Лабораторная работа 3 (лексическая)

Задание 1. Повторите за диктором следующие слова, словосочетания и предложения. Переведите предложения.
1. century	- столетие, век
Lomonosov lived and worked in the 18^th century. In the 20^th century physics made great progress.
2. to believe	- верить, считать, думать
Do you believe these facts? Man believed that stones were stones and water was water.
3. all kinds of	- всевозможные
All kinds of substance consist of atoms. She likes all kinds of flowers. Our students can go in for all kinds of sports.
4. What are atoms like?	- что представляют собой атомы?
What is the weather like? What is your new friend like?
5. to mean (meant, meant)	- значить, означать, иметь в виду
What do you mean by saying that? Do you mean me? The word atom means indivisible.
6. to note	- замечать, отмечать, обращать      внимание
In this report he noted the significance of their work. Note this interesting fact.
7. the same	- такой же, тот же самый
I have the same answer. It is not the same. She must do the same
8. on the other hand	- с другой стороны
He is a nice boy on the other hand. On the other hand his answer was correct.
9. both… and	- и… и, как… так и
He knows both English and German. I like both the cinema and the theatre
10. the closer…, the less free	- чем ближе…, тем менее свободно
The faster a substance burns, the more heat it gives off. The stronger the magnetic field, the faster the radiation

Задание 2. Подберите к русским словам из списка А английские эквиваленты из списка В.

А	В
1. понимать	1. understanding
2. понимание	2. difference
3. существовать	3. use
4. существование	4. useless
5. польза	5. difficult
6. полезный	6. science
7. бесполезный	7. existence
8. трудный	8. scientist
9. трудность	9. scientific
10. наука	10. differ
11. научный	11. difficulty
12. ученый	12. exist
13. различать(ся)	13. useful
14. различный	14. understand
15. различие	15. different

 

Задание 3. Подберите к словам столбца А синонимы из столбца В
А	В
1. humanity	1. like
2. to supply	2. since
3. usual	3. for
4. as	4. provide
5. amount	5. quantity
6. to reach	6. substance
7. many	7. general
8. matter	8. rapid
9. during	9. to achieve
10. similar	10. mankind
11. quick	11. a lot of

Задание 4. Выберите нужное слово из слов, данных в скобках.

1. Atoms of each element are... in chemical and physical properties from the properties of other elements. (different, similar). 2. At the beginning of the 17^th century mankind had … knowledge of the structure of the material world. (a great quantity of, little). 3. All kinds of substances consist of... particles – atoms. (invisible, visible). 4. The word atom means... (invisible, indivisible). 5. The ancient Greeks noted that it was... to divide and further subdivide a substance. (possible, impossible). 6. According to their atomic weights atoms group into eight groups the chemical properties of which are... (similar, different).

Задание 5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту. Ответы начинайте словами:

in my mind	- по моему мнению
from my point of view	- с моей точки зрения
in my opinion	- по моему мнению
to my knowledge	- насколько мне известно
as far as I know	- как я знаю

Образец: What do all substances consist of?

As far as I know all substance consist of atoms.

1. Where does the word atom come from? 2. What did scientists Discover at the beginning of the 19^th century? 3. When did scientists first establish experimentally the atomic theory of the structure of matter? 4. What is the smallest particle of matter? 5. What do atoms form? 6. In what state are atoms and molecules?

Задание 6. Поставьте вопросы к различным членам предложения (специальные вопросы), используя данные в скобках вопросительные слова.

1. In the seventeenth century mankind had little understanding of the structure of the material world. (when)

2. All kinds of substances consist of atoms. (what... of)

3. At the end of the nineteenth century scientists discovered most of the chemical elements. (what)

4. The word atom came from the Creek. (where... from)

5. The word atom means "indivisible". (what)

6. According to their atomic weights atoms group into eight groups. (into how many groups)

Задание 7. Выразите свое мнение по поводу следующих высказываний, используя выражения:

I fully agree with you	- я полностью (совершенно) согласен с вами
I can't agree with you	- не могу согласиться с вами
you are right	- вы правы
you are wrong	- вы неправы

Образец: Atoms make up all elements and compounds in the world.

You are right (I fully agree with you), atoms make up all elements and compounds in the world.

1. The word atom means "invisible". 2. Very fine powder of a material is the limit of divisibility. 3. Ancient Greeks were both philosophers and experimentalists. 4. Ancient Greeks had real understanding and knowledge of the true structure of matter. 5. Atoms combine in small numbers and form units of matter or molecules. 6. Atoms of each element are similar in chemical and physical properties.

