Как написать статью на английском языке и избежать типичных ошибок

Как написать статью на английском языке и избежать типичных ошибок

Шарапкова А. А.

[e-mail]

I. Хорошая и плохая статья

- A "good paper", needs to "present a new idea in an easy to understand way". (M. Chang)

Простая ≠ утверждающая всем известные истины, повторяющая уже сделанное ранее

Понятная ≠ элементарная по содержанию, избегающая сложных вопросов или спорных моментов.

Хорошая статья предполагает ответственное отношение автора к своему читателю, иными словами, хорошая статья это результат работы автора, который сделал все возможное для того, чтобы облегчить ее понимание потенциальному читателю.

The paper has to be proofread by many different people, rewritten, and edited many, many, many times. Most papers are difficult to understand because they are just written, not edited.

- - это джунгли: «Повторяю еще раз: очень важна ЯСНОСТЬ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЯ. Редактор не должен ПРОРУБАТЬСЯ сквозь текст, как через амазонские джунгли. Надо писать – ЯСНО, ОБЪЕКТИВНО, ТОЧНО, КРАТКО!» (I. van S. Из Elsevier)

- это лед: «Энергия читателя конечна, и пока он пробирается сквозь лингвистическое воплощение вашей идеи и пытается понять – а где здесь глагол, а где здесь придаточное, а к чему это относится, его энергия заканчивается и содержание начинает волновать в меньшей степени»

- это одежда не по размеру, Keep working until your outline fits your idea like a glove.

“bad style is like high heels for fencing- horrid and useless”

- это мутная вода: «It is extremely important, as a well-ordered sentence makes meaning clear and concise, whereas a badly ordered sentence makes the reader (and marker) work very hard to understand the meaning like to see the sun through the clouded waters»

 

 

II. Интерференция – одна из проблем перевода и написания статьи на английском языке.

«этой проблеме уделяется много внимания»

 

Эта проблема влечет за собой ряд вопросов-

Имеются достаточные (в смысле убедительные) доказательства

 

А «эта гипотеза имеет глубокие и далеко идущие заключения»-

The structure realizes a number of functions

These isolated particles are widely used as a valuable model system for PSII RCs since their first preparation in 1987 [8].

The amount of these complexes peaked as early as at 20-40 s (Figure 2B), indicating a high rate of ribosomal scanning through the preceded 31-nt leader which is in accordance with the previously estimated speed of scanning ribosomes (4).

Reading is not only perceptual but also motor process. During reading at each moment of time the recognition of the incoming visual information is carried out as well as eye movements are prepared and executed.

All the pH measurements were performed within 2–7 days after sample collection, during which time the samples were stored at 5-8°C.

Полностью оценить важность этого принципа можно только после появления дополнительных данных

Мы можем получить то же самое заключение другим способом в случае, когда..

III. Основные проблемы при написании стати

· Связанныe с общей логикой повествования и английского научного дискурса.

· Связанные с синтаксисом

· Связанные с грамматикой

· На стыке грамматики и лексики

· Лексические проблемы

III – 1)

• Evolutionary biology today tries to explain a natural world that appears remarkably different from the nature of the past century. It is a dynamic world, where sym­biosis and phenotypic plasticity are the rules, not the exceptions. High-throughput sequencing has uncov­ered a world of complex interactions between developing organisms and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments. This newfound awareness of the depend­ency of phenotypes on other species and environmen­tal conditions presents additional layers of complexity for evolutionary theory and raises many questions that are being addressed by new research programmes. The field of ecological evolutionary developmental biology (Eco- Evo-Devo) attempts to study and model this new view of nature by organizing concepts such as developmental symbiosis and developmental plasticity into evolutionary theory.

III-2)

Лишнее придаточное

The amount of these complexes peaked as early as at 20-40 s (Figure 2B), indicating a high rate of ribosomal scanning through the preceded 31-nt leader which is in accordance with the previously estimated speed of scanning ribosomes.

III-3)

• 1) Ошибки

In the further text considered only are sequenced samples.

It seems that any fundamental role in triggering sexual behaviour is unlikely.

• In addition, it do not retain the oxygen-evolving complex.

• Kaolinite is the most studied two-layered clay mineral and the most simple (the simplest) for interpretation in the light of the complex triple interaction.

• We assumed that the first group of charrs should be associated with lacustrine Arctic Charr (Salvelinustaranetzi) and the second group – with common Dolly Varden (Salvelinusmalma), which were fed (feed) in the lakes and spawned (spawn) in the tributaries.

• 2) Соотношение активного и пассивного залога

III- 4)

• These isolated particles are widely used as a valuable model system for PSII RCs since their first preparation in 1987 [8].

• In both cases, the complex accumulation kinetics were much faster than those at the ΔE012 mRNA, but a clear delay in 48S formation on the second AUG was observed at the ΔE12 mRNA as compared to ΔE2 mRNA

• Standing aside from the hot discussions of whether clay minerals were or were not among the primary entombing sediments in Lagerstätten and Burgess Shale Type Lagerstätten especially (Powell, 2003; Butterfield, 2007; Page et al., 2008), we note that clays were most likely present in ancient bottom sediments.

• The mechanism that guided for centuries the formation of exceptionally preserved fossils with soft tissue variously displayed is the paramount challenge to paleontological science.

Как проверять сочетаемость?

1. Новое свойство возникает, когда мы рассматриваем...

2. Выясняется одно замечательное свойство

3. Главной характерной чертой предыдущего примера является...

4. Относительно соотношения (12) заметим, что его интересным свойством является... —

5. Здесь проявляются две интересные особенности.

6. Основное (= существенное) требование, предъявляемое к... состоит в том, чтобы...

