nursing education

CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST

Clinical nurse specialists work in critical, acute, long-term, and community health care agencies (Figure 1-5). They often specialize in managing specific diseases, and they function as clinicians, educators, managers, consultants, and researchers. They have master's degrees in nursing

 

NURSE PRACTITIONER

Nurse practitioners are certified to provide health care to clients, usually in outpatient or community settings. Adult nurse practitioners provide primary care to adults; family nurse practitioners provide primary care for families; pediatric nurse practitioners provide care for infants and children; gerontology nurse practitioners provide care to older adults; and obstetrics-gynecology nurse practitioners provide primary care for women. Most have master's degrees in nursing.

CERTIFIED NURSE-MIDWIFE

Certified nurse-midwives are certified by the American College of Nurse-Midwives to provide independent care for women during normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery. They practice in conjunction with a health care agency, which provides assistance

NURSE ANESTHETIST

Nurse anesthetists are registered nurses who have advanced training in anesthesiology. They provide surgical anesthesia under the supervision of an anesthesiologist and administer anesthetics to clients during minor surgery.

NURSE ADMINISTRATOR

Nurse administrators manage client care within a health care agency. They may hold middle-level (e.g., head nurse) or upper-level (e.g., director) management positions. They usually have baccalaureate degrees in nursing and may have master's degrees.

NURSE RESEARCHER

Nurse researchers investigate nursing problems to improve care and to define and expand the scope of nursing practice. They may be in academic, independent, or community settings. They must have a graduate degree in nursing. In some settings, a doctoral degree is required

 

Health Care Team

In most practice settings, the nurse works with other health care professionals to provide total care for clients (see box below). The involvement of many persons in the client's health care can pose risks for fragmenting care. Because nurses have the greatest opportunity to interact with all professionals in the health care team, they often coordinate and integrate services within the care plan.

 

 

OTHER HEALTH CARE TEAM MEMBERS

PHYSICIAN

A physician is a professional who has earned a degree of doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathy and has passed a licensing examination. Most physicians specialize their practice of medicine. Nurses work closely with physicians under supervision or as collaborators.

PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT

Physician assistants have medical training and work under the direction of physicians in hospitals, clinics, and private offices (they do not practice in Canada). Nurses work with them as they do with physicians.

THERAPIST

Therapists are licensed to assist in the examination and treatment of clients in special ways (i.e., as physical, occupational, or respiratory therapists). Their education varies but usually involves 4-year programs. Nurses collaborate with them and evaluate their work.

PHARMACIST

Pharmacists are licensed to formulate and dispense drugs. They may have bachelor of science degrees or doctorates in pharmacology. Pharmacists provide valuable information to nurses about drugs and their use and effects.

SOCIAL WORKER

Social workers are trained to counsel and refer clients to appropriate agencies. They have baccalaureate or master's degrees. Nurses work together with them to identify the best resources for the client, particularly when the client returns home.

CHAPLAIN

Chaplains offer spiritual support and guidance to clients and their families. They may be employed by an agency or provided by a church in the community. A client may request a chaplain, or a nurse may refer the client to one.

NURSING AS A PROFESSION

Professionalism

"Professionalism of nursing will be achieved only through the professionalhood of its members" (Margarita Styles, 1982). Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills, and the nurse is not simply a person trained to perform specific tasks. Nursing continues to evolve into a profession. No one factor absolutely differentiates a job from a profession, but several characteristics are basic to any true profession. Sociologists ranging from Flexner in 1900 to Caplow in 1950, Etzioni in 1960, and Levenstein in 1985 have studied the characteristics of professions. They agree that some core characteristics are true for any profession. These include education, theoretical body of knowledge, the provision of a specific service, the autonomy of members, and a code of ethics. Nursing clearly shares, to some extent, each of these characteristics and faces controversial issues as nurses strive for greater professionalism.

Education. An earlier section describes the three ba­sic types of educational preparation for registered nurses. As a profession, nursing requires that its members possess a significant education, but the issue of educational standardization is a major controversy in nursing today. Most nurses agree that nursing education is of great importance to practice and that nursing education along with continuing education must respond to the changes in health care created by scientific and technological advances.

Theory. Nursing knowledge has been developed through nursing theories. Theoretical models are frameworks for nursing curricula and clinical practice and also lead to research that increases the scientific basis of nursing practice. A theory is a way of understanding a reality, and, in this general sense, all practicing nurses use theories they have learned as a part of their clinical practice. Theoretical frameworks help nurses to understand the scope of their practice and to select interventions most likely to assist clients to an improved state of health.

