Ex.7. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Это была одна из историй, которые часто рассказывала нам мать.2. Он не мог забыть ту грустную историю, которую рассказала ему старуха.3. Обещанная помощь не приходила.4. Я поговорил с одним из студентов, принимавших участие в конференции два года назад.5. Здесь уже давно нет дороги, которая раньше вело к озеру.6. Мне сказали, что женщина сидевшая в коридоре, ждала директора.

 

Ex.8. Join each of the following sentences, using either participle I or participle II.

1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.2. She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off.3. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.4. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk.5. They found the money. They began quarreling about how to divide it.6. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking.7. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner.8. He stole the silver. He looked for a place to hide it.9. I didn’t like to sit down. I knew that there were ants in the grass.10. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn’t like to go any further without a light.

Unit 7

Theme:THERMODYNAMICS

Grammar: Conjunctions

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises.

Students should be better at discussing human rights.

Students should know the rule of Infinitive Constructions and fulfill grammar exercises.

 

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during two lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Rocket engines engineering”.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Rocket engines engineering”.

Define the basic styles in rocket engineering and its role in our country. Discuss in groups “High energy automatic systems engineering”.

Grammar: Introduce and practice The Complex Subject. Revise the use of Continuous and Perfect Tenses.

 

 

THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics is that branch of physics which deals with the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy and the reverse process of transforming heat into work.

The production of heat by mechanical means may be illustrated by the phenomenon of friction. For example, fire may be started while rubbing together two sticks of wood. Heat is developed when compressing a gas. The transformation of heat into work may be illustrated by operation of a steam or gas engine by means of which heat may be transformed into mechanical energy.

So a heat engine is a machine for transforming heat into mechanical energy, the most important of the practical heat engines being the steam engine and the internal combustion engines.

To transform energy from any of its numerous forms into heat is a comparatively simple process. To transform heat into work is a different matter. Experience shows that any actual physical process, as the change of state of a system, is irreversible and is accompanied by a frictional effect. A strictly reversible frictionless process being an ideal, it may be approached but never attained. In the case of the ideal reversible process, there is no change in the quantity of available energy. But an actual irreversible process is always accompanied by a decrease of the amount of energy available for transformation. All transformations of energy are subject to two far-reaching laws:

1) The general law of conservation of energy, of which the following is a statement: the total energy of an isolated system remains constant and cannot be increased or diminished by any physical process whatever.

2) The law of degradation of energy. According to this law, the result of any transformation of energy is the reduction of the quantity of energy that may be usefully transformed into mechanical work.

The first law of thermodynamics is merely the law of conservation applied to the transformation of heat into work. It may be stated as follows: when work is expended in producing heat the quantity of heat generated is equivalent to the work done. And conversely, when heat is employed to do work, a quantity of heat precisely equivalent to the work done disappears.

The second law of thermodynamics is essentially the law of degradation of energy. Whereas the first law gives a relation that must be satisfied in any transformation of energy, it is the second law that gives information regarding the possibility of transformation and the availability of a given form of energy for transformation into work. A general statement of the second law is: «No change in a system of bodies that takes place of itself can increase the available energy of the system».

Упражнение 6. Опираясь на содержание прочитанного текста, закончите предложе-ния, используя предлагаемые варианты.

1. A heat engine is...

a) a machine for transforming heat into mechanical energy.

b) a machine for defining the amount of mechanical energy.

c) a machine for solving physical problems.

2. The production of heat by mechanical means may be illustrated by...

a) the phenomena of potential energy of a body which it possesses due to its position.

b) the phenomena of conservation of energy which can neither be created nor destroyed in any physical effects.

c) the phenomena of friction.

3. The first law of thermodynamics is...

a) the law of degradation of energy.

b) the law of conservation of energy.

c) the law of transformation of energy.

Упражнение 7. Расположите предложения в той последовательности, в которой они даны в тексте.

1. The production of heat by mechanical means may be illustrated by the phenomenon of friction.

2. Experience shows that any actual physical process is irreversible and is accompanied by frictional effect.

3. Whereas the first law gives a relation that must be satisfied in any transformation of energy, it is the second law that gives information regarding the possibility of transformation.

4. Thermodynamics is that branch of physics which deals with the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy and the reverse process.

5. A heat engine is a machine for transforming heat into mechanical energy.

Упражнение 8. Используя материал текста, ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does thermodynamics deal with?

2. The phenomenon of friction is the illustration of the production of heat by mechanical means, isn't it?

3. What are the most important heat engines?

4. Are there two or three laws of transformation of energy?

5. Will you explain the essence of the 1^st law of thermodynamics?

6. What does the law of degradation of energy state?

Упражнение 9. Составьте план по прочитанному тексту и перескажите текст согласно этому плану.

Упражнение 10. Скажите, каким образом вы можете использовать информацию, содержащуюся в тексте, при работе по специальности?

Grammar: Conjunctions.

1. Co-ordinating conjunctions: and, but, both … and, or, either … or, neither.. nor, not only.. but also. These conjunctions join pairs of nouns/ adjectives/ adverbs/ verbs/ phrases/ clauses. He plays squash and rugby. He works quickly but accurately. He can’t (either) read and write. He can neither nor write. Not only men but also women were chosen.

· Besides (preposition) means ‘in addition to’. It precedes a noun/ pronoun/ gerund: Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.

· However (conjunct) usually means ‘but’. Itprecedes its adjective/ adverb: You couldn’t earn much, however hard you worked.

· Otherwise (conjunct) means ‘if not/or else’. We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a seat.

· So (conjunct) precedes its clause: Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi.

· Therefore can be used instead of so in formal English” There is fog at Heathrow; the plane, therefore, has been diverted.

· Still means ‘admitting that/ nevertheless’. Yet means ‘in spite of that/ all the same/ nevertheless’.

· Though means ‘but or yet’: He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.

1. Subordinating conjunctions: if, that, unless, when etc. These conjunctions introduce subordinate adverb or noun.

· When, while, as used to express time. When is used, with simple tenses: When we lived in town we often went to the theatre.

· As is used when the second action occurs before the first is finished: As I left the house I remembered the key.

· While means ‘during the time that’: As he stood there he saw two men enter the bar.

 

Ex.6. Make sentences with ‘both … and … ‘, ‘neither … nor…’, and ‘either.. or … ‘ using the words in brackets.

1. We didn’t like the hotel. It was __________ (clean/ comfortable).2. I didn’t like the film. It was ____________ (boring/ long).3. I couldn’t remember his name. He was _______ (Robert? Richard).4. I wasn’t able to go on holiday that year. I’ve got _ (time/ money).5. We have tickets for Saturday concert. Which do you prefer? I don’t care, I can go _________ (Saturday/ Sunday).6. He is an ideal husband. He ________ (smoke/ drink).