Проблемные предлоги

• In the opposite to Dolly Varden widespread dominance along the Pacific Coast of Asia, the Taranets Charr anadromous and resident forms are distributed from Chukotka Peninsula to the Dergavin’s Bay

• In the given paper are not going to discuss the specifics of the taphonomic pathways of Lagerstätten, which are extremely variable (Butterfield, 1994, 1995, 2003, Cai et al., 2012), but instead we will discuss one important question, namely why does decay of dead carcasses stop or delay allowing the fossilization to start before the complete degradation of a body.

Необходимость синонимичных оборотов…

• the basic structural arrangement and interactions of the triplet-bearing Chl are comparable for the two PSII preparations. From comparison of the triplet-minus-singlet FTIR difference spectrum with the published FTIR difference spectra for photooxidation of P₆₈₀, it is concluded that…

1. Аналогично, было бы желательно, чтобы

2. Совершенно аналогично этому результату мы могли бы доказать

3. Это выражение совершенно аналогично тому, что было получено для –

4. Это практически аналогично-

Оценивать -appraise, estimate, evaluate, appreciate, judge

не отмечены в словаре: calculate, consider, assess

	assess	IMPACT OBJECTIVES SIGNIFICANCE ASPECTS ACTIVITY IMPORTANCE QUALITY RISK DEGREE VALIDITY AMOUNT ASSESSMENT STRENGTH CHANGES INFLUENCE DAMAGES COST
	evaluate	PRACTICE APPROACH RESEARCH EFFECTIVENESS EFFICACY INFORMATION STUDIES EFFECTS ABILITY POTENTIAL EFFECTS PROGRESS EFFECT ORDER IMPACT
	Estimate	NUMBERPROPORTIONPREVALENCEVALUE DISEASE ACTIVITY DOSE EQUIVALENCENUMBERS OFCOSTDEGREE LEVELMAGNITUDEPOTENTIAL RATEDOMINANCE PROPORTIONSFIGURES FOR

 

Article Paper Essay Book Study

Is about Is concerned with Is devoted to deals with aims (N) (to V) represents will be(is) centred on raises will examine introduces provides (N) (the reader with N) considers (N) emphasizes (N)

The analysis (comparative analysis) Issues (following issues) A wide range of problems Anything you are going to talk about;-) Questions(a number of questions) Relations between The discussion

 

Analyze Collect Provide Interpret Include Obtain Record Get Derive Deduce

Data

Body of data/evidence Abundant data Basic data Available data Empirical data Reliable data Comparative data Experimental data

Synonyms Information Facts Statistics Findings Results Evidence Case (a strong case can be made for the hypothesis that…)

 

• Many hypotheses regarding something appear to be ill-defined / unfounded / not well grounded /unsupported / questionable / disputable / debatable

American Psychological Association (APA)

Modern Language Association (MLA)

Chicago Manual of Style

American Medical Association (AMA)

 

IV. Some useful phrases

Как указать на цель статьи

1. In this report / paper / review / study we …

2. This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …

3. This paper examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …

4. This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to …

5. The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …

6. X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …

7. The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …

8. The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …

9. This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …

10. With this in mind / Within the framework of these criteria / In this context we tried to …

11. We undertook this study / initiated this research / developed this methodology to …

12. We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …

13. We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …

Гипотеза исследования

1. We hypothesized that...

2. We tested the hypothesis that...

3. We asked whether...

4. To answer this question,...

5. This prompted us to investigate whether...

6. To resolve this apparent difference...

7. We solved this problem by...

8. The purpose of our study was...

9. To the best of our knowledge / As far as we know / We believe that no other authors have found that x = y.

10. It would seem / appear that …

11. Our findings would seem to show / demonstrate / suggest / imply that x = y.

12. This factor may be responsible / is probably responsible / could well be responsible for thisresult.

13. Presumably / We hypothesize / I argue that this factor is …

 

Наша группа вк и на fb называется English for biologists

Запись лекций – bio.msu.ru

Как написать статью на английском языке и избежать типичных ошибок

Шарапкова А. А.

[e-mail]

I. Хорошая и плохая статья

- A "good paper", needs to "present a new idea in an easy to understand way". (M. Chang)

Простая ≠ утверждающая всем известные истины, повторяющая уже сделанное ранее

Понятная ≠ элементарная по содержанию, избегающая сложных вопросов или спорных моментов.

Хорошая статья предполагает ответственное отношение автора к своему читателю, иными словами, хорошая статья это результат работы автора, который сделал все возможное для того, чтобы облегчить ее понимание потенциальному читателю.

The paper has to be proofread by many different people, rewritten, and edited many, many, many times. Most papers are difficult to understand because they are just written, not edited.

- - это джунгли: «Повторяю еще раз: очень важна ЯСНОСТЬ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЯ. Редактор не должен ПРОРУБАТЬСЯ сквозь текст, как через амазонские джунгли. Надо писать – ЯСНО, ОБЪЕКТИВНО, ТОЧНО, КРАТКО!» (I. van S. Из Elsevier)

- это лед: «Энергия читателя конечна, и пока он пробирается сквозь лингвистическое воплощение вашей идеи и пытается понять – а где здесь глагол, а где здесь придаточное, а к чему это относится, его энергия заканчивается и содержание начинает волновать в меньшей степени»

- это одежда не по размеру, Keep working until your outline fits your idea like a glove.

“bad style is like high heels for fencing- horrid and useless”

- это мутная вода: «It is extremely important, as a well-ordered sentence makes meaning clear and concise, whereas a badly ordered sentence makes the reader (and marker) work very hard to understand the meaning like to see the sun through the clouded waters»