Service. Nursing, like other professions, provides a specific service. Today, nursing is a vital part of the health care delivery system, providing holistic and com­prehensive services to clients with varying needs. Nurses are now the largest group of professionals in this system. Approximately 2 million people are now registered nurses, and one study indicates that approxi­mately 80% of them are employed (Aiken and Millinix, 1987).

Autonomy. Autonomy means that one is reasonably independent and self-governing in decision making and practice. It has been difficult for nurses to attain the degree of autonomy enjoyed by some other professionals. Some data suggest that the history of nursing has been a struggle by nurses for autonomy in the face of different societal expectations (Cohen, 1992). In the past, physicians, hospital administrators, and others in the health care delivery system have found nursing auton­omy difficult to understand and support. Through clinical competence and greater educational preparation, however, nurses are increasingly taking on independent roles in nurse-run clinics, collaborative practice, and advanced nursing careers. A 1992 nursing research study indicated a positive relationship between the highest level of nursing education and the autonomy of nursing roles (Schutzenhofer, 1992).

 

Greater responsibility and accountability come with increased autonomy. Accountability means the nurse is answerable, professionally and legally, for the type and quality of nursing care provided to clients. The nursing profession regulates accountability through standards of practice, nurse practice acts, nursing audits, and certification.

Code of Ethics. Nursing has had a code of ethics since 1903. The code of ethics describes the goals and values of the nursing profession and establishes a code of conduct by which nurses function. Ethical principles within the code provide a foundation for nursing practice. In addition, nurses incorporate their own values and ethics into their practice.

The term nursing process was first introduced by Lydia Hall in 1955. In 1966 Virginia Henderson identified basic nursing actions as independent functions and stated that the nursing process uses the same steps as the scientific method. Since 1973, nursing educators and clinicians began to use the five-step process model on a regular basis.

Nursing process is a systematic problem-solving method for providing individualized care for clients in all states of health. The client is viewed as an individual and a member of a social unit that includes the family and significant others. The nurse includes the client and family and significant others in each step of nursing care.

The nursing process has five interrelated steps: assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. During the assessment phase, information about the client is gathered to identify client problems. The collected information is analyzed, and specific client health care problems are stated during the nursing diagnosis step. During the planning step, goals expected outcomes and nursing care are planned with the client. Actual nursing care is delivered during the implementation phase. The evaluation step allows the nurse and client to evaluate the success of nursing care through achievement of client goals and expected outcomes. These sequential steps provide a systematic format that ensures continuity of client care and maintenance of professional standards while assisting clients to regain, maintain, or promote health.

The nursing process is the unifying concept of nursing; it is the method by which nursing is practiced systematically and provides the means by which nurses demonstrate accountability and responsibility to clients and families.

Overview of nursing process

The purposes of the five-step nursing process are to establish a client data base; identify the clients health care needs; determine priorities of care, goals and expected outcomes; establish a nursing care plan and provide nursing interventions to meet client needs; and determine the effectiveness of nursing care in achieving client goals.

Theoretical Comparison

The focus of nursing process is problem identification and resolution. Problem solving and the scientific method are theoretical approaches used to identify and resolve problems in nursing and other professions. The nursing process shares several characteristics with the problem-solving and scientific methods. The components of both can be correlated with each step of nursing process.

Benefits

When the nursing process is used to organize and deliver nursing care, the client becomes an active participant in an individualized health care process. Through the planning phase, the care plan communicates to the health care team the client’s specific problems, the prescribed interventions, and the expected outcomes of care. The client receives comprehensive and consistent care. The evaluation of successful achievement of expected outcomes and quality improvement studies document the quality of care promoted by the use of the nursing process. The nursing process also assists in cost containment because nursing care is based on client needs.

The nurse benefits from the structured approach, with economy of time and energies, enhanced professional growth, a sense of profession, and increased job satisfaction. The profession of nursing is advanced through nursing’s unique role in overall client care. The nursing process provides the means by which nurses increase their autonomy and fulfill their professional and legal responsibilities. Complete and accurate documentation of each step demonstrates professional competence, responsibility, and accountability in meeting client health care needs.

