Exercise 5. Complete the words in the following sentences by adding a prefix. Choose from the following: un-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-.

1. An epileptic seizure is ___controlled, chaotic electrical activity in the brain. It alters consciousness and may bring on ___ voluntary movements. Epilepsy may be the result of chemical ___balance but more often the cause is ___known.

2. In a grand mal epileptic seizure, the victim falls to the ground___conscious and makes twitching movements which may last for several minutes. In a petit mal seizure, the victim may be__aware of things around him for up to thirty seconds but seldom loses consciousness.

3. In temporal lobe epilepsy, a seizure may result in the victim having ___rational feelings of anger or fear.

4. Following a stroke, many patients are left with some sort of ____ability.

5. Brain cells starved of blood are _____able to communicate with the parts of the body they are responsible for.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

EPILEPSY

Epilepsy is a disorder of brain function characterized by recurrent seizures that give a sudden onset. Epilepsy may be the result of disturbed chemical balance but more often the cause is unknown.

The term idiopathic is used to describe epilepsy that is not associated with structural damage of the brain. Seizures may be generalized or partial. Generalized epilepsy may take the form of tonic-clonic or absence seizures. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious with the muscle in a state of spasm. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in cyanosis. The tonic phase is replaced by convulsive movements when the tongue may be bitten and urinary incontinence may occur.

Movements gradually cease and the patient may rouse on a state of confusion, complaining of headache, or may fall asleep. Absence seizures consist of brief spells of unconsciousness lasting for a few seconds. During which posture and balance are maintained. The electroencephalogram characteristically shows bisynchronous spike and wave discharges during the seizures and at other times. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing or intermittent photic stimulation.

In partial seizures, the nature of the seizure depends upon the location of the damage in the brain. Symptoms may include hallucinations of smell, taste, sight, and hearing, and paroxysmal disorders of memory. Throughout an attack the patient is in a state of clouded awareness and afterwards may have no recollection of the event. A number of these symptoms are due to scarring and atrophy affecting the temporal lobe.

The different forms of epilepsy can be controlled by the use of antiepileptic drugs (anticonvulsants). Surgical resection of focal lesions in the brain is appropriate in a strictly limited number of cases.

 

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is epilepsy characterized by?

2. What is the term idiopathic used for?

3. What types of seizures are there?

4. What may be observed in the tonic phase?

5. What does the EEG usually show?

6. How can seizures be provoked?

7. What are the symptoms in partial seizures?

8. How can epilepsy be controlled?

Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations:

Повторювані епилептичі напади, мимовільні рухи, несвідомий стан, неусвідомленість того, що відбувається, cтруктурне пошкодження мозку, генералізована і часткова епілепсія, заснути, гарячковий спазм, зберігати рівновагу, світлова стимуляція, що переривається, помутніння свідомості, оcередкові пошкодження, скронева доля, протисудомні препарати, пароксизмальні порушення пам’яті.

Exercise 9. Put the questions to the underlined words:

1. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing.

2. The patient may rouse in a state of confusion.

3. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious.

4. Absence seizures often subside spontaneously in adult life.

5. A simple partial seizure consists of convulsive movements that might spread to the thumb.

6. After the seizure the patient may have no recollection of the event.

7. Seizures are controllable with medication in about 70% of cases.

8. In those whose seizures do not respond to medication, surgery, neurostimulation or dietary changes may be considered.

Exercise 10. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense form:

1. The patient stated that the onset of epilepsy (to be preceded) by the brain damage during an accident.

2. This woman (to suffer from) encephalitis before epilepsy developed.

3. If epilepsy (to be treated) properly, it may (to subside) gradually.

4. The doctor (to prescribe) him some anticonvulsive drugs.

5. This patient (to experience) seizures since his childhood.

6. The EEG (to take) during the attack (to show) bisynchronous spike and wave discharges.

7. In future about 5–10% of all people (to have) an unprovoked seizure by the age of 80.

8. People with epilepsy either have restrictions placed on their ability to drive or not (to permit) to drive at all.

 

Exercise 11. Translate into English:

1. Відомо, що тонічно-клонічні судоми наявні у 60% пацієнтів, які страждають від епілепсії.

2. Приступ абсанса, що звичайно виявляється в дитячому віці, зникає з настанням дорослого віку.

3. Протисудомні препарати eфективно знижують, як частоту, так й тяжкість епілептичних нападів у більшості хворих.

4. Вважають, що найбільш розповсюдженими причинами епілепсії є пуxлини мозку, судинна патологія мозку, енцефаліт і обмінні порушення.

5. Було встановлено, що епілепсія –спадкова хвороба.

6. Поставивши точний діагноз і визначивши тип епілепсії, лікар почав лікування протисудомними препаратами.

