Stood at the head of the pantheon of Karkamis, In the Deeds of Suppiluliuma I his

Name is concealed under the logogram D LAMMA, while in hieroglyphie inscriptions

Of the first miiieimium BC the CEEVUS sign appears in the writing of Ms name.“ 97

Contrary to opinions voieed in the literature on the subject, the writing does not

Establish a connection between all LAMMA deities and the stag, although it could

Have decided in some eases like Karhuha’s the borrowing of the iconographic type of

representation depicting Kurunti(ya) on a stag. Neither is it possible to prove ety-

Mological ties between lulimmi-, an epithet of one LAMMA deity, and the Akkadian

Word for the stag, LUL1MU. oJ8

In the onomastic material from the second miiieimium BC the logograms LAMMA

or CEEVUS refer, as a rule, to two Luwian divine nain.es: Kurunti(va) (with the

phonetic complement -ya or -ti(ya)) and Annari (Hittite Innara).'’ 99 The logogram

LAMMA could also denote other tutelary deities, as indicated by personal names

With the LAMMA element and the phonetic complements -Ui, -liya or -su-,

The spread of the cult of Luwian LAMMA gods in central and northern Asia Minor

is attested by the high rank of the tutelary LAMMA god / Kurunti(ya) in the Hittite

State pantheon (3.2.1) and in many local pantheons, for instance, in Taurisa and

Karahna (3.2.3). This also played a role in the personification of the ancient tute

Lary divinities worshiped in the form of a kursa- bag, who were included as a result

Of this process in the LAMMA category (see 3.2.3). It is solely to this group that one

Can refer frequent Statements in the literature about the eonnections between some

LAMMA deities and the. Hattian tradition, 600 The worship of the LAMMA god

Hawkins 2000: 479; 2006: 60.

697 Popko 1995a: 100, 167; 2007a: 68t'.

Contra Haas 1994a: 450 n, 10; cf. also Hutter 2003: 229.

599 At least by the time of Tuthaliya IV, the readings Kurunti(ya) and Innara for ^LAMMA /

(DKUb)CERVUS were interehangeable and no longer regarded as separate deities, see comments

Of J.D. Hawkins apud Herhordt 2005: nos 409, 497, 821, 622, and Hawkins 2006: 51.

See, e.g., McMahon 1991; 5; Hutter 2003: 229; 2004b: 381.

The Empire Period

Of the kursa (kursas D LAMMA) developed in effect, and it was eelebrated in a large

Part of the iand; the god was also frequently summoned in magical practices. U1 Even

So, the old kursas retained their divinity and some of them, like Zithariya, conti-

Nued to be worshiped solely in impersonal form.

The name of the god Santa is attested as an element of theophoric names from.

The Assyrian Colony period (2,1) through the first millennium BC in Cilicia, Pisidia,

Lycaonia and Lydia. 602 In Lycian A, the god’s name was Häta. 603 ln Hellenistsc times

He was worshiped on both sides of the Taurus mountains, but the main center of his

Cult was in Tarsus in Cilicia. The local Greeks called Mm Sandas/Sandes or Sandon

And identified him with Heracles. 604 The latter was also identified with. the Phoeni-

Cian Melqart 60,5 and Mesopotamian Nergal, the god of the netherworld and plague,

Hinting at an important aspect of Santa’s nature. 5 ’

In Hittite texts the name of Santa is often written with the logogram 1 > AMAR.UD,

Signifying the Mesopotamian Marduk. Santa is mentioned sometimes alongside the

God of war and plague, Iyarri, 607 who resembles in his nature the similarly named

Mesopotamian god Erra. Both Santa and Iyarri carry bows and arrows and both

appear in the Company of the demonic Marwainzi-deities, the ‘dark onest In a Hit

Tite and Luwian ritual against plagues from Kizzuwatna, Santa is invoked with

a group of the Annarumenzi-deities (Hittite Innarawantes), the ‘violent, brutal one;;:’

“Come, Santa! Let the Innarawantes-deiti.es come with you, (they) who are wearing

Bloodied (clothes), who have bound on (themselves) the sashesf?) of the mountain

Dwellers, who are girt(?) with daggers, who hold strung bows and arrows.” 608 Both

Marwainzi and Annaramenzi / Innarawantes are similar to the seven war-like fellow-

Demons of Erra. 609 In one of the state treaties of Suppiluliuma I, Santa is listed