 

Common Symptoms

anorexia / loss of appetite – анорексия (потеря аппетита)

hyperphagia – повышенный аппетит

polydipsia – усиленная жажда

nausea – тошнота

queasiness – недомогание

malaise – дискомфорт

tiredness / fatigue – усталость

lassitude – апатия, утомление

diminished stamina – пониженная сопротивляемость

languor – вялость, апатия

fever – лихорадка

rigor – озноб

chilly sensation – зябкость

hot flush – приливы

intolerance for heat or cold – непереносимость жары или холода

excessive (night) sweating – обильное (ночное) потоотделение

pruritus / severe itching of the skin – сильный кожный зуд

dry cough – сухой кашель

cough productive of sputum – кашель с мокротой

haemoptysis – кровохарканье

hiccup – икота

shortness of breath – одышка

wheeze / stridor – стридор, свистящее дыхание

palpitation – сердцебиение

dyspnoea on exertion / exertional dyspnoe – одышка при физической нагрузке

orthopnoea – ортопноэ, вынужденное положение сидя для облегчения дыхания при одышке

paroxysmal nocturnal dispnoea – ночная пароксизмальная одышка

intermittent claudication – перемежающаяся хромота

dysphagia – нарушение глотания

odynophagia – боль при глотании

waterbrash / heartburn/ pyrosis – изжога

belching / eructation – отрыжка

vomiting – рвота

haematemesis – кровавая рвота

indigestion – диспепсия, расстройство пищеварения

abdominal distension – растяжение живота

abdominal bloating – вздутие живота

constipation – запор

diarrhea – диаррея, понос

flatulence – метеоризм

rectal bleeding – кровотечение из прямой кишки

melaena – кровь в кале

faecal incontinence – недержание кала

microscopic haematuria -микрогематурия

increased urinary frequency – частое мочеиспускание

strangury – болезненное мочеиспускание

scalding – жжение при мочеиспускании

polyuria – полиурия

nocturia – ночная полиурия, никтурия

urinary incontinence – недержание мочи

urethral discharge – выделения из мочеиспускательного канала

ejaculatory failure – расстройство эякуляции

amenorrhoea – аменорея

dysmenorrhoea – дисменорея, болезненные менструации

dysfunctional uterine bleeding – дисфункциональные маточные кровотечения

irregular menses – нерегулярные менструации

infertility – бесплодие

headache – головная боль

lightheadedness / giddiness / vertigo – головокружения

epileptic fit – эпилептический припадок

blackout – потемнение в глазах

parasthesia / tingling – парестезия, покалывание, пощипывание

hypoaesthesia / numbness – гипестезия, онемение

ataxia – атаксия, расстройство координации движений

visual impairment – ухудшение зрения

visual failure – потеря зрения

blindness – слепота

blurred vision – затуманенное зрение

diplopia – диплопия, двоение в глазах

visual field loss – сужение поля зрения

arthralgia – артралгия

stiffness – тугоподвижность суставов

limp – хромота

immobility – неподвижность

hearing impairment – ухудшение слуха

deafness – глухота

tinnitus – шум в ушах

epistaxis – носовое кровотечение

nasal stuffiness – заложенность носа

sneezing attacks – приступы чихания

nasal crusting – корки в носу

lacrimation – слезотечение

sore throat – фарингит, ангина

hoarseness of the voice – хриплость голоса

Тема 6

 

Diseases. Diagnosis

 