Test

1. Epilepsy is a disorder of ……….. function.

a) memory b) movement c) brain d) cardiac

 

2. During a seizure the patient is in the state of………….

a) shock b) collapse c) unconsciousness d) stupor

 

3. The electroencephalogram shows ……… during the seizures.

a) bisynchronous spike b) wave discharges c) no special changes

 

4. Attacks are sometimes provoked by ……………

a) frequent breathing b) sunlight c) overheat d) light stimulation

 

5. A number of symptoms in partial seizures are due to…………..

a) scarring b) atrophy of the temporal lobe c) mental overstrain

 

6. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in…………

a) loss of consciousness b) cyanosis c) urination d) death

 

7. The tongue may be …………………..

a) coated b) bitten c) put out d) protruded

 

8. Epilepsy may be controlled by…………………..

a) vasodilators b) anticonvulsants c) antihistamines

 

9. In partial seizures symptoms may include ……………..

a) various hallucinations b) paroxysmal disorders of memory c) nausea

 

10. Epilepsy ………..be treated.

a) is able to b) needn’t c) must d) is allowed to

 

EYE DISEASES

Exercise 1. Learn the new words:

accommodation, n	[ə'komə'deiʃn]	регулювання зображення
adjustment, n	[ə'dƷʌstmənt]	наведення зображення
astigmatism, n	[ǽ'stigmətizm]	астигматизм
biconcave, adj	[bai'konkeiv]	двовгнутий
biconvex, adj	[bai'koneks]	двоопуклий
blurry, adj	['blɛ:ri]	нечіткий, розмитий
cataract, n	['kǽtərəkt]	катаракта
clouding, n	['klaudiŋ]	помутніння
colour blindness	['kʌlə'blaindnis]	дальтонізм
cone, n	['koun]	колбочка сітківки
converge, v	[kən'vɛ:dƷ]	сходитися в одну точку
cornea, n	['koniə]	рогівка
cylinder-shaped	['silində'ʃeipt]	циліндричний
double vision	['dʌbl'viƷn]	диплопія, роздвоєння
elongation, n	[iləŋ'geiʃn]	розтягнення
exposure, n	[iks'pouƷə]	піддавання дії
flat, adj	[flǽt]	плоский
glaucoma, n	[glo:'koumə]	глаукома
halo, n	['heiləu]	ореол, сяйво
hyperopia, n	['haipə(r)'oupiə]	далекозорість
image, n	['imidƷ]	картинка
incidence, n	['insidəns]	захворюваність
iris, n	['airis]	райдужна оболонка ока
lens, n	['lens]	кришталик
light, n	['lait]	світло
lump, n	['lʌmp]	гуля, опух
myopia, n	[mai'oupiə]	короткозорість
permit, v	[pɛ:mit]	дозволяти
refraction, n	[ri'frǽkʃn]	заломлення
retina, n	['retina]	сітківка
sebaceous gland, n	[si'beiʃəs]	сальна залоза
spectrum, n	['spektrəm]	спектр
strabismus, n	[strə'bizməs]	косоокість
sty, n	['stai]	ячмінь

 

Exercise 2. Read and translate the following word combinations from the active vocabulary:

To form in front of the retina, elongation of the eyeball, glasses with biconcave lenses, irregular curvature of a lens, blurry image, certain colours of the spectrum, a sex-linked genetic trait, halos around lights, exposure to ultraviolet light, increase in the intraocular pressure, a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland, to converge together.

Exercise 3. Complete the table:

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
to converge
	elongation
to adjust
		blurry
	refraction
		clouded
to relieve
	removal

Exercise 4. Find explanation on the right to the words on the left:

1. strabismus	a) daltonism
2. myopia	b) clouding of the lens
3. hyperopia	c) double vision
4. colour blindness	d) abnormality in the position of the eye
5. astigmatism	e) abnormal increase in intraocular pressure
6. cataract	f) farsightedness
7. glaucoma	g) nearsightedness

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

EYE DISEASES

Two common disorders of the eye are the myopia and hyperopia. In myopia the image forms in front of the retina. This condition is due to elongation of the eyeball or it may be caused by insufficient adjustment of a lens during accommodation. Glasses with biconcave lenses are used to focus the image on the retina. In hyperopia the image forms behind the retina and is blurred because the eyeball is too short or because the lens is too flat to permit nearby vision. This defect often happens as the lens loses elasticity with age. Glasses with biconvex lenses are used to focus the image on the retina.

Astigmatism is caused by irregular curvature of a lens or cornea. It results in a light refraction so that the rays fall on different areas of the retina, thereby producing a blurry image. Astigmatism is the inability to separate two closely placed points. The condition is corrected by using cylinder-shaped lenses.

Another visual defect is colour blindness resulting from the inability of cones to react to certain colours of the spectrum. For example, a person may be colour blind to red and green colours. In this case red and green can not be distinguished because of the lack of cones sensitive to red and green. Colour blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by females and expressed in males.

Cataract is a clouding of the lens. For most people cataracts are a natural result of ageing. Often cataracts develop in both eyes at the same time. The symptoms vary but include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision. The very worst cataracts – where the iris appears almost entirely clouded – can cause a total loss of vision. Cataracts develop for a variety of reasons including long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, exposure to radiation, secondary effects of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and advanced age, eye injury or trauma.

Glaucoma is an abnormal increase in the intraocular pressure of the eyeball. Loss of vision develops gradually and people may not realize they have it. On reaching an advanced age glaucoma is extremely difficult and expensive to treat. The key to reducing the incidence of glaucoma is early diagnosis.

A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid. This common infection results from blocked glands within the eyelid. When the gland is blocked, the sebum (секрет сальных желез) produced by the gland occasionally backs up and extrudes through the wall of the gland, forming a lump which can be red, painful, and nodular. Frequently bacteria can infect the blocked gland causing increased inflammation, pain, and redness of the eye, and even redness of the surrounding eyelid and cheek tissue. The lump frequently goes away when the blockage of the gland opening is relieved. Furthermore, the infection goes away the pus is drained from the sty.

