Текст: Temperature measuring.

Лексико-граматичні основи перекладу та вправи: Модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти.

Ex.1 Remember the following words and word combinations:

Device – прилад

To measure – вимірювати

Expansion – розширення

Observation – спостереження

Ruggedness – міцність

Liquid – рідина

Register – фіксувати

Trace – залишати слід

Attached – прикріплювати, приєднувати

Transmit – передавати

Pressure – тиск

Ascent – набирання висоти

Obtain – отримувати

Meaningful – значення

Conductor – провідник

Transparent – прозорий

Wavelength – довжина хвилі

Emit – випромінювати, виділяти

Absorb – поглинати

Prevent – захищати

Accomplished – виконувати, завершувати

Ex.2 Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

weather observation, (to be) close to, scanty, in addition to, to be designed, rugged, buffering winds, the extremes of heat and cold, inaccessibility, distant ground points, finally, 8-inch diameter rain-gauge, representative, at random, entire.

Ex.3 Find English equivalents to the following words and word-combinations in the text:

винахід, систематичні метеорологічні спостереження, пил, протистояти чому-небудь, сила вітру, вимірювати точно, шар_зонд, висока вологість, передавати, середня кількість опадів, характерний/показний, бути рівним чому-небудь /рівнятися/

Ex.4 Arrange the following words in the pairs of synonyms:

ground, general, assume, device, earth, precisely, finely, whole, maximum, entire, usual, instrument, rainfall, suppose, accurately, precipitation, at last, extreme.

Ex.5 Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

Systematic, expensive, close to, single, light, to withstand, low, a lot of, distant, cheap, to give in, heavy, high, scanty.

Ex.6 Translate the following derivatives explaining their structure:

active- activity; precipitate-precipitation; dense-density; observe-observation; able-ability; invent-invention; real-reality; act- action; accessive- accessibility; condense – condensation; variable – variability; concentrate – concentration; compressive – compressibility; represent – representation; significant – insignificant; regular – irregular; visible – invisible; logical – illogical; accessive – inaccessitive; important – unimportant; variable – invariable; usual – unusual; possible – impossible; successful – unsuccessful.

Ex. 7 Read and translate the text:

TEMPERATURE

Almost every type of temperature measuring device has been used in meteorology, but the expansion-type thermometer is the most commonly used for observation near earth surface because of its ruggedness and cheapness. The ordinary liquid-glass thermometer is widely used in meteorology. Liquid-glass thermometers are used to register the maximum or minimum temperatures during a period. Either a bimetal or a Bourdon thermometer is used to move a pen arm that traces its position on a paper chart driven by a clock. The bimetal thermometer is the type ordinarily used in thermostatic control devices. The principal use of electrical thermometers in meteorology is in the radiosonde, which is attached to a balloon and transmits temperature, pressure and humidity data by radio as it ascents through the atmosphere.

Obtaining meaningful air temperatures is not a simple procedure. Air is a poor conductor of heat and quite transparent to radiation, especially in the short wavelengths emitted by the sun. Host thermometers are much better radiation absorbers than air. They absorb energy from the sun and other warm objects that passes right through the air. If the thermometer is to measure the air temperature, such radiation must be prevented from reaching the thermometer. This is accomplished by shielding the thermometer and keeping it at the same time in contact with the air. The thermometer should be ventilated artificially when there is little wind because the conductivity of air is poor. Differences in the thermometer environment are so important that measurements at a single point can rarely he considered representative of the average conditions closer than 2 P.

 

Ex.8 Translate the following proverbs and sayings. Memorize them.

1. Live not to eat, but eat to live. 2. Men are not to be measured by inches. 3. Friendship is not to be bought at a fair. 4. Live and let live. 5. It is love that makes the world go round. 6. It is better to give than to take. 7. It takes two to make a quarrel. 8. Be slow to promise and quick to perform. 9. To err is human. 10. To know everything is to know nothing.

Ex.9 Make up 10 questions to the text and retell it.

 

Ex.2 Read, remember the grammar material and fulfill the following exercises.