curable disease – излечимая болезнь

infections / contagious disease – инфекционная болезнь

hereditary disease – наследственное заболевание

venereal disease (V.D.) / bad blood – венерическое заболевание

child disease / disease of childhood – детская болезнь

cholelithiasis – желчекаменная болезнь

intestinal disease / disturbance – кишечное заболевание

coronary disease / ischemic heart disease – ишемическая болезнь сердца

urolithiasis – мочекаменная болезнь

adhesive disease / peritoneal adhesions – спаечная болезнь

serum sickness – сывороточная болезнь

iatrogenic disease / iatrogeny – ятрогенное заболевание

incurable disease – неизлечимая болезнь

unrecognized disease – нераспознанное зеболевание

relentlessly progressive disease – неуклонно прогрессирующее заболевание

grave / serious disease – серьезное заболевание

associated / concomitant disease – сопутствующее заболевание

repeat / recurrent disease – повторное заболевание

recurrence / relapse of a disease – возврат / рецидив заболевания

temporary remission of a disease – временное ослабление болезни

duration of a disease – длительность заболевания

advanced case – заболевание в запущенной стадии

disease of unknown etiology – заболевание неизвестной этиологии

source of trouble – источник заболевания

outcome of a disease – исход болезни

acute (indefinite) onset of a disease – острое (неясное) начало болезни

exacerbation, acute condition – обострение болезни

bad after-effects of a disease – тяжелые последствия болезни

signs / symptoms of a disease – признаки / симптомы болезни

attack / episode of a disease – приступ болезни

precursors of a disease – предвестники болезни

prevention of a disease – предупреждение болезни

favourable (unfavourable, doubtful, fatal) prognosis for a disease – благоприятный (неблагоприятный, сомнительный, смертельный) прогноз болезни

manifestations of a disease – проявления болезни

advanced / neglected case – запущенный случай болезни

mild (severe), acute (chronic) form of a disease – легкая (тяжелая), острая (хроническая) форма болезни

morbidity / sick rate -заболеваемость

to fight against a disease – бороться с болезнью

to catch / contract a disease – заразиться

to control / check / arrest / stop an attack of a disease – купировать приступ болезни

to recur, to reappear (of a disease) – проявляться вновь, рецидивировать (о болезни)

to progress (of a disease) – развиваться, прогрессировать (о болезни)

to inherit a disease – унаследовать болезнь

to treat smb. for a disease – лечить кого-нибудь по поводу болезни

differential diagnosis – дифференциальный диагноз

uncertain diagnosis – неопределенный / неясный диагноз

wrong diagnosis, misdiagnosis – неправильный / ошибочный диагноз

final diagnosis – окончательный диагноз

diagnosis on discharge – диагноз при выписке больного

admission diagnosis – диагноз при поступлении больного

diagnosis founded on the assessed data of given treatment – диагноз, основанный на оценке результатов проведенного лечения

diagnostic mistake / error – диагностическая ошибка

to overlook a diagnosis – допустить ошибку в диагнозе

to confirm a diagnosis – подтвердить диагноз

to make a diagnosis, to diagnose (a case) – поставить диагноз

alarming symptom of a disease – настораживающий симптом болезни

generalized symptoms of a disease – общие симптомы болезни

predominating symptom of a disease – превалирующий симптом болезни

augmentation of symptoms of a disease – нарастание симптомов болезни

symptom-complex, symptom-group, set of symptoms syndrome – симптомоком-плекс болезни, синдром

Тема 7

Drug Therapy

 

pharmacy / chemist’s [shop] / drug-store -аптека

drug / medicine / medicinal remedy / medicinal substance / medicinal preparation – лекарство, лекарственное средство

prescription - рецепт

adult (ad.) (infant (inf.) prescription – взрослый (детский) рецепт

prescription form / blank – рецептурный бланк

to write out a prescription – выписать рецепт

to sign a prescription – подписывать рецепт

pharmacist / chemist / dispenser – фармацевт

pharmaceutical directory – фармацевтический справочник

British National Formulary (B.N.F.) – Британская национальная рецептурная книга

British Pharmacopoeia (B.P.) – Британская фармакопея

British Pharmaceutical Codex (B.P.C.) – Британский фармацевтический сборник

to dispense drugs / to dispense medicines / to deliver prescriptions – отпускать лекарство

presentation – пропись

pharmacological properties – фармакологические свойства

indications (contra-indications) – показания (противопоказания)

mode of administration – метод применения

dosage – дозировка

initial dose – начальная доза

minimal effective dose – минимальная эффективная доза

safe dose – безопасная доза

age-dependent dose – возрастная доза

maximum permissible (tolerance) dose – максимально допустимая (переносимая) доза

maximum single (daily) dose – высшая разовая (суточная) доза

dose for the course of treatment – курсовая доза

lethal dose (LD) – летальная доза

optimal dose regimen – оптимальный режим применения

upper limit of dose range – верхняя граница дозировки

to increase (to lower / reduce) a dose – повышать (понижать) дозу

frequency – частота приема

profile of clinical actions – характер клинических действий

clinical experience – клинические испытания

use in pregnancy and lactation – применение при беременности и лактации

precautions – предостережения

side-effects and adverse reactions – побочные действия и отрицательные реакции

drug interactions – взаимодействие лекарств

effect of overdosage – передозировка

treatment of overdosage – лечение при передозировке

tolerance (intolerance) to a drug – переносимость (непереносимость) лекарства

rate of administering a drug / infusion rate – скорость введения лекарственного средства