Persons having strabismus (cross-eyes) have a condition in which eyes do not converge together and a person sees two images instead of one.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions according to the text:

1. What are the common disorders of the eye?

2. What causes cataract?

3. How is it possible to prevent cataract?

4. What disease results from increased intraocular pressure?

5. How are myopia and hyperopia corrected?

6. What is a sty?

7. What is strabismus?

Exercise 7. Define if the following satements are true or false:

1. Astigmatism results from inability of cones to react to certain colours.

2. There is only one cause of cataract.

3. In myopia glasses with biconcave lenses are used.

4. Cataracts can develop in both eyes.

5. A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

6. Colour blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by males and expressed in females.

7. It is very difficult and expensive to treat glaucoma.

8. Persons with strabismus see two images instead of one.

9. The symptoms of cataract include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision.

Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Розтягнення очного яблука, недостатнє наведення чіткості зображення, формування зображення за сітківкою, втрачати еластичність кришталику з віком, неправильна кривизна рогівки, відбивання світла, дальтонізм, поступова нечіткість зору, помутніння райдужної оболонки ока, захворюваність глаукомою, запалення сальної залози, почервоніння повіки, випускати гній з ячменю, косоокість.

 

Exercise 9. Choose the proper preposition and complete the text. Translate the text into Ukrainian:

The primary mode (of\ with\ from) treatment for a sty is application (by\ at\ of) warm compresses. Incision and drainage is performed if resolution does not begin (in\ on\ to) the next 48 hours after warm compresses are started.

As a part of self-care at home patients may cleanse the affected eyelid (from\ in\ with) water. Cleansing must be done gently and while eyes are closed to prevent eye injuries.

Patients are highly advised not to lance the sty as it may result (in\ by\ at) a serious infection.

Medical treatment can also be provided (by\ with\ in) a doctor and it is aimed (at\ by\ to) relieving symptoms. Antibiotic are normally given (to\ on\ in) patients with multiple sties. Antibiotic ointments can also be administered (on\ from\ in) sty treatment.

Exercise 10. Translate sentences into English:

1. Порушення зору може спостерігатися в будь-якому віці. Велику роль в погіршенні зору відіграють спадковий чинник, перенесені інфекційні захворювання, неправильний режим читання.

2. Ячмінь – гостре гнійне запалення сальної залози біля кореня вій. Він виникає внаслідок потрапляння інфекції в залозу. На краю повіки з часом зявляються біль, почервоніння і набряк повіки.

3. Катарактою називається помутніння кришталика окаю Причинами можуть бути пошкодження ока, хвороби (діабет), піддавання впливу ультрафіолетових променів.

4. Глаукома – це підвищений тиск у середині ока. Глаукома призводить до повної або часткової сліпоти.

 

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Many people with diabetes notice that their vision becomes blurry.

2. Eyes receive light from the outside and form the image on the nervous cells of the retina.

3. Lens is tightly attached to its place by a ligament.

4. Additional structures of the eye include eyebrows, eye lashes, conjunctiva and the lacrimal apparatus.

5. Eyebrows and eyelashes protect eyes from foreign matters.

6. Human eye differs 10 million colours but it does not perceive ultraviolet.

 

Exercise 12. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and form:

1. Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, (to be) the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions.

2. Color blindness (affect) a significant percentage of the population.

3. Color blindness also (can to produce) by physical or chemical damage to the eye, the optic nerve, or parts of the brain.

4. Color blindness usually (to classify) as a mild disability.

5. Color vision deficiencies (can to classify) as acquired or inherited.

6. About 8 percent of males, but only 0.5 percent of females, (to be) color blind.

7. Causes of color blindness (to include) brain or retinal damage.

8. The different kinds of inherited color blindness (to result from) partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the different cone systems.

 

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: 1. захворюваність глаукомою 2. запалення сальної залози 3. помутніння райдужної оболонки ока 4. формування зображення за сітківкою 5. почервоніння повіки 6. косоокість 7. ячмінь 8. втрачати еластичність кришталику з віком 9. поступова нечіткість зору 10. відбивати світло   II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What are the common disorders of the eye? 2. What causes cataract? 3. How are myopia and hyperopia corrected? 4. What is a sty? 5. What is strabismus?   III. Розкрийте поняття:хвороби очей, катарката

 

Test

1. In myopia the image forms in front of the ………..

a) retina b)cornea c) eyeball d) lens e) eyelid

 

2. For most people cataracts are the natural result of …………..

a) eavy alcohol consumption b) smoking c) stress

d) ageing e) obesity

 

3. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Astigmatism results from inability of cones to react to certain colors.

B. There are several causes of cataract.

C. In myopia glasses with biconcave lenses are used.

D. Cataracts can develop in both eyes.

E. A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

 

4. ………….. is an abnormal increase in the intraocular pressure of the eyeball.

a) astigmatism b) sty c) hyperopia d) strabismus

d) glaucoma

 

5. People with color blindness may for example be color blind … red and green.

a) for b) with c) to d) at e) on

 

6. What is an inflamed swelling on the edge of an eyelid caused by bacterial infection of the gland at the base of an eyelash?

a) lump b) pus c) strabismus d) sty e) myopia

 

7. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Cataracts are treated surgically.