Задание 8. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. Слово атом - греческое слово. 2. Оно означает "неделимый". 3. Так как греческие ученые не были экспериментаторами, они не имели реального представления о подлинной структуре материи. 4. В начале 19 столетия ученые обнаружили, что простыми формами материи являются химические элементы. 5. Химические элементы состоят из атомов.

Задание 9. Прочитайте вопросы к тексту "Scientists Discover NeЗws Particles", прослушайте текст и дайте ответь на вопросы.

1. What did people once think of atoms?

2. How many elementary particles do you know?

3. When did scientists discover the omega-minus particle?

4. Why was its discovery very important?

5. What did Mendeleyev find?

6. What are scientists looking for with the help of accelerators?

7. What does this text deal with?

to arrange	- располагать
in order of	- в порядке
to foretell	- предсказывать
to look for	- искать
giant accelerators	- гигантские ускорители
bits of atoms	- (зд.) элементарные частицы

 

Ключи к лабораторной работе 3:

 

Задание 1. 1. Ломоносов жил и работал в 18 веке. В 20 веке физика достигла больших успехов. 2. Вы верите этим фактам? Люди (человек) считали, что камни - это камни, а вода - это вода. 3. Все (всевозможные) вещества состоят из атомов. Наши студенты могут заниматься всевозможными видами спорта. 4. Какая погода? Что представляет собой ваш новый товарищ? 5. Что вы имеете в виду, говоря это (под этим)? Вы имеете в виду меня? Слово атом означает неделимый. 6. В своем докладе он отметил важность их работы. Обратите внимание на этот интересный факт. 7. У меня такой же ответ. Она должна сделать то же самое. Это не одно и то же. 8. С другой стороны - он хороший мальчик. С другой стороны - его ответ был правильным. 9. Он знает как английский, так и немецкий. Я люблю как кино, так и театр. 10. Чем скорее вещество горит, тем больше тепла оно выделяет. Чем сильнее магнитное поле, тем быстрее радиация.

Задание 2. 1-14, 2-1, 3-12, 4-7, 5-3, 6-13, 7-4, 8-5, 9-11, 10-6, 11-9, 12-8,
13-10, 14-15, 15-2.

Задание 3. 1-10, 2-4, 3-7, 4-2, 5-5, 6-9, 7-11, 8-6, 9-3, 10-1, 11-8.

Задание 4. 1. different. 2. little. 3. invisible. 4. indivisible. 5. possible. 6. similar.

Задание 5. 1. …the word atom comes from the Greek. 2. …at the beginning of the nineteenth century scientists discovered that chemical elements were the simple forms of matter. 3. …scientists first established experimentally the atomic theory of the structure of matter at the beginning of the 19^th century. 4. …the smallest particle of matter is an atom. 5. …atoms combine in small numbers and form molecules. 6. …atoms and molecules are in a state of rapid motion.

Задание 6. 1. When did mankind have little understanding of the structure of the material world? 2. What do all kinds of substances consist of? 3. What did scientists discover at the end of the nineteenth century? 4. Where did the word atom come from? 5. What does the word atom mean? 6. Into how many groups do atoms group according to their atomic weights?

Задание 7. 1. You are wrong, the word atom means "indivisible". 2. I can't agree with you, very fine powder of a material is not the limit of divisibility. 3. You are wrong (I can't agree with you), ancient Greeks were philosophers but not experimentalists. 4. You are wrong, ancient Greeks didn't have real understanding and knowledge of the structure of matter. 5. I fully agree with you, atoms combine in small numbers and form units of matter or molecules. 6. You are wrong (I can't agree with you), atoms of each element are different in chemical and physical properties from the properties of other elements.

Задание 8. 1. The word atom is a Greek word. 2. It means "indivisible''. 3. Since Greek scientists were not experimentalists they had no real understanding of the true structure of the material world. 4. At the beginning of the 19^th century scientists discovered that simple forms of matter were chemical elements. 5. Chemical elements consist of atoms.

Задание 9. 1. They thought that atoms were like very, very small indivisible balls. 2. We know about 100 elementary particles. 3. Scientists discovered the omega-minus particle in 1965. 4. It helped scientists to arrange elementary particles like chemists arrange the elements in Mendeleev's table. 5. He found that when the elements are arranged in the order of their atomic weights, every eighth element has similar properties. 6. They are looking for new bits of atoms. 7. This text deals with elementary particles.