to administer a drug orally (sublingually) – вводить лекарство через рот (под язык)

to administer a drug parenterally -вводить лекарство парентерально

to administer a drug subcutaneously (sub.Q.) (intramuscularly (I / M), intravenously (I / V) -вводить лекарство подкожно (внутримышечно, внутривенно)

to administer a drug locally / topically (rectally) -вводить лекарство местно (интраректально)

medicinal form – лекарственная форма

drops – капли

liniment – линимент

ointment – мазь

mixture – микстура

tincture – настойка

decoction – отвар

pill – пилюля

powder (compound powder) – порошок (сложный порошок)

solution – раствор

dust – присыпка

suppository – свеча

suspension – суспензия

tablet (tab.) (coated tablet) – таблетка (таблетка, покрытая оболочкой)

liter (l) (cubic centimeter (cc)) – литр (кубический сантиметр)

gram[me] (gr) (milligram[me] (mg), microgram[me], ounce) – грамм (миллиграмм, микрограмм, унция)

to shake a drug / medicine – взбалтывать лекарство

to rub a drug into … -втирать лекарство в …

to order / administer / prescribe a drug – назначить лекарство

drug for internal (external) use – лекарственное средство для внутреннего (наружного) применения

to tolerate a medicine / drug badly (well) – переносить лекарство плохо (хорошо)

to take a drug / to ingest a medicine with food / meals – принимать лекарство во время еды

to take a drug before meals (a.c.) (after meals, on empty stomach) -принимать лекарство до еды (после еды, натощак)

to take a drug a tablespoonful once a day (twice a day, three times a day (t.i.d.), four times a day (q.i.d.)) -принимать лекарство по одной столовой ложке раз (два, три, четыре раза) в день

ready-to-use remedy – готовое лекарственное средство

potent medicine – сильнодействующее лекарственное средство

anti-arrhythmic remedy – антиаритмическое лекарственное средство

pain reliever / killer – болеутоляющее лекарственное средство

astringent – вяжущее лекарственное средство

antacid – антацидное лекарственное средство

antibiotic – антибиотик

antiviral remedy – противовирусный препарат

anticoagulant – антикоагулянт

antihypertensive / hypotensive remedy – гипотензивное лекарственное средство

antipyretic – жаропонижающее средство

cholagogue – желчегонное лекарственное средство

diuretic – диуретик

expectorant – отхаркивающее лекарственное средство

bronchodilator – бронхолитик

anti-inflammatory agent (non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent) – противовоспалительное (нестероидное) лекарственное средство

vermifuge / anthelmintic – противоглистное лекарственное средство

antihistamine – антигистаминный препарат

contraceptive (oral contraceptive) – контрацептив (оральный контрацептив)

antiemetic – противорвотное лекарственное средство

anticonvulsant remedy – противосудорожное лекарственное средство

sedative – седативный препарат

purgative (laxative / aperient) – слабительное (легкое слабительное) лекарственное средство

hypnotic / sleeping pill – снотворное лекарственное средство

vasodilator – вазодилятатор

antispasmodic – спазмолитик

tranquilizer / anxiolytic – транквилизатор, анксиолитик

agent stimulating CNS – стимулятор ЦНС

Тема 10

Managing Pain

to hurt, to have pain, to be painful – болеть (о горле, ноге и т.п.)

to induce / cause pain, to bring pain on – вызывать боль

to suffer from pain- страдать от боли

to start, to occur, to come on (of pain) -начинаться (о боли)

to relieve pain – облегчать боль

to bear / indure / stand pain – переносить боль

to cease, to pass (of pain) -прекращаться, проходить (о боли)

to deaden the pain – приглушить / притупить боль

to eliminate / kill / control / relieve pain – снять боль

to increase, to worsen, to precipitate (of pain) – усиливаться (о боли)

to feel / have / experience pain – чувствовать боль

tenderness, painfulness – болезненность

marked / pronounced / demonstrable / expressed tenderness – выраженная болезненность

