To the gods of the main towns - the list of fbrty centers scattered from the estuary

of the Kizilirmak (Zalpa) through the land of Hatti and the Lower and Upper Lands

to Isuwa (Haiara) and the towns on the Upper Euphrates (Hassuwa) in the east, supple-

Mented with the deities of Aleppo and the land of Pala, sets a much broader geo-

Graphic scope for the Hittite state pantheon than the lists of witness gods in state

Treaties (3.2.1).The Great Temple was also the place of worship of Hattian de

Ities from the traditional pantheon with the mysterious Tauri(t) (whose cult prob-

Ably goes back to the beginnings of the city-state of Hattusa, 3.1.1), the Kanesite

gods (Pirwa, Askasepa, Hassusara ‘Queen,’ Maliya), and a group of the household

Divinities worshiped by the royal Family already in Old Hittite times (3.1.2), In the

Empire period this group was enlarged to include other Luwian and Human de

Ities: the Storm-god of the Great House, Telipinu, Halki, Miyatanzipa (D GTR) // Gulses

D1NGIR.MAH M£ " 1 ’ (DINGIR.MAH Gulses in a parallel, text) // Hearth (Kuzanasu/

GUNNI), D U.GUR (= Zilipuri) and D U.GUR l ' KU Hayasa // Moon (D XXX / D EN.ZU),

Star, Night// Hasammili (Hasmaiu), Queen (Katahhi / D MUNUS.LUGAL), Haristassi,

Hilassi // ‘small place’ (tepu peda-), ‘just tongue’ (EME-as handanza), ZI.PU sarru-

mar // Propitious Day.' m The extendecl list is evidenced already in a text written in

early Middle Hittite script from the earliest phase of the Empire period/"

Until recently it was thought that all of the more than thirty temples discovered to

Date in the Upper City of Hattusa were erected at the same time as the Great Temple.

773 On the seribes from the ‘house of craftsmen’ (E GLS.KIN.TI) of the Great Temple, see now Shai

Gordin’s paper (“Remarks on the Scribal Dynasties of the Hittite Empire Period”) read at the

Th International Congress of Hittitology in Qorum. 25-29 August 2008.

774 For the cult reorganization in the times of Tuthaliya IV, see Laroche 1975; Houwink teil Gat©

LOOff., 121ff.; Hazenbos 2003: llff., with references.

775 KBo 4.13+KUB 10,82 i; cf, Haas 1994a: 776(1; now also Forlanini 2007b with references. I do not

Agree. however, with Forlanini who considers this list a source for a study of the early Hittite history.

776 KBo 4.13+KUB 10.82 vi 17ff. with a parallel text KBo 19.128 vi 1.8’fl, Otten 1971: 45ff.; Yoshida

1996: 173.

777 KBo 23.72++, cf. Tremouiile 2004c: 341.

134

The Empire Pf.riod

HfTTITE AnATOUA

Yet, some of these cult piaces must have existed already in Old Hittite times (see

'jn g

3.1.3)." Unfortunately, none of them can be assigned to a particular deity. The

Last Hittite king, Suppiluliuma II, bullt a sanctuary with a sacred pond on the hill

.. ^ 779

called the South Castle (Südburg), ' and he also founded on the stony outerop of

Ni§anta§ neighboring with Büyükkale some sort of a memoria! called hekur

SAG. US (‘Eternal Peak’) for the posthumous cult of bis father Tuthaliya IV (see also

780

More cult piaces of this kind with their own personnel, linked to the

Ancestor cult of the royal family, are evidenced in texts; one such sanctuary dedi-

cated to Muwattalli II was located in the territory of Tarhuntassa.* 81 Some scholars

Attribute a hekur function to the rock monument at Gävurkalesi.' 82 A hekur should

Not be confused with. the ruler’s tomb, the Stone House (3.2.10). Tuthaliya IV was

buried most probably in chamber B at Yazilikaya.' 8u

Outside the Capital there is a ceremonial coinplex at Ortaköy/ Sapinuwa, dating to

An early phase of the Empire period (reign of Tuthaliya III?). Excavations revealed

A pillared hall and open court (Building C) leading to a temple (Building D) with

784

relief orthostats at its entran.ce. At nearby Agilönü a huge stone platform was

Unearthed. This mysterious platform and the adjacent Building 3, where a large

Number of ritual vessels were found, probably constituted a cult and/or ceremonial

Coinplex.,Ho From the samt; period is a temple with a paved courtyard and narrow

storerooms found at Ma§athöyük / Tapikka. 788

In a later phase of the Empire period, many of the sanctuaries featuring sacred