B. Color blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by males and expressed in females.

C. It is very difficult and expensive to treat glaucoma.

D. Persons with strabismus see two images instead of one.

E. The symptoms of cataract include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision.

 

8. Loss of vision in glaucoma develops … and people may not realize they have it.

a) rapidly b) steadily c) promptly d) gradually e) quickly

 

9. In a sty the lump frequently goes away when the blockage of the gland opening …………

a) relieved b) is relieved c) will relieve d) is relieve

e) will relieve

 

10. What does the word “converge” mean?

Persons having strabismus have a condition in which the eyes do not converge together.

a) mix b) correspond c) concentrate d) fit e) focus

 

EAR DISEASES

 

Exercise 1. Topical vocabulary:

auricle, n	[ˈɔːrɪkəl]	вушна раковина
cochlea, n	[ˈkɒklɪə]	передня частина вушного лабиринту
deafness, n	[ˈdefnəs]	глухота
eardrum, n	[ˈɪədrʌm]	барабанна перетинка
equilibrium, n	[ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm]	рівновага
eustachian tube, n	[ju:ʹsteıʃ(ə)n] [tjuːb]	євстахієва труба
hearing loss, n	[ˈhɪərɪŋ]	втрата слуху
Meniere disease		хвороба Мін'єра
myringotomy, n	[məˈriŋgətəmi]	мірінготомія (розсічення двох задніх квадрантів барабанної перетинки на всьому їх протязі)
ossicle, n	[ʹɒsık(ə)l ]	слухова кістка
otoscope, n	[ˈəʊtəskəʊp]	отоскоп
perforation, n	[ˌpɜːfəˈreɪʃən]	прорив
pinna, n	[ˈpɪnə]	вушна раковина
pus, n	[pʌs]	гній
tinnitus, n	[ˈtɪnɪtəs]	шум у вухах
tympanic membrane, n	[ˌtɪmˈpænɪk]	барабанна перетинка
vertigo, n	[ˈvɜːtɪɡəʊ]	запаморочення

 

Exercise 2. Read and remember interesting facts about ears:

1. Your ear drum is less than 17.5 mm in diameter

2. Your ear never stops working, even when you're asleep. The ear continues to hear sounds, but your brain just ignores incoming sounds.

3. Your ear does more than just let you hear—it also gives you a sense of balance. Maybe you've noticed feeling dizzy if you've had an ear infection.

4. The three bones in your ear are the smallest bones in your body, and all three could fit together on a penny.

5. The inner ear is about the size of a pencil eraser, but it contains more than 20,000 hairs.

6. Your sense of hearing is dependent upon tiny hairs deep inside your ear. If you lose these hairs, you lose your hearing.

7. Not all living creatures hear with ears. Snakes use jawbones, fish respond to pressure changes, and male mosquitoes

8. use antennae.

9. Your hearing can be damaged permanently even after a single incident of

10. exposure to extremely loud noise (shotgun blast, explosion, etc.).

11. You do not need to clean wax out of your ears unless you have an abnormal condition. Ears push excess wax out as needed.

 

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations:

Hearing loss, the semicircular canals and the cochlea, inflammation of the ear, to drains fluid, hearing andequilibrium, the tympanic membrane, to be made of cartilage, Meniere disease, nervous pathways, medium and loud sounds, otitis media, motion sickness, a fungus or bacterium, perforation of the eardrum, otitis externa, pronounced tinnitus, "swimmer's ear", accumulation of pus, to ventilate the middle ear cavity, malfunction or obstruction of the eustachian tube, nausea and vertigo.

 

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

EAR DISEASES

Structure of the Ear

The human ear is one of the most remarkable parts of the human body, not only because of the beauty and unlikelihood of its structure, but also because of its remarkable sensitivity to sounds. The ear has the receptors for both hearing and equilibrium. From an anatomical point of view, the ear is conventionally and conveniently divided into three parts: the outer, the middle and the inner ears.

The outer ear is called the auricle (or pinna) and is made of cartilage covered by skin. Sound moves through the pinna into the external auditory canal, a short tube that ends at the eardrum (tympanic membrane). Sound causes the eardrum and its tiny attached bones (ossicles) in the middle portion of the ear to vibrate, and the vibrations are conducted to the nearby cochlea. The spiral-shaped cochlea is part of the inner ear; it transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain. The fluid-filled semicircular canals (labyrinth) attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send information on balance and head position to the brain. The eustachian (auditory) tube drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat (pharynx) behind the nose.

Ear Conditions

Pain in the ear (earache) can have many causes. Some of these are serious, some are not serious.

Hearing Loss

Hearing impairment may result from disease, injury, or developmental problems that affect the ear itself or any nervous pathways concerned with the sense of hearing. Heredity, toxins, exposure to loud noises, and the aging process are possible causes for hearing loss. It may range from inability to hear certain frequencies of sound to a complete loss of hearing (deafness). People with extreme hearing loss that originates in the inner ear may benefit from a cochlear implant. This prosthesis stimulates the cochlear nerve and may allow the recipient to hear medium to loud sounds.

Otitis is any inflammation of the ear. Otitis media refers to an infection that leads to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity. One cause is malfunction or obstruction of the eustachian tube, such as by allergy, enlarged adenoids, injury, or congenital abnormalities. Another cause is infection that spreads to the middle ear, most commonly from the upper respiratory tract. Continued infection may lead to accumulation of pus and perforation of the eardrum. Otitis media usually affects children under 5 years of age and may result in hearing loss. If untreated, the infection may spread to other regions of the ear and head. Treatment is with antibiotics. A tube also may be placed in the tympanic membrane to ventilate the middle ear cavity, a procedure called a myringotomy.