local (diffuse) tenderness – локальная (разлитая) болезненность

slight tenderness – легкая болезненность

to localize tenderness – определять болезненность

episode / attack of pain – приступ боли

at the height of the pains -на высоте приступа боли

phantom limb pain – фантомная боль

muscle / muscular pain – мышечная боль

pains of unknown origin – боли неясного происхождения

pain on defecation – боли при дефекации

menstrual colic / pains – боли при менструации

pains on urination – боли при мочеиспускании

pain with extension / radiation into … -боли с иррадиацией в …

painful breathing – боль во время дыхания

retrosternal (girdle) chest pain – загрудинные (опоясывающие) боли в груди

low back pain – боль в пояснице

deep / deep-seated (superficial) pain – глубокая (поверхностная) локализация боли

sudden acute pain – внезапная острая боль

constant / persistent / continuous pain – постоянная / непрерывная боль

paroxysmal / periodical pain – приступообразная / периодическая боль

troublesome / excruciating / agonizing pain – мучительная боль

bearable / tolerable pain – переносимая боль

unbearable pain – невыносимая боль

severe / intense / violent / bad pain – сильная боль

severe (sharp) pain of sudden onset – внезапно начавшаяся сильная (резкая) боль

trivial pain – незначительная боль

marked / pronounced pain – выраженная боль

girdle / band-like pain – опоясывающая боль

boring pain – сверлящая боль

burning / scalding pain – жгучая боль

colicky pain – коликообразная боль

cramping / cramp-like / spasmodic pain – схваткообразная боль

cutting pain – режущая боль

gnawing pain – грызущая боль

tightening / pressing / griping pain– сжимающая боль

knife-like/ stabbing pain – кинжальная боль

piercing pain – колющая боль

aching / rheumatic pain – ломящая боль

throbbing pain – пульсирующая боль

arching pain – распирающая боль

shooting pain – стреляющая боль

stinging pain – жалящая боль

anginal pain – ангинозная боль

fasting pain – голодная боль

radiating / referred / extending pain – иррадиирующая боль

steady / lasting pain – стойкая боль

long-standing dull pain – продолжительная тупая боль

intractable / refractory pain – некупируемая боль

Тема 14

General Instruments

 

cutting (piercing / pricking) instrument – режущий (колющий) инструмент

sharp (blunt) instrument – острый (тупой) инструмент

pointed (blunt-ended) instrument – остроконечный (тупоконечный) инструмент

lock of an instrument – замок инструмента

teeth of the lock – зубцы замка инструмента

tip (nozzle) of an instrument – кончик (наконечник) инструмента

set of instruments – набор инструментов

curved (straight) Bilroth’s hemostatic forceps – изогнутый (прямой) зажим Бильрота

curved (straight) Kocher’s clamp -изогнутый (прямой) зажим Кохера

curved (straight) hemostatic “mosquito” forceps -изогнутый (прямой) зажим “москит”

Luer’s (Pean’s, Halstead’s) forceps – зажим Люэра (Пеана, Холстеда)

Miculicz clamp – зажим Микулича

to clamp a vessel / to apply / place a clamp on a vessel – накладывать зажим на сосуд

to take / remove a clamp off a vessel – снимать зажим с сосуда

scissors / shears / clippers – ножницы

knife / scalpel / lancet – скальпель

rib-cutting forceps – анатомические ножницы

surgical scissors – хирургические ножницы

to cut with scissors (with a scalpel) – рассекать ножницами (скальпелем)

bellied scalpel / general operating knife – брюшистый скальпель

belly of a scalpel – брюшко скальпеля, рабочая часть скальпеля

scalpel blade (for single use) – лезвие скальпеля разового использования

atraumatic / swagged needle / noninjuring suture needle – атравматическая хирургическая игла

ligature (Dechamp’s) needle – лигатурная игла (Дешана)

needle’s eye – ушко иглы

to thread a needle – вдеть нитку в иглу, зарядить иглу

to pierce the skin (tissue) / to needle the skin (tissue) / to insert needle through the skin (tissue) – прокалывать кожу (ткани) иглой

gynecological / Hegar’s (Troyanov’s) needle-holder – иглодержатель Гегара (Троянова)

Michel clips remover – пинцет для снятия скобок Мишеля

towel clip – зажим для операционного белья, цапка

catheter / director / probe / tube – зонд

Buiallsky’s spatula – лопаточки Буяльского

Kocher’s (grooved, bulbous-end) probe – зонд Кохера (желобоватый, пуговчатый)

curved (straight) packer -изогнутый (прямой) корнцанг

sharp single-toothed retractor – острый однозубый крючок

S-shaped laminar surgical hook by Farabeuf / plate surgical retractor – пластинчатый хирургический крючок Фарабефа

surgical forceps – анатомический пинцет

dressing thumb forceps – хирургический пинцет

disposable / one piece syringe – неразборный одноразовый шприц

sectional / non- disposable syringe -разборный шприц

syringe needle – игла для шприца

Janet’s syringe – шприц Жанэ

to take a syringe apart – разбирать шприц

Тема 15

Тема 16

Laboratory Investigations. Blood Examination. Sputum Examination.