Модальні дієслова, такі як, наприклад can, may, must виражають не дію, тільки ставлення до дії, тобто можливість, імовірність або необхідність виконання дії.

 

Модальні дієслова

дієслово	Форма минулого часу	Еквівалент модального дієслова	значення	переклад	Приклади
can	could	Be able to	Фізична можливість, вміння, здібності виконувати дію.	Можу, вмію, здатен, можна	They can operate this device. A computer can store information. Any moving object is able to work.
may	might	вe allowed to	припущення     дозвіл, дозвіл виконувати дію	Може бути, можливо   можу, можна. дозволено	He may change his opinion. You may use this instrument. The students were allowed to test a new device.
must   must	- - -     -	- to have to     to be to     -	необхідність, обов’язок   необхідність, обумовлена вимушеними обставинами   необхідність. Обумовлена попереднім планом, (домовленістю)   імовірність виконання дії		The experiment must be carried out as soon as possible. They will have to verify the data.     We are to study this phenomenon carefully. It is to be noted. That must be difficult
should	-	-	необхідність, обумовлена моральним обов’язком, порадою	повинен, слід	It should be noted that the results are quite unexpected.

Ex.3 Translate the following sentences using the rules.

1. This submergence must have been caused by a subsidence of the continent, a rise in a sea level, or a combination of the two.

2. Contraction of the ocean water may have lowered sea level by about 10m.

3. The particle may be held in the belt of soil moisture for weeks or months.

4. The hydrologist must evaluate not only the probability of floods of various magnitudes but also the effect of the reservoir upon the distribution of the flood volume.

5.. Method must therefore be available for deriving acceptable unit graphs from portions of the hydro graph that contain surface runoff from more than one storm period.

6. It is to be expected, that the study of relationships between precipitation and runoff for shorter periods must become increasingly complex.

7. The need become apparent for investigating something more than precipitation if we are to develop useful concepts dealing with short – time runoff patterns.

8. It is to be noted that this convention in plotting mean daily flows may be misleading.

9. “Total surface outflow” is to be taken as meaning all water moving out of the drainage area in surface streams.

10. The additional low-flow data permit an estimate of the amount of power that will have to be obtain from other sources.

 

Самостійна робота 15

Текст Chornobyl nuclear accident. It is twelve years after the world’s worst nuclear disaster.

Лексико-граматичні основи перекладу та вправи: Неозначені часи. Пасивний стан дієслів.

 

Ex.1 Read the theoretical material and translate the texts:

 

 

Ex.2 Put 10 + 10 questions to the texts and translate them.

 

Chеrnobyl nuclear accident

The 26lh of April is a special day for the people living in Ukraine and regions situated not far from it. On that day in 1986 a horrible accident occurred at the Chornobyl nuclear station. There was a nuclear reactor explosion which had far

reaching consequences.

Contamination by various radioactive isotopes, such as cesium-137, iodine-131, strontium-90, plutonium-239 and plutonium-240, from the Chornobyl nuclear accident have affected the air, land, and water of Ukraine and vast areas beyond it. Recorded but unreported radiation levels in Kyiv a few days after the accident exceeded the maximum allowable levels by a hundredfold.

Press report claim that significant number of deaths by radiation sickness, elevated levels of stillbirth and birth defects and highly elevated rates of childhood leukemia, have occurred in the affected areas. Those claims and other concerns are being researched by host of scientists and medical professionals from Ukraine and other countries.

Recent detailed field studies indicate that significant areas of agricultural and forest land of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia will remain unsafe for human occupancy and food production for upwards of eight thousand years. Nevertheless, thousands of people who were evacuated after the accident have returned to live and farm in these highly contaminated regions. Thus, the Chornobyl region, in fact, has become something of a living laboratory for the study of nuclear contamination.

A number of foreign countries offered specialized medical equipment and drugs for biological elimination of isotopes of different chemical elements from human body. Later on thousands of children were taken to other republics of the former USSR and abroad for corresponding medical treatment.

Such accidents like that in Chornobyl must never be repeated again, because the very existence of millions of people may be under the threat. The safe maintenance of nuclear power stations depends on proper work and sufficient technical knowledge of every worker and engineer.