Otitis externa is inflammation of the external auditory canal. Infections in this region may be caused by a fungus or bacterium and are most common among those living in hot climates and among swimmers, so it is called "swimmer's ear."

Meniere Disease is a disorder that affects the inner ear. It seems to involve the production and circulation of the fluid that fills the inner ear, but the cause is unknown. The symptoms are vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, pronounced tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and feeling of pressure in the ear. The course of the disease is uneven, and symptoms may become less severe with time. Meniere disease is treated with drugs to control nausea and dizziness, such as those used to treat motion sickness. In severe cases, the inner ear or part of the eighth cranial nerve may be destroyed surgically.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the most characteristic feature of the ear?

2. What are the main parts of the ear?

3. What is the role of the outer ear?

4. What processes occur in the middle ear?

5. What diseases of the ear are there?

6. What may cause hearing deafness?

7. What kind of disease is otitis?

8. What are the symptoms of Meniere disease?

Exercise 6. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. equilibrium 2. hearing 3. cochlea 4. otitis 5.vestibular apparatus 6. eustachian tube 7. ossicles 8. pinna

a) the portion of the inner ear that is concerned with the sense of equilibrium; b) the capacity to hear; c) the tube that connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and serves to equalize pressure between the outer and middle ear; d) the smallest bones of the middle ear; e) the sense of balance; f) the coiled portion of the inner ear that contains the receptors for hearing; g) the projecting part of the outer ear; auricle; h) any inflammation of the ear.

 

Exercise 7. Translate the word combinations:

Запалення зовнішнього слухового каналу, провітрювати порожнини середнього вуха, процес старіння, контролювати нудоту та запаморочення, вплив гучних звуків, дзвін у вухах, черепно-мозковий нерв, запалення вуха, помітна чутливість до звуків, перетворювати звук в нервові імпульси, барабанна перетинка, збільшені аденоїди, нервові шляхи, слух та рівновага, вушний біль, спиралевидний равлик.

Exercise 8. Choose the terms from the text to match the following definitions:

1. ______________ an instrument for examining the ear.

2. ______________ a sensation of noises, such as ringing or tinkling, in the ear.

3. ______________ an illusion of movement, caused by disturbances in the vestibular apparatus; often used to mean dizziness or lightheadedness.

4. ______________ inflammation of the external auditory canal; swimmer's ear.

5. ______________ a disease associated with increased fluid pressure in the inner ear and characterized by hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

6. ______________ inflammation of the middle ear with accumulation of watery (serous) or mucoid fluid.

7. ______________ surgical incision of the tympanic membrane; performed to drain the middle ear cavity or to insert a tube into the tympanic membrane for drainage.

 

Exercise 9. Complete this description using the words and phrases below:

pinna	inner ear
ear canal	oval window
eardrum	cochlea
sound waves	hair cells
middle ear	auditory nerve

How the Ear Works

Sounds from the outside world are picked up by the outer ear, which is made up of the … (1) and the ear canal. As the sound waves enter the ear, the … (2) serves to increase the loudness of those pitches that make it easier to understand speech. At the same time the ear canal protects another important part of the ear: the … (3) - a flexible, circular membrane which vibrates when touched by … (4).

The sound vibrations continue their journey into the … (5), which contains three tiny bones called the ossicles, which are also known as the hammer, anvil and stirrup. These bones form the bridge from the eardrum into the … (6). They increase and amplify the sound vibrations even more, before safely transmitting them on to the inner ear via the … (7).

The inner ear, or … (8), resembles the circular shell of a snail, and houses a system of tubes which are filled with a watery fluid. As the sound waves pass through the oval window the fluid begins to move, setting tiny … (9) in motion. In turn, these hairs transform the vibrations into electrical impulses that travel along the … (10) to the brain itself.

Exactly how the brain actually translates these nerve impulses remains a mystery.

 

 

Exercise 10. Match each of these symptoms with one or more of the ear conditions a-d below:

1. otitis media 2. Meniere disease 3. otitis externa 4. hearing loss

a) deafness b) vertigo c) tinnitus d) fluid in the middle ear e) pressure in the ear perforation of the eardrum f) accumulation of pus g) inability to hear certain frequencies of sounds h) inflamed auditory canal

 

Exercise 11. Put the special questions to the underlined words and words combinations:

1. An otoscope is a device to look into the ear canal to see the drum.

2. An audiologist examines a person's hearing in each ear, using sounds of varying volume and frequency.

3. Audiogram has just been made and compared with that of an individual with normal hearing.

4. ACT scanner uses X-rays and a computer to create images of the ears and surrounding structures.

5. Using radio waves in a magnetic field, a scanner creates high-resolution images of the ears and surrounding structures.

