On iconographic similarities sfaould be treated with due caution.

A goddess shown on many seals from Kültepe and Acemhöyük 1 ’’ 9 must have held

An important position in the Cappadocian pantheons. ’ The iconographic type places

Her among the nature goddesses. Her animals were a goat and a bird. She is depicted

154 N. Özgü? 1959: 1965; 1968; 1979; 1989,

155 N. Özgüg 1980; 1983.

Alp 1968; 1974.

157 For two types of storm-gods on cylinder seals from Kültepe, see Leinwand 1984: 33ff,; 1992:

Ff. There are no grounds, however, for identifying any of the two with Tessub, cf. Schwemer

F,

158 See, e.g., N. Özgüc 1965: 59ff.; 1968: 65f.

159 Cf. N. Özgüg 1983: 41.5f.; 1986: 51 f.

Taracha 1987: 265f.; 1988: with a list of representations ob p. 116.

The Old Assyrian Colony Period

With a long robe and in a headdress typical of the later Hittite goddesses, sitting

Under a tree, on a bac kiess stool or the back of a goat, and holding an offering bowl

And bird or brauch in her hands. The goddess is often accompanied by a numerous

Annnal eortege, emphasizing her bond with wild creatures. In some scenes sbe is

Also associated with sphinxes. 181

In other representations, the object of veneration or the main god receiving

A proeession of other divinities is a male figure in Ms prime, dressed in a long robe,

182

Seated on a lion or enthroned with a lion at hie feet. His headdress is a conical or

Semi-round cap, with or without horns, and his attribute is an axe. He is occasionally

Shown sitting opposite the goddess described above. The nature of these representa

Tions bears out the importance of this pair of divinities in the local pantheons of the

Time.

In the proeession of gods Standing on the back of an animal there is a Suggestion

of hierarchy. The god on a lion is third in line, behänd two gods on bulls but before

A god on a stag, The latter is depicted next to a youthful god in a short robe and

With a curved weapon in outstretched hand, Standing on a bridled lion or bull,

For instance, in the adoration scene of a bull mounted on a pedestal and with a cone

*, -< v 164

On its back.

In Hittite tim es, bulls were attributed to storm-gods, lions to gods of war and

Plague, and deer to tutelary gods. We are unable, however, to identify the specific

Deities in the local Cappadocian pantheons. Several storm-gods were worshiped for

sure. Texte from kärum Level Ib in Kanes bring mentions of two: the Storm-god

(D ISKUR) and the ‘Storm-god of the Head’ (D ISKUR SA QAQQA/IDIM). 1 '”'’ Icono-

graphic differences between the gods on a lion depicted on the Kültepe seals are con-

Vincing proof that the two did not belong to the same category. Neither should the

God on a stag be associated with the tutelary LAMMA god from Hittite texts (see

3.2.1 & 4). Some scholars would like to Interpret this deity as a god of the hunt.

161 N. Özgüy 1991: 297f.

Taracha 1987: 265; 1988: 113ff.

163 Taracha 1987: 264f„; 1988: 112f.

164 N. Özgüg 1965: no. 69. For the bull with a cone on its back, see Taracha 1988: 118f. with a list

oi representations, and N. Özgü$ 1991: 309f. Casabonne f s (2007) proposal to identify this bull

With Perwa is most unlikely.

Kryszat 2006a: 106f.. 120; cf. also Schwemer 2001: 243f.

Cf. Pop ko 1.995a: 58.

HITTITE ANATOLIA

Around the middle of the seventeenth Century BC the Hittite kingdom encompassed

The territory in the bend of the Kizxlirmak (Classical Halys), from the river’s estu-

Ary on the Black Sea to Cappadocia. By this time, Kanes had lost importance in

Favor of Hattusa, where all the proeesses of the emerging Hittite state were cen-

Tered. Hattusili I (c. 1625-1600), who is believed to have been the founder of the

State, is the first ruler to be cited more frequently in Hittite sources. The names of

His two predeeessors, Huzziya and Labarna, are also known. 38,

Hittite history is divided principally into the Old Hittite and the Empire period,

The caesura corresponding to the emergence of a new dynasty originating from Kum-

Mani in Kizzuwatna, which seized power in Hattusa in the first half of the fifteenth