Uprising of Turgai and Uralsk oblsts .

In 1869 resistance overtook all the Uralsk oblast and western and southern parts of Turgai oblast. A majority of the fighters were the poor Kazakhs, who were most directly threatened by the tax increase, but they were led by the biis and elders, whose power base was threatened by administrative reform.

An expeditionary force of 5.300 men and 20 guns was sent in June 1869 under the command of General V. A. Verevkin, the military-governor of Uralsk, the Russian fortresses in steppe. Some 71.000 carts had been killed by Russian troops. Fighters were arrested and sentenced to death, and many Kazakhs were sentenced to terms of between 12 and 15 years.

Mangstau’s uprising (1870). People, who lived in the desert and semi desert regions of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, were to be subjected to the provisional statute January 1870. The tribes of the region (Adayev Kazakhs and Turkmen) had existed as buffer zone between Russia and Khiva. In 1846 the Russians had strengthened their military presence in Mangyshlak.

In the 1850-s the Russians had been forced to send troops to collect the required taxation. Statutes effectively cut these tribes off from their traditional summer pasturage along the Emba. Troops from Orenburg and the Caucasus seized roads and wells, and the Kazakhs who refused to accept the legislation in order to deny water for their animals.

The new legislation required the Adayev Kazakhs to pay one-ruble zemski tax in addition to the three rubles 15 kop cart tax, that they were already paying Adayev had no currency, they were far from the Russian markets and had little to trade.

In June 1870 General Komarov moved to Mangyshlak. In December general Komarov organized a meeting with the representatives of each of the major clans. Those communities that paid their tax peacefully to cross into Uralsk and Turgai and so travel to their traditional pasturage.

 For the next 2,5 years Russian troops lived among the Adayev to enforce order. These troops participated in the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873. The conquest of Khiva was completed by the spring of 1874. The Adayev resistance was defeated for the final time. The region was organized as Tran Caspian oblast and placed under the direction of the general-governor of Caucasia. The Adayev were again cut off from their summer pasturage.

 

 

 

Lecture 18: Kazakhstan during the I WW and February revolution 1917                                              

The objective of the lecture: To show the political situation in Kazakhstan eve and during the I WW. Foundation of political parties in Kazakhstan, their programs and participation in the February revolution.

Outline of the lecture:

1. I WW beginning.
2. Causes, character, moving forces of uprising.
3. Uprising under the leading of A. Imanov in Turgai.
4. Double power.
5. “Alash”, “Ush-Zhuz” parties foundation.

On August 1, 1914 Russia entered in the I WW. Male population was mobilized on front. Cattle, food, transport, money needed for war. Taxes increased in 3-4 times, in some regions – in 15 times.

The main reasons of national-liberation movement were:

1. Colonial and national oppression.
2. Migration policy, seizure of Kazakh lands.

Tsarist Ukaz on June 25, 1916 “About mobilization of native population for rear works” was declared. Men from 19 till 43 years old should been mobilized. 400 th. Kazakhs, Kirgizes, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmen, Dungans, Uigurs must been recruited. After declaration Ukaz local uprisings began. Uprisings were headed by A. Jangaldin and A. Imanov in Turgai region, S. Mendeshev, A Aitiev in Uralsk, Zh. Mynbayev in Mangystau, A.Maikutov in Atbasar, S.Seifullin in Akmolinsk, T.Bokin, B.Aishekeyev in Zhetisu, T.Ryskulov in Syrdarya oblast.

Zhetisu oblast was one of the centers of uprising. The battles took place in Asy, Karkara, Samsy, Kastek, Narynkol, Charyn, Kurama. 95 punitive expeditions were sent for suppression of uprising. In October, 1916 uprising was suppressed. Rebels were arrested, hundred auls were destroyed. More than 300 th. Kazakhs and Kyrgyzes fled to China.