6. The ear changes sound into electrical signals, so the brain can interpret it.

7. Otosclerosis mainly affects the tiny stapes bone.

8. People with extreme hearing loss may benefit from a cochlear implant.

Exercise 12. Complete the text using one word in each gap:

Do you ever wish that your neighbours (turned / will turn / had turned) down their music? Perhaps you are trying to sleep and you wish that the people next-door (do / were / will be) not holding an all-night barbecue party in their garden. Or do you feel it is high (time / place / site) you moved to an uninhabited island? Don't worry - you are just another victim of noise pollution. Of course most people would prefer if cars (make / made / will make) no noise at all, neighbours (was / were / are) as quite as mice, and nobody (drive / drove will have drive) about the streets in cars with open windows and high-powered sound systems. You may even wish you (stop / stopped / have stopped) children from playing in the street, or planes from passing overhead. But in the end, if I (was / am / will be) you I (would / will / will have) just get used to it. Close the windows, buy some earplugs, laugh and turn up your own stereo. Just act (as / though / that) if the noise (is / was / will be) simply not there! Who knows, perhaps it will go away.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення: 1. барабанна перетинка 2. запалення зовнішнього слухового каналу 3. вплив гучних звуків 4. перетворювати звук в нервові імпульси 5. слух та рівновага 6. вушний біль 7. черепно-мозковий нерв 8. дзвін у вухах 9. порожнини середнього вуха 10. спиралевидний равлик   II. Дайте відповіді на наступні питання: 1. What is the most characteristic feature of the ear? 2. What are the main parts of the ear? 3. What is the role of the outer ear? 4. What processes occur in the middle ear? 5. What diseases of the ear are there?   III. Розкрийте поняття:втрата слуха, отит, хвороба Миньєра

Test

1. From an anatomical point of view the ear is conveniently divided into … parts.

a) one b) two c) three d) four e) five

 

2. The outer ear is called … and is made of cartilage covered by skin.

a) the auricle b) the ossicles c) the cochlea d) the pinna e) the eardrum

 

3. Sound causes the eardrum and its tiny attached bones in the middle portion of the ear to ….

a) move b) decelerate c) freeze d) vibrate e) vacillate

 

4. The eustachian tube … fluid from the middle ear into the throat.

a) eliminates b) discharges c) excretes d) removes e) drains

 

5. Otitis media refers to an infection that leads to … in the middle ear cavity.

a) the accumulation of pus b) the accumulation of fluid c) the formation of ulcers d) the formation of lesions e) the accumulation of mucus

 

6. One cause of otitis media is malfunction or obstruction of...

a) the semicircular canals b) the eustachian tube c) the cochlea d) the auricle e) the inner ear

 

7. Otitis externa is inflammation of ….

a) the semicircular canals b) the eustachian tube c) the cochlea

d) the inner ear e) the external auditory canal

 

8. Otitis externa is most common among those living in ….

a) cold climates b) hot climates c) temperate climates d) insanitary zone e) mountainous regions

 

9. Meniere Disease is a disorder that affects ….

a) the outer ear b) the middle ear c) the inner ear d) the eardrum e) eustachian tube

 

10. In severe cases, the inner ear or part of the eighth cranial nerve may be ….

a) perforated b) destroyed c) exscinded d) replaced e) cured

 

 

SKIN DISEASES

 

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

acne, n	['æknɪ]	прищ; запалення сальної залози
blister, n	['blistə]	пухир
comedones, n	['kɔmidəu]	чорний вугор
crack, n	['kræk]	тріщина
crust, n	['krst]	кірка
eczema, n	['eksim]	екзема
herpes, n	['h:piz]	лишай
hives		кропив'янка
itch, n	['itʃ ]	свербіж
nodule, n	['nɔdju:l]	вузлик
pox, n	['pɔks]	віспа
psoriasis, n	[sə' raiəsis]	псоріаз, лускатий лишай
pustule, n	['pʌstju:l]	прищ, пустула
scabies, n	['skeibI:z]	короста (чесотка)
rosacea, n	[reʊ' zeiʃə]	рожеві вугри
scale, n	['skeil]	луска
scar, n	['skɑ:]	шрам
scratch, n	['skrætʃ]	подряпина
spot, n	[spɒt]	прищик
vesicle, n	['vesikl]	пухирець

Exercise 2. Build adjectives from the following words using suffixes:

-ory, -ic, -y, -ous, -ive, -al:

Inflammation, irritation, allergy, cure, itch, blister, poison, environment, scar, pathogen, fat, water, bacteria, silver.

 

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Vesicles filled with transparent fluid or pus; nodules elevated above the skin; skin neoplasms; inflammation of the skin; to result from; to result in; exposure to chemicals; metabolic disorders; to be caused by allergies and irritants; increased body sensitivity; skin diseases and their manifestations; the upper layer of the skin; pus-filled spots; tocause scarring; parasitic insects, bacteria or pathogenic fungi; birthmarks, warts, and tumors; poxvirus; herpes simplex virus; the ability to invade or spread to other parts; human papillomavirus

Exercise 4. Match the following terms with their definitions:

1. scabies	a) a benign tumour derived from epithelial tissue and forming a rounded or lobulated mass
2. eczema	b) a chronic skin disease common in adolescence, involving inflammation of the sebaceous glands and characterized by pustules on the face, neck, and upper trunk
3. herpes	c) a black-tipped plug of fatty matter clogging a pore of the skin, especially the duct of a sebaceous gland
4. acne	d) a skin inflammation with lesions that scale, crust, or ooze a serous fluid, often accompanied by intense itching or burning
5. comedones (blackheads)	e) any of several inflammatory diseases of the skin, especially herpes simplex, characterized by the formation of small watery blisters
6. papilloma	f) a contagious skin infection caused by the mite Sarcoptesscabiei, characterized by intense itching, inflammation, and the formation of vesicles and pustules
7. psoriasis	g) a skin disease characterized by the formation of reddish spots and patches covered with silvery scales: tends to run in families
8. rosacea	h) a chronic inflammatory disease causing the skin of the face to become abnormally flushed and sometimes pustular(adj.)

