Mother and fate goddesses DINGIR.MAH ’ /Darawes Gulses are the main

Divine aetors in magical practices from the Hurrian-Luwian circle, designed to free

The patient from the power of the chthonic gods (3.2.9). In other texts from the same

Cultural sphere, the fate goddesses Gulses occur in association with the Mesopota-

Mian mother goddess DINGIR.MAH, who played a role in the creation of man, thus

Bearing out her function as divine midwife. l07 The Hurrians identified her with the

Activity of the mother goddesses Hudellurra. 708 The Hittites worshiped her under

the name of Hannahanna, ' Yet, in this group of texts it is probably the Luwian

Goddess Darawa belonging to the entourage of the Sun-goddess of the Earth. (3.2,4)

Who is disguised as DINGIR.MAH.

The netherworld was also the seat of gods of the older generation referred to as

the ‘primeval gods' (karuilies siunes in Hittite), ‘lower gods’ (enna turena in Hur

rian, kälteres siunes in Hittite) or ‘divine ancestors’ (ammadena enna in Hurrian,

Haas 1972 -1975b, On the meaning of Hurrian names Hodena Hodeilurra (from the root hod-

£ raise’ which reflects their role as midwives), see Giorgieri 2001; 141 with n. 31.

Herrmann 1968: of., 39ff.; cf, also Hutter 1998; 136. On the connection between the Ugaritan

Kötarätu and Mesopotamian mother goddesses Öassürätu / DINGIR.MAH^ 0, see Stol 1983: 34£t;

Del Ohno Lete 1991: 74f.; van der Toorn 1994: 87 with n. 18.

705 Cf. Laroche 1948: 124ff.; Haas 1972—19756; ß eckman 1983: 242: Taracha 2000: 186f. For the

Equation of Gulses with Hurrian Hudena, see also Giorgieri 2001: 138.

706 C-arruba 1966: 30 n. 48; Taracha 2000: 188f. Cf. also Frantz-Szabö 1993-1997: 518.

Taracha, in press.

708 Cf. a lexical list AN = anu from Emar: Sum. Aruru. NIN.TU, NIN.MAH - Hurr.

Hui-ur-ra, Haas 1988a: 20.

KeUerman 1987a: Haas 1994a: 433ff,

HmiTE Anatoua

üt. ‘divine grandfathers’). ’ ' ü The Hurrians imagjned them in the likeness of (he Meso

Potamian Anunnaku, yet they included in this group, heside the Mesopotamian di-

vinities like Alalu and Amiza(du), Anu and Äntu, Enlil and Ninlil or Ea, also nu-

Merous deities from the local Substrate. The names of some of these deities, in keeping

with the rules of word magic, form rhyming pairs: Minki /Munki * — Amunki, Antu—

Apantu, Aunamm(u)du - Iyandu, Eitara 7! "-Ta(i)Stara, Nara-Namsara, * 13 Muntara -

Mutmuntara. Amorig them there were also the seers Aduntarri and ZulM, and Irpitiga,

‘Lord of Judgment.’* 14 The Human divinities of the netberworld were included in

The Hittite state pantheon and were summoned as witnesses to state treaties (3.2.1).

Ea/ i0 who assumed many of the characteristics of the Sumerian Enki, was wor-

Sfaiped in Ebla already in the third millennium BC as Hayyu(m) (fron» the Semitic

root hyylw ‘live’), lfa which gave the Syrian-Hurrian form of the name, Aya / Eya (Lu-

wian Iya), attested in texts of the second millennium BC. Ea played a significant

role in the Hittite state cult; his temple stood on the acropolis Büyükkale in Hattu-

Sa near the temple of DINGIR.MAH (3.2.6). Worshiped with hin» was his spouse

Damkina, his vizier Izzummi, Nabu (D AG), Kumarbi, 717 and minor divinities from

718

his circle, all gods whom the Hittites knew through Human mediation. ' ln rnyths,

Ea appears as ‘Lord of Wisdom,’ whom the gods approach for counsel. In a magical

ritual from Ortaköy / Sapinuwa, Ea and Damkina are evoked together with the Lu-

wian divine midwives DINGIR,MAH MT! '' S Gulses and a local Manifestation of the

V 7 jt)

mother goddess DINGIR.MAH from the town of Sulupassi(ya).

Laroche 1974; Gurney 1977: 1.5 with n. 4; Archi 1.990; Haas,1994a: lllff.; de Martine - Giorgieri

With references. On the relationship between the primeval gods and Allani, see, e.g.,

Haas 1994a: 551; Cafcsanicos 1996: 275 with n. 221 (references); Torri 1999: 94£f. Cf. also Taracha

F.

Wilhelm 1993 --1997a.

Polvani 2008,

Wilhelm 1998-2001b.

714 Cf. ötten 1961: 144 n. 281, 145ff.

Archi 1993b,

716 TM 75.0.1825+3131 rev. v 3f.: D En-ki - ’ä-u 9. Cf. Archi 1993b: 27 n. 3; Wilhelm 2002a: 62f.

N. 27 with references; Tonietti 2003: 668f.

As Hurrian equivaleney of Dagan-Enlil, cf. Archi 2004b. See also n. 722.