Uprising was spread on Syrdarya, Semipalatinsk, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, Western Kazakhstan regions. But the most mass and organized uprising was in Turgai region, which was headed by A.Imanov and A.Jangaldin. Rebels from Syrdarya, Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk regions moved to Turgai steppe. About 50 th. rebels were numbered in October 1916. On October 22, rebels began siege of Turgai, but they didn’t take Turgai, because the punitive corps under the command of general A.Lavrentyev was sent there. The war got partisan character, and rebels concentrated in Batpakkara, 150 km from Turgai. Uprising lasted till 1917 and merged with events of February revolution.

On February 27, 1917 bourgeois-democratic revolution took place in Russia. Tsar abdicated from power. In March were dismissed and arrested Vice-governor of Uralsk region, general-governor of Western Siberia, governor of Turgai oblast, general-governor of Turkestan.

Double power was established in Kazakhstan. Local organs of Provisional government were formed in March 1917. Representatives of Kazakh National intelligencia were assigned commissars of Provisional government. A.Bukeikhanov in Turgai oblast, M.Tynyshpayev in Zhetisu, M.Chokai in Turkestan.

Social-democrats (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) founded Soviets of workers, peasants and soldiers deputies. In March-April, 1917 more than 25 Soviets were formed.

On July 21-28, 1917 there was held All-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg. Delegates from Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Fergana oblasts and Bukey Khanate arrived to Orenburg. Khalel Dosmukhamedov was a chairman of Congress. 14 points were discussed on Congress: form of state arrangement, autonomy in Kazakh regions, land problem, national militsia, enlightenment, court, religion, female problem etc. Foundation of Kazakh national party “Alash” was solved.

Program of “Alash” was drawn up by A.Bukeikhanov, A.Baytursynov, M.Dulatov, I.Gumarov, T.Zhazhdibayev, A.Birmekanov and consist of 10 points and published in the newspaper “Kazakh” on November 21, 1917. A. Bukeykhanov was a leader of party. A.Baitursynov, M.Tynyshpayev, M.Zhumabayev, Sh.Kudaiberdiev, S.Toraigyrov. Kh.Gabbasov. ZH. and Kh. Dosmukhamedovs and others were members of party.

In autumn, 1917 another party “Ush-Zhuz” was formed (Kazakh Socialist Party). Party was against the idea of the “Alash” about their own autonomy and proposed to form autonomy as a part of Russia. Mukan Aitpenov was a chairman of party, later Kolbay Togusov. In March, 1919 K.Togusov was executed, other leaders of “Ush-Zhuz” were arrested and sentenced to death too. The party was liquidated.

Lecture 19: October Revolution of 1917 and Kazakhstan                                                                 

The objective of the lecture: To show establishment of the Soviet power on the territory of Kazakhstan, it’s peculiarities. Struggle between the leaders of political parties of Kazakhstan for perspectives of future Kazakhstan.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Kazakhstan in the period of October Revolution. Establishment of the Soviet power in Kazakhstan.
2. Formation and activity of Alash-Orda.

On the 24 of October 1917 in Petrograd there was begun an armed uprising. At the morning of 25 of October there were captured important objects in the city by the Soviet power allied people: railway stations, electric power stations, telephone stations, government enterprises and banks. Provisional government was arrested.

The news about the victory of armed uprising in Petrograd and the Soviet power authorization there reached Kazakhstan. There was started the establishment of Soviet power in krai. On the 3th of October the Soviet workers and soldiers deputies of Perovsk announced about the conquering of power in their hands. On the 1 of November in the result of war actions the power of Soviets was established in Tashkent. On the 6 of November the power was transited to Soviets in Aulie-Ata, in Chernyaev by peaceful way. In December – in Bukey Horde, Petropavlovsk, Kokchetav, Atbasar, Kustanai. In January of 1918 – in Aktubinsk, on the 18 of January – in Orenburg, in the result of failure of armed uprising of ataman Dutov. On the 17 of February the Soviet power was established in Semipalatinsk, and then in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Karkaralinsk, Zaisan, on the 3 of March in Verny and during the March it was established in whole Semipalatinskaya oblast. The establishment of the Soviet power was proclaimed on the 15 of January of 1918, but on the 29 of March it was overthrown, and finally the power was authorized already in the years of civil war.