 

Exercise 5. Read the text and be ready to discuss it:

SKIN DISEASES

Skin disease is a human disease of varying etiologies characterized by pathological changes in the skin, nails and hair and in the visible mucous membranes. They may be manifested by spots, vesicles filled with transparent fluid or pus (pustules), nodules elevated above the skin, scratches, ulcers, and cracks. Many skin diseases are accompanied by itching, burning, redness, swelling and pain. Such skin problems, such as acnes, can affect your appearance. Our skin may also develop several kinds of cancers.

Dermatology is the branch of medicine that studies skin diseases. They may include skin infections and skin neoplasms. Infection of the skin is distinguished from dermatitis, which is inflammation of the skin, but a skin infection can result in skin inflammation. Inflammatory skin diseases result from direct exposure to chemicals, mechanical factors, radiation, or extremes of temperature. Skin diseases may be caused by allergies, irritants, metabolic disorders and immune system problems. Some skin diseases are manifestations of increased body sensitivity to various stimuli, including drugs and certain plants.

The term “dermatitis” (or eczema) is used to describe changes in the upper layer of the skin that include redness, itching, blistering, crusting, scaling, thickening and sometimes pigmentation. The cause of dermatitis is unclear. One possibility is a dysfunctional interplay between the immune system and skin. Most cases of dermatitis develop in people with sensitive skin and can be prevented simply by avoiding the irritant.

One of the most common skin diseases is acne. It is characterized by comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) and pus-filled spots (pustules). It usually starts at puberty and varies in severity from a few spots on the face, back and chest, which most adolescents will have at some time, to a more serious problem that may cause scarring. At present there is no cure for acne, although the available treatments can be very effective in preventing the formation of new spots and scarring.

Such skin diseaseas scabies may be caused by parasitic insects, bacteria or pathogenic fungi. Viral skin infections are most often caused by one of three groups of viruses: poxvirus, human papillomavirus, and herpes simplex virus.

Treatment of scabies depends on the cause of the infection and severity. Some types of viral skin infections may not require treatment. Bacterial infections are often treated with medications such as antibiotics. Medication is often administered directly on to the skin.

Neoplasms such as birthmarks, warts, and tumors may develop on the skin. Skin cancers are due to the development of abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Melanomas are the most aggressive. The exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun increases the risk of all three main types of skin cancer.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. In what cases may the most common skin diseases occur?

2. How may skin diseases manifested?

3. What are many skin diseases accompanied by?

4. What diseases may affect the appearance?

5. What science studies skin diseases?

6. What does the inflammation of the skin result from?

7. What are the main manifestations of dermatitis?

8. What is the causative agent of scabies?

9. What infections may be treated with antibiotics?

10. What may skin cancers be due to?

Exercise 7. Insert the prepositions:

Acne consists … spots and painful bumps on the skin. It’s most noticeable … the face, but can also appear … the back, shoulders and buttocks. Severe acne can cause scarring. Acne usually starts … puberty, but it affects adults too. Most teenagers get some form of acne.

Cold sores are small blister-like spots that appear ….or around the outside … the mouth. Cold sores are caused … a virus, known as herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). The virus can remain dormant (inactive) in some people, meaning that cold sores may never appear.

Nappy rash is a very common skin condition that happens to around one third … nappy wearing babies. It’s caused when the skin comes into contact …. urine and faeces (poo) in the nappy. Mild cases are usually painless but severe nappy rash can cause discomfort and distress to babies.

Hives (also known as urticaria), is a skin rash that can be triggered … a variety of things including allergic reactions, medicines and heat. The rash is caused when the body produces a substance called histamine, which is a protein used to fight off viruses and bacteria.

The common symptoms include a raised, rough red rash, with the bumps often looking more like normal skin colour that is often quite itchy. The raised areas … skin are known as wheals, which often fade after a few hours but can sometimes reappear elsewhere … the body.

Psoriasis is a long-term skin condition that can also affect joints. Although the cause of psoriasis is unknown, genes may play a part. People …psoriasis are… slightly higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Mild psoriasis can be treated … moisturisers as well as other products applied …the skin.The most common symptoms are dry, raised, red patches of skin (plaques) covered…. silvery scales. The patches usually appear … the knees, elbow and scalp, but they can appear anywhere …the body.

 

Exercise 8.Translate into English using active vocabulary:

Хвороба шкіри; етіологія хвороби; патологічні зміни на шкірі; прозора рідина; супровджуватися сверблячкою; шкодити здоров’ю; зовнішній вигляд; новоутворення шкіри; запалення шкіри; піддаватися дії хімічних речовин; порушення обміну речовин; механічні фактори; прояви хвороби; чутливість до подразників; верхні шари шкіри; взаємодія між імунною системою та шкірою; уникати дії подразників; розвиватися у людей; статева зрілість; підлітки; пустули, заповнені гноєм; запалення сальної залози; запобігати утворення шрамів (рубців); віруси групи віспи; чорний вугор на лиці(комедон); герпес(лишай); родимка та бородавка

Exercise 9. Insert missing words from the table:

exposure, moisture, acid, scratching, oral, irritants, itching, relief

Self-care at home

1. Immediately after … to a known allergen or irritant wash with soap and cool water to remove most of the substance.

2. Weak … solutions (lemon juice, vinegar) can be used to counterpart the effects of dermatitis contracted by exposure to basic ….