Collecting and Testing Specimens

 

clinical laboratory analyses – клинические лабораторные анализы

routine laboratory studies – общеклинические лабораторные анализы

appointment for examination / analysis – направление на анализ

to make / do / perform an analysis – делать анализ

to fill in an analysis form – заполнять направление на анализ

laboratory reports / results – результаты анализов

clinical blood examination data / findings, blood count – данные клинического исследования крови

blood viscosity – вязкость крови

hematocrit (Hct) -гематокрит

hemoglobin (Hb) – гемоглобин крови

acid-base balance – кислотно-щелочное состояние

blood heperacidity / acidosis -ацидоз

alkalosis -алкалоз

blood serum urea nitrogen – остаточный азот сыворотки крови

blood protrombin – протромбин крови

blood clotting / coagulation – свертываемость крови

clotting / coagulation time – время свертываемости крови

hemoconcentration – сгущение крови, гемоконцентрация

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – скорость оседания эритроцитов(СОЭ)

considerable (slight) elevation of the ESR – значительное (незначительное) повышение СОЭ

formed elements of blood – форменные элементы крови

Complete Blood Count (CBC) – общая формула крови

White Blood Count (WBC) – формула белой крови, лейкоцитарная формула

total cholesterol (TC) – общий холестерин

serum cholesterol – холестерин сыворотки крови

colour index (CI) – цветной показатель

to take blood from a finger (vein) – брать кровь из пальца (вены)

to test / examine blood for smth. – исследовать кровь на …

to estimate /determine smth. in blood – определять в крови …

total [blood] protein (TP) – общий белок крови

C-reactive [blood] protein (C –RP) – С-реактивный белок крови

hyperproteinemia, hupoproteinemia – гиперпротеинемия, гипопротеинемия

serum albumins (SA) – альбумины сыворотки крови

serum globulins (SG) – глобулины сыворотки крови

hypoalbuminemia -гипоальбуминемия

indirect bilirubin (IB) – непрямой билирубин крови

direct bilirubin (DB) -прямой билирубин крови

deviation of the differential count to the left (right) – сдвиг лейкоцитарной формулы влево (вправо)

basophils -базофилы

lymphocytes -лимфоциты

monocytes – моноциты

neutrophils – нейтрофилы

stab / band neutrophils – палочкоядерные нейтрофилы

segmented neutrophils – сегментоядерные нейтрофилы

juvenile neutrophils – юные нейтрофилы

eosinophils – эозинофилы

to estimate / determine differential blood count – подсчитать лейкоцитарную формулу

high blood sugar, hyperglycemia – повышенное содержание сахара в крови, гипергликемия

low blood sugar, hypoglycemia -пониженное содержание сахара в крови, гипогликемия

fasting blood sugar (FBS) – сахар крови натощак

raised (low) number of formed elements of blood – повышенное (пониженное) количество форменных элементов крови

leucocyte, white [blood] cell, pus cell – лейкоцит

reticulocyte – ретикулоцит

thrombocyte, [blood] platelet – тромбоцит

erythrocyte – эритроцит

electrolyte imbalance – нарушение электролитного баланса

daily amount of sputum – количество мокроты, выделенное за сутки

colorless / clear sputum – бесцветная мокрота

viscid / viscous sputum – вязкая мокрота

purulent sputum – гнойная мокрота

foamy sputum – пенистая мокрота

mucous sputum – слизистая мокрота

rusty sputum – ржавая мокрота

serous sputum – серозная мокрота

sputum in the form of raspberry jelly – мокрота в виде малинового желе

blood-streaked sputum – мокрота с прожилками крови

Charcot – Leyden crystals – кристаллы Шарко - Лейдена

Curschmann’s spirals – спирали Куршмана

columnar ciliated epithelium – цилиндрический мерцательный эпителий

elastic fibers – эластические волокна

 

Historical perspective