On the 22 of November of 1917 in Kokand there was opened IV Urgent Krai Muslim congress. It was opened by M.Chokai. On the congress there was decided to create the Turkestan autonomy that was called “Turkestoni mukhtariat”, which firstly was headed by Tynyshpayev, and then by M.Chokai. The place of Congress passing and autonomy supervisory organs being was the city of Kokand, that’s why the autonomy was named after it – “Kokand Autonomy”. But in the February of 1918 the autonomy was eliminated by the Soviet power.

On the 5-13 of December 1917 there was held Second All-Kazakh congress in Orenburg. In this congress delegates from whole Kazakhstan participated: from Bukey Horde, Semipalatinskay, Semirechenskaya, Samarkadskaya oblasts, and from Altai gubernia. The organization was made by Bukeikhanov, Baytursynov, Omarov, Doshyanov, Dulatov. Kulmanov was the chairman of congress. The agenda was filled by following questions: the attitude to Siberian autonomy, to Turkestan autonomy and to south-east union, autonomy of Kazakh oblasts, militia, national council, education, national fund, muftiat, national court, aul supervising, and food question.

The main question of the congress was the creation of the Kazakh autonomy. The report about the autonomy was presented by Bukeikhanov. This report and the question about Kazakh autonomy were transmitted to special commission for consideration. The congress stated to create the autonomy of Kazakh oblasts and to give to it the name “Alash”.

There was formed Provisional national council “Alash-Orda” consisting of 25 members, 10 of which were for Russians and other representatives of different nations of Krai. The head-office of Alash-Orda was defined to situate in Semipalatinsk. A.Bukeikhanov was elected on the alternative basis on the post of government head, chairman of All-Kazakh national Council. Beside him, Kulmanov and Turlubayev were pretending to take this post.

The leaders of Alash-Orda had contacted with soviet power. Brothers Dosmukhamedovs had met with Lenin and Stalin, Gabbasov also had negotiated with Stalin as national commissar of the business on nationalities. They were trying to achieve the mutual acceptance of Alash autonomy and Soviet power. But this didn’t happen. In that time leaders of Alash-Orda had established the contacts with ataman Dutov after his overthrowing of the Soviet power in Orenburg, with Committee of Constituent assembly in Samara and with Provisional Siberian government in Omsk. The Alash-Ordians passed from contacts and compromises with Soviet power to unity with the last mentioned organizations with the purpose of struggling with Soviets. In June of 1918 there was accepted the decree of Alash-Orda, where was told: “All the decrees, which were issued by the Soviet power on the territory of Alash autonomy, are illegal”. In the August in Semipalatinsk there was formed first Alash cavalry regiment.

In Alash at that time happened a split. On September, 1918 there was formed Western department of Alsh-Orda with the center in Jambeity in Uralskay oblast, in the head was J.Dosmukhamedov. Western department – Wilskiy olyayat consisted of: Uralskaya oblast, Bukey Horde, Mangystauskay uezd, Aktubinskay and Irgizskiy uezds of Turgaiskaya oblast. The center of Eastern separated department of Alash-Orda had moved from Semipalatinsk to Zhana Semey.

Soviet government understood that for attraction of big Kazakh population masses on their side, it should cooperate with the Alash-Orda leaders, and of the November, 4, 1919 there was issued the decree about Alash-Ordians amnesty. On the 21 of December of that year the council of Alash-Orda had accepted a dicision to move to the side of Soviets. In the beginning of 1920 year Alash-Orda stopped to exist, because on the 9 of March there was accepted the decision of its elimination.