3. If blistering develops, cold moist compresses applied for 30 minutes 3 times a day an offer ….

4. Calamine lotion and cool colloidal oatmeal baths may relieve ….

5. … antihistamines can also relieve itching.

6. Avoid …, as this can cause secondary infections.

7. A barrier cream such as those containing zinc oxide may help to protect the skin and retain….

Exercise 10.Read and translate the text. Put questions to the underlined words:

Rosacea is a common disorder that mainly affects skin on the face. It causes redness on the nose, chin, cheeks, and forehead. Over time, the redness can become more intense, taking on a ruddy appearance.Blood vessels may become visible.

In some cases, rosacea appears on the chest, back, or neck. It can affect the eyes, causing them to feel irritated and to appear bloodshot (inflamed) or watery. People with rosacea can also develop red solid bumps and pus-filled pimples (warts). The disorder can cause the nose to take on a bulbous (onion), swollen appearance called rhinophyma.

The cause of rosacea is not known; however, different theories exist. One theory is that rosacea may be a component of a more generalized disorder of the blood vessels. Other theories suggest that the condition is caused by microscopic skin mites, fungus, psychological factors, or a malfunction of the connective tissue under the skin. Although no one knows for sure what causes rosacea, some circumstances and conditions can trigger it.

Rosacea affects an estimated 14 million Americans -- most of them don't know they have it.

People who have fair skin and who tend to blush (to become red in face) easily may be at a higher risk for the disorder. Rosacea appears more often among women, but men tend to have the more severe symptoms. A possible reason for this could be that men generally delay medical treatment until rosacea becomes advanced..

While there is no cure for rosacea, medical therapy is available to control or reverse the signs and symptoms. If you suspect that you have rosacea, consult your doctor.

Rosacea's appearance can vary greatly from one individual to another. Most of the time, not all of the potential signs and symptoms appear. Rosacea always includes at least one of the primary signs listed below. Various secondary signs and symptoms may also develop.

Primary signs of rosacea include flushing, persistent redness, bumps and pimples, visible blood vessels.

Exercise 11. Open the brackets and translate sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Contact dermatitis typically (to cause) the skin to develop a pink or red rash.

2. Skin (to play) a key role in protecting the body against invasion of pathogens.

3. Different types of dermatitis (to base) on the factor that triggers the skin reaction.

4. The epidermis (to contain) no blood vessels.

5. Acne easily (to recognize) by the appearance of the spots and by their distribution on the face, neck, chest or back.

6. There (to be) no cure for rosacea.

7. Such skin changes (to know) as an irritant contact dermatitis.

8. The severity of psoriasis (to vary) with time and from person to person.

9. Proteins in fruit and vegetables (can, cause) an immediate allergic reaction leading to itchy skin swellings known as hives.

10. Acne (to remain) largely a curse of adolescence.

Exercise 12.Translate the sentences into English:

1. Дерматологія-це розділ медицини, який вивчає будову шкіри, волосся та нігтів, їх розвиток, функції, а також захворювання.

2. Зміни шкіри часто мають важливе значення для діагностики внутріщніх та інфекційних захворювань.

3. Дерматит- це гостре запалення щкіри, яке виникає під впливом різних факторів (хімічних, фізичних, термічних, медикаментозних, тощо).

4. Дерматит часто визивають кислоти, фарби, органічні розчинники, олії. Нерідко причиною дерматиту є антибіотики, новокаін.

5. Процес супроводжується почервонінням, набряком, свербіжем, печією, іноді болем.

6. Механізми, що беруть участь у патологічному процесі при атопічному дерматиті, різноманітні.

7. Зовнішніми факторами, що провокують початок захворювання, є: харчові продукти, зовнішні подразники фізичного характеру, тваринного та рослинного походження, стресові фактори, метереологічні фактори.

8. У тяжких випадках можлива поява пухирців, іноді великих.

Exercise 13. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term «хвороби шкіри»:

1. Many skin diseases are accompanied by itching, burning, redness, swelling and pain.

2.Treatment of skin diseases depends on the cause and severity.

3. Skin diseases may be caused by allergies, irritants, metabolic disorders and immune system problems.

4. Skin disease is a human disease of varying etiologies characterized by pathological changes in the skin, nails and hair and in the visible mucous membranes.

5.Dermatology is the branch of medicine that studies skin diseases.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

I. Перекладіть наступні словосполучення 1. патологічні зміни на шкірі; 2. супровoджуватися сверблячкою та почервонінням; 3. гостре запалення шкіри; 4. чутливість до подразників; 5. взаємодія між імунною системою та шкірою; 6. уникати дії подразників; 7. пустули, заповнені гноєм; 8. запалення сальної залози; 9. запобігати утворення шрамів (рубців); 10. родимка та бородавка II. Дайте відповідь на наступні питання: 1. In what cases may the most common skin diseases occur? 2. What are many skin diseases accompanied by? 3. What diseases may affect the appearance? 4. What are the main manifestations of dermatitis? 5. What may skin cancers be due to?   III. Розкрийте поняття:хвороби шкіри

 

Test

1. …. disease is a human disease of varying etiologies characterized by pathological changes in the …, nails and hair and in the visible mucous membranes.

a) skin b)eye c)lung d)renal e) pa