Exercise 3. Match the words with their definitions.

1. wound	a) an injury appearing as an area of discoloured skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood vessels.
2. trauma	b) a minor wound in which the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane is worn away by rubbing or scrapping.
3. hematoma	c) the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or animal.
4. bruise	d) a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
5. abrasion	e) the presence in tissues of harmful bacteria and their toxins, typically through infection of a wound.
6. contusion	f) an injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow, or other impact, typically one in which the skin is cut or broken.
7. skin	g) a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus.
8. contusion	h) a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured.
9. sepsis	i) the process of infecting or the state of being infected.
10. infection	j) a region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured.
11. abscess	k) a physical wound or injury, such as a fracture or blow.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

CLOSED WOUNDS

Closed wounds have fewer categories, but are just as dangerous as open wounds. The types of closed wounds are:

Contusions, more commonly known as bruises, caused by a blunt force trauma that damage tissue under the skin. When a person sustains a harsh blow, it causes tissue damage and bleeding beneath the skin, but does not tear the skin itself. Most contusions do not require medical treatment, but should be monitored for symptoms of hematoma, which is deep tissue damage. A hematoma can cause skin death over the injury and will need medical treatment. The symptoms of a hematoma are a steadily growing mass beneath the contusion and discoloration, as well as severe pain. These symptoms require immediate medical treatment.

Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

Crush injury, caused by a great or extreme amount of force applied over a long period of time.

Chronic and Acute Wounds Acute or traumatic wounds are the result of injuries that disrupt the tissue. Chronic wounds are those that are caused by a relatively slow process that leads to tissue damage. Chronic wounds include pressure, venous, and diabetic ulcers. Typically, an insufficiency in the circulation or other systemic support of the tissue causes it to fail and disintegrate. Infection then takes hold of the site and hits a critical point, it can spread locally. Once the infection hits a critical point, it can spread locally or become systemic (sepsis).

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the types of closed wounds?

2. What are contusions caused by?

3. What should contusions be monitored for?

4. What can a hematoma cause?

5. What are the symptoms of hematoma?

6. What are hematomas caused by?

7. What is a crush injury?

8. What do acute wounds result from?

9. What are chronic wounds caused by?

10. When can infection spread locally and become systemic?

 

Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Критична точка; недостатня циркуляція; травматичні поранення; порівняно повільний процес; збиратися під шкірою; розпадатися на складові частини; розривати тканину; забите місце; синець; пошкоджувати кров’яні судини; небезпечні рани; розповсюджуватися локально.

Exercise 7.Choose one or more words from list B to modify the verbs from list A so as to make sense. Translate the word combinations into the native language:

List A: to cause; to refer to; to damage; to be caused by; to appear; to be misused; to collect; to be applied; to scrape off; to be referred to; to lead to; to hit; to spread.

List B: the topmost layer of the skin; a critical point; as a "through-and-through; tissue damage; over a long period of time; the dermis; locally; a clean, sharp-edged object; under the skin; in reference to incisions; a contusion; a sharp injury; linear (regular) or stellate.

 

Exercise 8. Find the appropriate sentence endings:

1. Incisions or incised wounds, caused by…

2. Contusions, more commonly known as …

3. Lacerations, irregular tear-like wounds caused by …

4. Abrasions (grazes), superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the skin (the epidermis)…

5. Hematomas, also called a blood tumor, caused by…

6. Puncture wounds, caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as …

7. Penetration wounds, caused by an object such as a knife…

8. Crush injury, caused by a great or extreme amount of…

9. Gunshot wounds, caused by a bullet or similar projectile driving …

a) …is scraped off.

b) …into or through the body.

c) …entering and coming out from the skin.

d) …a clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife, a razor or a glass splinter.

e) … a nail or needle.

f) … force applied over a long period of time.

g) ….damage to a blood vessel that in turn causes blood to collect under the skin.

h) … bruises, caused by a blunt force trauma that damage tissue under the skin.

i) … some blunt trauma.