Unit 2

 Molecular Motion and the States of Matter

We live in an ocean of air. There is a great quantity of gas around our planet: we call this gas air and experiments show that it is a mixture of several gases – oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and others. When we think of the substance which we call water, we commonly think of it as a definite liquid. It does not mean, however, that is the only possible state in which water can exist. The liquid state is the normal state for the substance which we call water, but water can exist also as a gas and as a solid; in the gaseous state it changes to steam or water vapour, and in the solid state it becomes ice. Many substances can and do at various times exist in more than one of these three possible states.

A lump of salt may consist of a number of grains of salt. If we divide the lump into some small parts we still have salt. Further subdivision will in the end bring us to a single grain of salt. We may divide the grain of salt again and again; still the pieces will all have the characteristics of the compound that we call salt. In general, substances consist of molecules; molecules are therefore the building blocks of the physical world, though not the fundamental blocks, for molecules consist of atoms.

There is an equal number of molecules of the same kind in a pound of water as in a pound of steam or in a pound of ice. Why, then, do the various states exist and why do they differ so greatly? The answer to this question lies in the very fact that the molecules move differently in the three states.

In gases we find that the gas molecules are free to move and they are quite far apart. We find that gas molecules move rapidly and continually, spread and occupy every portion of the vessel which contains them. A body of gas therefore has no definite volume or shape, but takes the volume and shape of the vessel.

A solid, on the other hand, has both volume and shape. The molecules of a solid are also in motion, but they can move only a small amount because the atoms are very close together. The closer the molecules are together, the less free they are to move.

The liquid state is between the gaseous and solid states. The molecules of a liquid are less free to move than the gas molecules, but are more free to move than the molecules of a solid. A molecule is able to move within the body of the liquid from point to point and there exists an attractive force between the molecules. If a molecule moves very fast, it may overcome the force of attraction and will become a molecule of vapour; such a process is typical of the phenomenon
which we know as vaporization.

Задание 1. Повторяйте за диктором следующие слова текста:
a great quantity	- большое количество
a mixture of several gases	- смесь различных газов
oxygen	- кислород
nitrogen	- азот
carbon dioxide	- двуокись углерода
water vapour	- пар
the liquid state	- жидкое состояние
the normal state for the substance	- обычное (нормальное) состояние вещества
the gaseous state	- газообразное состояние
the solid state	- твердое состояние
Прослушайте первый абзац текста, а потом повторяйте за диктором в паузах.
Задание 2. Повторяйте за диктором слова и словосочетания второго абзаца текста и постарайтесь запомнить их:
a lump of salt	- кусок соли
subdivision	- деление (подразделение)
a single grain of salt	- один (единственный) кристалл соли
the characteristic of the compound	- характерные особенности соединения
the original compound	- первоначальное соединение
an equal number of molecules	- равное количество молекул
in general	- вообще
the building blocks of	- элементы, из которых состоит…
Прослушайте второй абзац текста, а потом повторяйте за диктором в паузах.
Задание 3. Повторяйте за диктором слова третьего абзаца текста:
do the various states exist	- действительно существуют различные состояния
… lies in the very fact that	- заключается как раз в том, что…
Прослушайте третий абзац текста, а потом повторяйте за диктором в паузах.
Задание 4. Повторяйте за диктором в паузах слова четвертого абзаца текста:
rapidly and continually	- быстро и постоянно (непрерывно)
the definite volume	- определенный объем
the shape of the vessel	- форма сосуда
Прослушайте четвертый абзац текста, а потом повторяйте за диктором в паузах.
Задание 5. Повторяйте за диктором в паузах слова пятого абзаца текста:
… are free to move	- могут легко двигаться
they are quite far apart	- они находятся очень далеко друг от друга
Прослушайте пятый абзац текста, а потом повторяйте за диктором в паузах.
Задание 6. Повторяйте за диктором в паузах слова шестого и седьмого абзацев урока:
close together	- очень близко друг к другу
an attractive force	- сила притяжения
vaporization	- испарение
Прослушайте шестой и седьмой абзац текста, а потом повторяйте за диктором в паузах.

Задание 7. Проверьте, запомнили ли вы значения следующих слов и словосочетаний:

A great quantity, a mixture of several gases, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, the liquid state, the normal state, for the substance, the gaseous state, the solid state, a lump of salt, subdivision, a single grain of sail, the characteristics of the compound, the original compound, an equal number of molecules, in general, the building blocks of…, do the various states exist, … lies in the very fact that..., the definite volume, the shape of the vessel, are free to move, they are quite far apart, close together, an attractive force, vaporization.

Задание 8. Повторяйте за диктором следующие словосочетания: