Lecture 23 : Kazakhstan eve and during the Great Patriotic War.

The objective of the lecture: Kazakhstan eve the war. The policy of repressions and deportation. The main stages of the Great Patriotic war. To show the economy and political development during the war.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Kazakhstan eve the war.
2. Kazakhstan in the plans of German fascism.
3. Mobilization in Kazakhstan. The Kazakhstanians at fronts.
4. Economy of Kazakhstan.

1. The criminal total deportation of the whole peoples, the considerable part of which was reflected to Kazakhstan.

- In October-November 1937 from Far East 110 th. the Koreans were resettled in Kazakhstan.

- In October-November 1938 from Turkmenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia 2,4 th. families of the Iranians, Azerbaijanians, Kurds and Armenians were deported.

- On the eve of the war the Poles and also all the representatives of the other peoples, who were objectionable for the regime, lived in the Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia were deported.

- Besides in Kazakhstan the citizens of the Baltic republics were moved.

- The huge stream of the evacuated population had been arriving in Kazakhstan from the Western regions of the country. 536 th. people evacuated in Kazakhstan, whose autonomous forming were liquidated.

- In August 1941 349713 Germans resettled, resettling of the rest part of the Germans in Kazakhstan went in 1944-1945.

- In Febriary 1944 in Central Asia and Kazakhstan were resettled by force the Chechens and Ingushes, in March -–the Balkars. In November – the Turks - Meskhetines and also the Crimean Tatars, Karachais, Kalmyks and other illegally repressed whole peoples.

In October 1946 in Kazakhstan 890698 “special migrants” lived

In the end of the 20-s the mass repression began in Kazakhstan. In the 1928 44 “bourgeois nationalist activists of “Alash-Horde” were arrested. Among them: A.Bukeykhanov, A.Baytursynov, M.Zhumabayev, Zh.Aimautov. In 1930 other group of intelligent (about 40 men) was arrested: M.Tynyshpayev, Kh.Dosmukhamedov. In 1937-1938 repression had mass character. T.Ryskulov, D.Sadvakasov, U.Issayev, U.Djandossov and other state and social activists were repressed and killed. Representatives of the Kazakh literature and science S.Seifullin, B.Mailin, I.Djansugurov, K.Zhubanov, S.Asfendiarov and others were killed.

7 concetration camps were formed in Kazakhstan. Biggest of them Karlag, ALJIR for wives of betrayers and others.

 

2. On June 22, 1941 the Great Patriotic War began. According “Barbarossa” plan Kazakhstan should been entered to “Gross Turkestan” and “the Moslems had to be slaves of the German race”.

Political plans of German fascism: to form an empire; Moslem’s states: Turkestan (the eastern part); “Idel-Ural” (the Western part). In perspective – to form a colony “Great Turkestan” (Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Tataria, Bashkiria, Azerbaidjan, North Caucasus, Crimea, Sintsyan, North Afganistan, Iran).

The economic purpose: to form the region supplying Germany with raw materials and food.

Political purpose: to use this territory in the struggle against Moscow; to break the plan of Britain in the East.

 

3. In 1939 the population of Kazakhstan was 6,2 mln. People, 1mln 200 th of them were mobilized to the army: every fifth man was sent to the fronts and defense industry. At the first period of the war there were formed, trained and sent to the fronts 16 rifles and cavalry divisions, 7 brigades.

One of the first was organized the 316 rifles regiment consisted of the mobilized people from Alma-Ata, Djambul and South-Kazakhstan regions. (Panfilov regiment). 27 military schools trained officers. The glory of the Kazakhstanians was born near the Moscow, where 316 regiment took part. Heroism of 28 soldiers. B.Momyshuly – his batalyon defeated the enemies which 3 times surpassed the number of Kazakhstan soldiers. B.Momysuly was awarded by the title of the Hero of the SU in 1990. Heroes of the Soviet Union T.Tokhtarov, M.Gabdullin and others fought at Moscow.

 

310, 314 devisions from Kazakhstan took part in defense of Leningrad (S.Baimagambetov - Hero of the SU). In the autumn of 1942 Western-Kazakhstan region became front line. 120 divisions of Stalingrad front were dislocated here. (N.Abdirov, S.Spatayev, G.Ramayev and others fought at Stalingrad). Stations Saikhan, Shungai, Zhanibek were bombed by German aviation.

During the Patriotic War 499 Kazakhstanians, 99 Kazakhs among them were awarded by the title of the Hero of the SU. Pilots T.Begeldinov, L.Beda, I.Pavlov, S.Luganski awarded twice. Two Kazakh girls M.Mametova and A.Moldagulova became the Heroes of US. 410 th. Kazakstanians didn’t return from the war.

 

4. 670 th. people worked in industry. 1.5 mln. were evacuated to Kazakhstan. In 1941-1942 220 factories and plants from Ukraine, Beylorussia, Moldova, Moscow and Leningrad evacuated to Kazakhstan. During 1941-1945 460 enterprises were built in Kazakhstan.

2/3 of the mobilizing was workers of agriculture. 80% women worked in kolkhozes and demonstrated labor heroism. Sh.Bersiev from kolkhoz "Kurman"”of Aktjubinsk region made world record in cultivation of millet (202 centner from hect. I.Zhakayev from kolkhoz “Kzyl-Tu” Kzyl-Orda region gathered 172 centners of rice from hect. Kim Man Sam gathered 150 centners of rice from hect.

Cultural and scientific societies were evacuated to Kazakhstan. Moscow and Leningrad movie studious, more than 20 scientific offices. Academics V.Obruchev, A.Pankratova, U.Vernadski, A.Scochinski and others worked in Kazakhstan during the War. About heroes of front and rear wrote Zh.Zhabayev, M.Auezov, S.Mukanov, D.Snegin, D.Muldagaliev, S.Maulenov, S.Seitov, Zh.Sain. About 90 writers and poets of Kazakhstan fought on fronts.

 

Lecture 24: Development of economics in 50-60-s                         

The objective of the lecture: To show the aims of the September (1953) and March (1954) Plenums of the CC CPSU about the development of agriculture. The consequences of the development of virgin lands. Failure of the reforms of 1965.

 

Outline of the lecture:

1. Development of virgin and unused lands in Kazakhstan.

2. Development of economics in 60-70-s.

3. Reforms of 1965 in Kazakhstan.

 

Development of virgin and unused lands in 50-s. By September 1953, at the time of the Central Committee plenum, Khrushchev had clearly made some fairly concrete decisions about the course of begin. The Central Committee published a resolution that called for strengthening of agriculture through the development of parts of southeast, Kazakhstan, and western Siberia as major sources of winter wheat. The plenum also demanded the improvement of livestock breeding.

For stimulation of the development of agrarian sector the debts of kolkhozes were liquidated, the taxes were decreased. Prices for meat, milk, wool, potatoes, and vegetables were increased.

But First Secretary Shayakhmetov pointed out that any gains from the introduction of cereal cultivation in Northern Kazakhstan would come at the cost of livestock breeding.

Khrushchev found Shaiakhmetov’s attitude unacceptable. It was thus no surprise when the plenary session convened on February 11, 1954, in Alma-Ata, that the first and second secretaries of the Communist Party, Shayakhmetov and I.I.Afanov, were both dismissed from their posts. The next Central Committee plenary session, in February 1954, named P.K.Ponomorenko and L.I.Brezhnev to succeed them. The local Kazakh leadership also came under attack, and within the next three months the first secretaries of the six Virgin Land oblasts were all replaced.

On March 28, 1954, in the decree “On Increasing Grain Production in 1954-1955 through the Development of Virgin and Idle Lands”. This called for the cultivation of 13 million hectares of virgin and idle lands in Kazakhstan, the Ural, the Volga region, and some areas of North Caucasus.

In August, 1954 13.4 mln. hectares were sowed in the USSR and 6.5 in Kazakhstan. In 1956, 28-30 mln hectares of land planned for cultivation.

During the first year of the drive, 300 new state farms were organized in Kazakhstan to plant cereal crops on 3.5 million hectares of former grazing land. 

Thousands specialists were sent to Kazakhstan. In 1954 more than 20 th. people came to Akmolinsk oblast. Industrial enterprises sent 1386 specialists for development of virgin lands. During 1953-1958 266.6 th.specialists were sent to agriculture. They had the great privileges. The head of family received the benefit 500-1000 rubles and 150-200 rubles each member of family. 10 th. rubles credit was given for building the house for 10 years. 1500-2000 rubles for buying cattle, food loan, which consist of 150 kg of grain or meal and were released from taxes for 2-5 years. 20 billion rubles were invested for development of virgin lands.

The negative consequences of the development of virgin lands:

1. During two years 1954-1956 650 th. people came to Northern Kazakhstan, while needed 130 th.

2. Ecological balance was violated.

3. Soil subjected to destruction.

4. Pastures were reduced.

5. Thousand hectares were used for building settlements, ways and so on as a result stock-breeding was destroyed and shortage of meat and milk took place.

6. The migration of people from other republics promoted to lowering of the role of national customs and traditions, reducing of national schools, publishing of national literature and press. Language and demographic problems sharpened in Northern Kazakhstan.

Problems of economic development in the 60-s. Economic reforms of 1965. In the 60-s the central government realized that economy needed renewal and in 1965 reform was in all branches of economy and in management.

Management. Before 1965 a territorial principle of ruling over economy was used through special bodies sovnarkhozes. In 1965 ministries were formed to manage metallurgy, non-ferrous metals, transport, etc. New methods of planning. Plans were given by the central ministries, but the enterprises

worked on self-support basic and material stimulus for high productivity.

Science-technical revolution. Special plans for new technology stimulated the using of new invention. Production of titanium, magnesium, electromechanical, mechanical engineering was based on the achievement of scientific-technical revolution. Oil and chemical industry had allunion significance. In 1965 the first oil was produced in Uzen.

Results of the reforms. By 1970 Kazakhstan took the leading position in the USSR for production of lead, copper, titanium intensified economy ties with the other republics such levers as income, price, bonus and credit began to work. New light and food industries were built: Almaty and Shymkent cotton factories. Semipalatinsk, Zhezkazgan, Aktjubinsk stockinet factories. During 5-years 14 fabrics were built.

In 60-s new towns appeared in Kazakhstan: Rudnyi in Kustanai region, Shevchenko in Mangistau and others. There were similar and didn’t reflect geographical and historical features of region. Ecological cleanness, remake and liquidation of wastes, social problems didn’t solve.

Agricultural was also reformed: purchasing prices for agrarian were increase 2 times, 18 sovkhozes worked on self-supporting basic.

In the 60-s the struggle in the Soviet society was between two political trends: the reformers demanded democratic changes, the conservative wanted to preserve the old system. The population to improve their life, but the government ignored the social needs – it led to some social conflicts (Temirtau, 1959) which were suppressed.