Exercise 9. Approve or contradict the following statements:

1. Injuries are far too common for some people.

2. At some point in most of our lives, we will receive a wound.

3. Whether major or minor, any injury that tears flesh is not only painful, but dangerous.

4. The simplest puncture can breed tetanus, and a small cut can turn septic with infection.

5. Knowing the basics of what types of wounds are more serious than others can help you treat them.

6. As mentioned above, any wound can be serious, no matter how small, if ignored.

7. In the case of punctures, a thorough cleansing and an update on your tetanus shot is a must.

8. Deep cuts, where blood is pumping with each heartbeat, need not an immediate call to 911.

 

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Відомо, що рана – це пошкодження шкіри, слизової оболонки чи глибокої тканини, що супроводжується болем та кровотечею і має вигляд зяючого отвору.

2. Рани бувають: вогнепальні, різані, рубані, колоті, вдарені, рвані, вкушені, розміжчені.

3. Вогнепальні рани виникають внаслідок кульового або осколкового поранення. Вони бувають: наскрізні, якщо є вхідні і вихідні ранові отвори; сліпі, якщо куля або осколок застряє у тканині тіла та дотичні, якщо куля або осколок пошкоджує шкіру і м’які тканини тіла, але не застряє в них.

4. Різані і колоті рани мають невелику зону пошкоджень, рівні краї, стінки ран зберігають життєздатність, дуже кровоточать, менше піддаються інфікуванню.

5. Колоті проникаючі рани при невеликій зоні пошкодження шкіри чи слизової оболонки можуть мати значну глибину і бути дуже небезпечними через пошкодження внутрішніх органів і занесення до них інфекції.

6. Рубані рани бувають різної глибини, з удареними місцями і розміжченими м’якими тканинами тіла.

7. Вкушені рани завжди інфіковані слиною.

8. Рани можуть бути поверхневими або проникаючими в порожнину черепа, грудну клітку, черевну порожнину. Проникаючі рани найнебезпечніші.

 

Test

1. … is an irregular or jagged break or tearing of the skin.

a) laceration b) graze c) contusion d) bruise e) scar

 

2. Accidents with sharp objects or tools, and car accidents are the most common causes of … wounds.

a) jagged b) open c) closed d) linear e) stellate

 

3. …are presented as a painful bruise with reddish to bluish discoloration that spreads over the injured area of skin.

a) cyanosis b) contusions c) incisions d) punctures e) stab wounds

 

4. A sharp object, such as a knife, shard of glass, or razor blade, causes….

a) graze b) incision c) crushed wound d) injury e) contusion

 

5. … are usually caused by an external high pressure force that squeezes part of the body between two surfaces.

a) crushed wounds b) small grazes c) bruises d) scars e) breaks

 

6. …is a small hole caused by a long, pointy object, such as a nail, needle, or ice pick.

a) Closed wound b) hematoma c) punctured wound d) contusion e) incised wound

 

7. If your wound is on an arm or leg, raising it above your heart will also help … the bleeding.

a) speed b) slow c) interrupt d) prevent e) finish

 

8. ….are usually removed in 3 to 14 days, depending on where the cut is located.

a) dressing b) scars c) medications d) antibiotics e) stiches

 

9. If the wound isn't in an area that will get dirty or be rubbed by clothing, you don't have to …it.

a) cover b) bandage c) heal d) wash e) clean

 

10. …apply firm but gentle pressure on the cut with a clean cloth, tissue or piece of gauze.

a) To stop the bleeding b) To protect the wound c) To speed up healing d) To clean the wound e) To relieve pain

 

SHOCK

 

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

agitation, n	[ˏæʤi'teiʃn]	хвилювання
anxiety, n	[əŋ'zaiəti]	занепокоєння, турбота
arrest, v	[ǝ'rest]	зупинятися
cardiogenic, adj.	[ˏka:diǝʋ'ʤenik]	кардіогенний
clammy, adj	['klæmi]	липкий та вологий на дотик
confusion, n	[kǝn'fju:ʓn]	сплутана свідомість
dehydration, n	[ˏdi:hai'dreiʃǝn]	зневоднення
frightening, adj	['fraitniɳ]	лякаючий, жахливий
hypoxia, n	[hai'pɒksiǝ]	гіпоксія, нестача кисню
hypersensitivity, n	[ˏhaipǝˏsensi'tiviti]	надмірна чутливість
hypovolemic, adj.	[haipǝuvǝ'li:mik]	гіповолемічний
irreversible, adj	[ˏiri'vɜ:sǝbǝl]	незворотній
insufficient, adj	[ˏinsǝ'fiʃint]	недостатній
lack, n	['læk]	брак чогось
neurogenic, adj.	[ˏnjʋrǝ'ʤenik]	нейрогенний
saline, n	[seilain]	сольовий розчин
seizure, n	['si:ʓǝ]	судома
shallow, adj	['ʃæləu]	неглибокий, поверховий
worsen, v	['wɜ:sn]	погіршувати

Exercise 2. Form the words with the help of the prefix hyper-. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:

Model: sensitivity – hypersensitivity

чутливість – надмірна чутливість

Activity, function, tension, ventilation, vitaminosis, secretion, keratosis, glycaemia, thyroidism, thermia (-thernia).

Exercise 3. Form adjectives with the help of the suffix –ish. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:

Model: blue – bluish (i.e. resembles blue, but not pure blue)

синій – синюватий, синявий

gray, yellow, white, green, tall, small, normal, mild, cold, new, boy, girl, child, woman, book.

Exercise 4. Translate the word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Insufficient blood flow, to require immediate treatment, a traumatic or frightening emotional event, shallow breathing, bluish lips and fingernails, intra-abdominal infections, to release toxins, allergic reaction to insect stings, congestive heart failure, spinal cord injury, to determine the cause, a poor prognosis, in minor cases, damage to vital organs, to worsen rapidly.

 

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

SHOCK

Shock is a life-threatening medical condition as a result of insufficient blood flow throughout the body. Shock often accompanies severe injury or illness. Medical shock is a medical emergency, and it can lead to other conditions such as lack of oxygen in the body's tissues (hypoxia), heart attack (cardiac arrest) or organ damage. It requires immediate treatment as symptoms can worsen rapidly.

Medical shock is different from emotional, or psychological, one as it can occur following a traumatic or frightening emotional event.

The main symptom of shock is low blood pressure. Among other symptoms we may observe rapid, shallow breathing and rapid weak pulse; cold, clammy skin; dizziness and confusion; glassy eyes; anxiety or agitation; seizures; low or no urine output; bluish lips and fingernails; sweating; chest pain.

There are five types of shock: septic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic.

Septic shock results from bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins. It can be caused by intra-abdominal infections (such as a rupture of appendix), pneumonia, or meningitis. Its treatment includes antibiotics and fluids.

Anaphylactic shock occurs as a result of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to insect stings, medicines or foods (nuts, berries, seafood). At the early stage, it can be treated with IV injection of adrenaline (epinephrine).

Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to the body any more. It can be the end result of a heart attack or congestive heart failure. Cardiogenic shock has a poor prognosis: only 1/3 of patients survive, as it is often difficult to treat and overcome.

Hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood and fluid loss because of traumatic injury. It is treated with fluids (saline) in minor cases, and blood transfusions in severe cases. Hypovolemic shock responds well to medical treatment if initiated early.

Neurogenic shock is caused by spinal cord injury as a result of a traumatic accident or injury. This type of shock is the most difficult to treat as spinal cord damage is often irreversible. That’s why it has a very poor prognosis. Nevertheless, its treatment includes surgery, absolute immobilization and anti-inflammatory drugs.

As far as we can see, treatment for each type of shock depends on the cause. Tests will help to determine it. However, as a rule, IV fluids and medications that raise blood pressure are administered.

Shock is a medical emergency. If you suspect shock, especially after an injury, even if a person seems stable, get him to an emergency department immediately. Prompt treatment can save his life because the sooner shock is treated, the less is the damage to vital organs.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of medical condition is shock?

2. What conditions can shock lead to?

3. What are the symptoms of shock?

4. How many types of shock are there?

5. What is the cause of septic shock?

6. What is hypovolemic shock treated?

7. What types of shock do not respond to treatment? Why?

8. What is a common treatment for shock?

 

Exercise 7. Join nouns with corresponding adjectives. Translate the word-combinations:

1. life-threatening	a) blood flow
2. clammy	b) eyes
3. insufficient	c) arrest
4. shallow	d) condition
5. glassy	e) emergency
6. cardiac	f) breathing
7. medical	g) damage
8. irreversible	h) skin

 

