Practically only from texts found in the Hittite Capital Hattusa. Naturally, this knowl-

Edge is limited to centers and territories within the sphere of Interest of the Hittite

Court. The beliefs of the inhabitants of Western and southwestern Asia Minor -

Arzawa and the land of Lukka - are the least known. It seems, however, that the

Cuits there were free of Hattian or Human influence. In areas located further east,

Luwian beliefs were under heavy impact first of the local Substrate, as suggested

Already in the discussion of the Kanesite pantheon (2.1), and later of Hurrian relig-

Ion (3.2.5), especially in the territories of Kizzuwatna and Tarbuntassa.

There was no one pantheon shared by all the Luwians, only individual deities

Worshiped in all of the Luwian territory. The most important of the gods were the

Storm-god Tarhunt, Sun-god Tiwad, Moon-god Arma, tutelary LAMMA god, Santa,

God of war and plague, lyarri, and the goddesses Kamrusepa and Maliya.

'The greatest of the Luwian gods, Tarhunt, used to stand at the head of local pan

theons. The Luwian name Tarbu(wa)nt, like the Hittite Tarfcuna, preserves the Pan-

Anatolian epithet of storm-gods - *tarhwant-< id e.*trh’ 2 w-ent- ‘striking violently,

Conquering.’ 066 It also survived in the Lycian tongue as Trqqas/Trqqiz and in Ana

tolien onomastics until Hellenistic times.“ ‘ Tarhunt as rainmaker had many

Undertaken by Tuthaliya IV alter bis campaign against the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I, cf.

Houwink ten Cate 2003: 211f.

KUB 12.2, Carter 1962: 74ff.; cf. also Collins 2006.

Watkins 1999: 12 with refereiiees; cf. also Oettinger 2001: 474; Hutter 2003: 2201:.

Butter 2003: 221 with references.

Hittite Anatolia

Characteristics of a god of Vegetation and agriculture; in the Lower Land and in Kiz-

Zuwatna he was speeitically connected with vineyards, an attribution confirmed by

mscriptions from the first millennium BC.' " The Storm-god of the Ymeyard is sum-

Moned in Hittite ritual texts, in which Luwian spells and hymns are recalled,

Unlike Tessub, whose chariot was drawn by the bulls Seri and Hurri, the Luwian

Storm-god used to ride in a horse-drawn cart.'" 0

In eastern Luwian territories Tessub eclipsed Tarhunt in importance (see 3.2.5),

Worshiped rnost often under the Luwian name, he stood with his wife Hebat at the

Head of many local pantheons. 071 The permanence of the Tarhunt-Hebat cult in

The former Hittite Lower Land is confirmed by the inscriptions of rulers of Tabal

From the second half of the eighth Century BC. Like the Storm-gods muwattalli and

pihassassi mentioned in earlier chapters (3.2.2 & 3), many hypostases of Tessub most

Probabiy received Luwian epithets. Hence, it is beyond us to know whether the Storm-

gods piha(i)mi, ‘hurling lightning,’ warrahitassas ‘of Help,’ ariyaddalli ‘mountainous,’

dupattanasSi ‘punishing,’ etc. were manifestations of the Luwian or rather Human

Storm-god.

The name of the Sun-god Tiwad also has a good Indo-European etymology'" (see

3.1.2). He was called ‘fafher’ (Luwian täta/i-) o1i and could have been worshiped locally

574

under different names, for instance, at Lusna he bore a name ending in -liiya).

The Mesopotamian Samas had a strong influence on the Image of the Luwian Sun-

God, this through the Hurrian Simige (3.2.5). Tiwad was the highest judge, god of

Oaths (hirutallis Tiwaz), whose curse threatened all perjurers. Like Samas he was

considered a benefactor and ‘shepherd’ of mankind. In myths he called on the gods

To assemble and acted as a messenger for the Storm-god. A group of the Ilaliyant-

575

Deiti.es was connected with him.

Hawkins 2000: 465ff., X.14 (SULTANHAN), 520, X.44 (BOE).

CU e.g., KUB 43.23 (Haas 1988d: 134f.) and KUB 35.1.

HT 1 ii 34ff. with its dupiicate KUB 9.31 ii 62 - iii 6. See Haas 1994b: 83; Coilins 1997: 162:

Hutter 2003: 222; Bawanvpeck 2005: 257.

Lacking relevant textual evidence, it cannot be said when exaefcly the cult of the Storm-god

(Tessub) of Haiab and Hebat penetrated into the Luwian-Hurrian milieu of southeastem Anatolia.

Surely it must have taken place long before the imperial Hittite period.

Hutter 2003: 224ff.