Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на видо-временные формы глагола. Определите время по таблице. Обратите внимание на перевод глагола в страдательном залоге.

 

a) 1. The level of life is very much affected by housing.

2. The cost of project is influenced by the requirements of the design.

3. Copies of the plan are made and are given to the builder.

4. Reinforced concrete houses are produced by a variety of construction methods.

 

b) 1. Modern buildings have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal frames and glass walls.

2. In our country housing construction is being carried out on a large scale.

3. The walls of the building will be built on the concrete foundations.

4. Built-in furniture especially of the storage type has always been preferred by many.

5. The new material has been tested successfully and is now being used for irrigation systems, roads, pavements and other structures.

6. The use of precast (сборный) concrete has many advantages over other building materials.

7. Steel has come into general use with the development of industry.

8. The research and development in housing technology is being paid much attention.

 

V. PARTICIPLE

Функция	Participle I (прич. наст. вр.) Ving от глагола	Participle II (прич. прош. вр.) Ved или 3 форма нестандартных глаголов
Часть сказуемого (после форм глаголов to be и to have)	Входит в состав сказуемого времени гр. Continuous (to be +Participle I) The builders are applying… Строители применяют… The builders were applying… Cтроители применяли…	Входит в состав сказуемого в Passive Voice (to be +Participle II) I was told… – Мне сказали… и Perfect Tense (to have + Participle II) He has changed … Он изменил…
Обстоятельство (причастие стоит в начале или в конце предложения или с союзами)	(When, while)changing изменяя при изменении когда изменяют being changed будучи измененным или когда (так как, если, после того как) изменили having changed изменив having been changed когда (так как, если, после того как) изменили	С союзами when-когда, if-если, unless-если не, as- как- переводится придаточным предложением, а иногда – при + существительное Unless tested the machine must not be put into operation. –Если машина не прошла испытаний, ее нельзя эксплуатировать. When heated the polymer changed… - Когда полимер нагрели, он изменил… При нагревании полимер изменил
Определение (причастие стоит перед определяемым словом или после него и можно задать вопрос какой?)	changing conditions-изменяющиеся условия conditions changing- условия изменяющие being changed –изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется	changed – изменяемый, измененный

 

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

1. We use many building materials for bearing structures.

2. Most of the moisture must be removed; otherwise the timber will shrink causing defects in the work.

3. Timber is the name applied to the cut material derived from trees.

4. Sandstones are composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together.

5. Cast iron is used in building for compressed members of construction as the supporting members.

6. Durability of cement depends upon the cementing material.

7. For many centuries nature has been destroying stone, changing it into sand.

8. When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength.

9. Using new kinds of prefab ferro-concrete frames, builders have erected some buildings which can stand earthquakes.

10. The civil engineer must consider many factors when selecting the material for construction.

VI. MODAL VERBS

Долженствование		Present	Past	Future
	must - должен	Must	-	-
	have to- должен, вынужден, придется	have to  has to	had to	will have to
	Be to- должен, предстоит в силу запланированности или договоренности	am to is to are to	was to were to	-
	Should (должен, следует)	should	-	-
	ought to (должен, следует)	ought to
Способность или возможность совершить действие	Can (может, умеет)	can	could	-
	be able (может умеет)	am able is able are able	was able were able	will be able
Разрешение или возможность (вероятность)	May (может, разрешает, возможно)	may	might	-
	be allowed  (может, разрешает)	am allowed is allowed are allowed	was allowed were allowed	will be allowed