Exercise 8. Match symptoms with their definitions:

	hypoxia	a)	lack of clearness of mind
	seizure	b)	excretion of salty liquid through the skin pores
	dizziness	c)	condition when a patient cannot control his movements
	confusion	d)	worry and tension caused by apprehension
	sweating	e)	not blinking enough gives the eyes a shiny appearance like glass
	glassy eyes	f)	not deep respiration
	anxiety	g)	lack of oxygen in body’s tissues
	shallow breathing	h)	feeling when the head goes round

 

 

Exercise 9. Give the English equivalents:

Супроводжувати важку травму, брак кисню в тканинах тіла, запаморочення та сплутана свідомість, відбуватися внаслідок, виділяти токсин, скляний зір та судоми, розрив апендикса, надмірна чутливість до ліків, значна втрата рідини, підвищити кров’яний тиск, незначний та тяжкий випадки, підозрювати шоковий стан після травми, невідкладна допомога.

Exercise 10. What would you do in case of shock? Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. Move a person who is suspected to have neurogenic shock.

2. Wait for the symptoms of shock worsen, and only then call in an ambulance.

3. Immediately call in an ambulance.

4. Leave a person alone with his trouble.

5. Have a person lie down on the back with the feet elevated above the head to increase blood flow to vital organs.

6. Raise a person’s feet above the head to increase blood flow to vital organs even if raising legs causes pain.

7. Check a person’s breathing every two minutes.

8. Don’t give a person anything to drink so as to avoid loss of consciousness.

Exercise 11. Insert preposition where necessary:

1. Any health troubles start with damages … cells.

2. He got spinal cord injury … a result of a car crash.

3. Shock is an emergency condition that threatens … life.

4. Toxins, released … the blood by bacteria, cause septic shock.

5. Only a small number of people survive … cardiogenic shock.

6. In summer a lot of people suffer allergic reactions … insect stings.

7. The injury after the accident was accompanied … the state of shock.

8. Medical shock differs … the emotional one which follows some frightening event.

 

Exercise 12.

a) Read N.I. Pirogov’s description of a soldier in a state of shock:

The following is the description of shock made by famous surgeon N. Pirogov: “You see a wounded soldier without an arm or leg lying still at the dressing station. He does not cry or moan or complain. He is indifferent to everything. He does not ask for anything. His eyes are immovable and he gazes into the distance. His body is cold. His face is pale as that of a corpse. His pulse is like a thread, barely noticeable. His wound and skin are almost completely insensitive. The patient displays a sign of sensation only by contraction of the facial muscles. Sometimes this state passes off within a few hours. And sometimes it persists unchanged until death.”

 

b) Answer the following questions:

1. Why doesn’t a soldier without a leg or an arm make any sound?

2. What does he look like? Why?

3. How can you describe his glance?

4. Is it possible to feel his pulse?

5. How does he reveal his sensations?

6. How often does the state of shock subside?

 

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The initial state of shock is manifested by hypoxia.

2. Thready pulse can be due to the decrease of blood flow.

3. The classification system for shock was created in 1972.

4. If not timely treated, shock will proceed to the progressive stage.

5. That critically ill patient developed septic shock after surgical intervention.

6. The severity of shock is graded on a 1-4 scale depending on the physical signs.

7. Low blood perfusion results in cellular damage and inadequate tissue function.

8. Hypovolemic, anaphylactic and neurogenic shock respond well to medical therapy.

Exercise 14. Re-write sentences opening the brackets. Translate them into Ukrainian:

1. Glassy eyes (to be) the sign of stupor and shock.

2. Adrenaline always (to use) to arrest anaphylactic shock.

3. He said that his neurosis (to worsen) after the emotional shock.

4. She (to suffer) from allergy to mosquitoes' bites since childhood.

5. Two months ago he had meningitis which (to lead) to septic shock.

6. His case was minor, so the doctor (to administer) him IV infusion of saline.

7. At the moment the students (to observe) how the surgeon (to operate) on the patient’s heart.

8. Absolute immobilization (to recommend) if an injured person seems to have a spinal cord injury.

 

Exercise 15. Fill in the table and describe the notion “shock”:

Medical shock
Signs and symptoms
Types of shock
Treatment
Complications

 

*Exercise 16. Find Ukrainian / Russian equivalents to the given English proverbs. What are their main ideas?

1. Good health is above wealth.

2. Prevention is better than cure.

3. A sound mind in a sound body.

4. Wealth is nothing without health.

5. The remedy is worse than the disease.

6. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.