Ed gods of different origin: Luwian, Hittite, Hattian, and perhaps also from a local

(pre-Indo-European) Substrate. ° There are among them storm-gods — Hattian Tarn

and Hittite Tarhuna, Inar (who was the goddess of Hattusa) together with her Com

panien Haba(n)tali (see 3.1.1), the sacred mountain Daha(ya) connected with Zip-

Landa, the river Nakiliyat, the deities Hesta, Huzziya and Tamesiet, Cappadocian

and Kizzuwatnean mountains Lifrsa, Sarpa '' and Tutljaliya, the Luwian Sun-god

Tiwad, the god Santa and goddess Ala worshiped in the same cultural milieu, and

A group of deities oecurring in later Hittite texts among Kanesite gods (see below):

Hanabana ‘Great Grandmother,’ Peruwa (Pirwa), fjalki ‘Grain,’ Asiet, Ilali(ya), and

Hazamil (Hasam(m)ili). 128

The Assyrians worshiped their own gods. In their social interaction with the

Anatolians they remained open and mutually respectfiil of gods of the different com-

Munities. Contracts between the Assyrians and the Anatolians, often sworn before

The ruler, used to call on both Assur and a local deity as witness gods.

The pantheon of the Assyrians Eving in Kanes was no different from that known

129

From Assyria. The deities oecurring most often in the texts are: Assur, the Storni-

god Adad, the goddess Istar, the Moon-god Sin, Amurrum,' ’’' Änum, Ea, and Wa

Rnas; more seldom Assuritum, Belum, and the goddess Ishara. These deities must

Have had shrines in Kanes and the other Assyrian colonies in Anatolia. It was the

126 Goetze 1953; 1954; Laroche 1966a: 28111,, 298ff.; cf. also Popko 1995a: 55, On the (pre-)Indo*

European. Substrates in Anatolia, see Carruba 1983 with referenees. Cf. also one interesting

Speech in an unknown language at the end of a ritual of the woman Anna of Kaplawiya, KUB

12.44 + KBo 27.108 iii 31ff. (Haas 1988d: 141 n. 64; Hutter 2003: 250), which shows that the

Lower Land was inhabited not only by the Luwians, but by other people, too, also in the times

Of the Hittite Empire.

Arisama Dag near the village of Emirgazi, cf. Hawking 2006: 57f. For the mountain Sarpa. see

Forlanini 1987; Lombard! 1998.

Wish to thank Dr. Guido Kryszat for making me available bis list of personal names in Old

Assyrian texts from Anatolia.

Hirsch 1972.

130 Kryszat 2006b; see also Beauneu 2005. According to Kryszat (2006b: 53), however, „es ist unklar,

Ob “Amurrum” hier (i.e. in Old Assyrian texts) wirklich aus gleicher Sicht gesehen, wird, wie

etwa in den südmesopotamischen Quellen.”

S

The Old Asjsyjoan Golony Period

Hamrum by the gate of the temple of Assur in Kanes where courts were held and

official Da tlis taken on the sword of the god calted sugarriä’um or patrum.

The local Kanesite pantheon cannot be fully reconstructed due to the reatricted

Character of the preserved documents, mostly trade contracts of Assyrian merchants,

However, the texts show differences between the pantheons of Level II and Ib which

Most likely reflect actual changes in the structure of the Kanesite pantheon during

The two periods. The reasons for these changes cannot be determined: they miglit

Represent a natural development of the city-state pantheon, but they also could have

Derived from the changing political Situation.

The following divmities are men.tioned in texts front Level II, thus providing con-

Firmation of their worship in this period: a solar deity concealed ander the ideogram

D

UTU, most probably the Sun-god Tiwad, Anna, Nipas, Higisa, Nisaba, Harihari,

F. 132

Hali, Kubabat, Parka, Per(u)wa, Tuhtuhani. While there is no influence of the

Northern, Hattian tradition to note in this pantheon, it apparently reveals ties with

Southern Anatolia and even northern Syria (Nisaba, Kubabat). Most of the listed

Deiti.es, however, (Anna?, Nipas, Higisa, Parka, Per(u)wa, Harihari, Tuhtuhani) must

133

Have been connected with an early central Anatolian Substrate. ’ Sonie of them

Were worshiped in the land of Hatti as early as the Old Hittite period (Harihari),

But they were more frequently the object of veneration in Luwian circles in Hittite

times (Anna, Parka, Perwa).