By seven o'clock (до сьомої години),

By that time (до того часу),

by Monday (до по неділка),

Before (до),

after (після):

I had been to a party the evening before.— Я був на вечірці вечором раніше.

It was ten o'clock. The shop had just closed.— Були десяти година. Магазин що и но зачинили (до десятої години).

A man bought a pizza. How much had he already paid for it? — Чоловік купив піцу. Скільки він за це заплатив (раніше)?

I had written the letter by that time.— Я написав листа до того часу.

2. Дія відбулося до іншого часу (події) в минулому.

При цьому Past Perfect використовується для опису більш ранньої дії (події), а Past Indefinite - більш пізньої.

I didn't want to go to the cinema yesterday, because I had already seen the film.- Я не хотіла вчора йти в кіно, бо вже бачила це фільм.

(Тобто я бачила цей фільм раніше, до вчорашнього дня.)

 

IV. Виконання граматичних вправ.

1.Make the following interrogative and negative.

1. The pupils had translated the text before the bell rang. 2. Kate had done her lessons by eight o'clock. 3. Peter had studied English before he entered the institute. 4. The girls had cleaned the room by the time their mother came back. 5. We had reached the village before the sun set. 6. He had parked the car before the rain started. 7. The teacher had cleaned the blackboard before I read the sentence to the end. 8. I had washed all the dishes before my mother entered the kitchen. 9. I had invited them before I fell ill. 10. They had copied the text by five o'clock.

2.Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Indefinite.

1. She (to telephone) him three times but he (to leave) the city. 2. Alan (to hope) that they (not to come) yet. 3. I (to think) that he (not to refuse) to go to the theatre. 4. When he (to find) his purse, somebody (to take) money out of it. 5, You (to get) home before it (to start) raining? 6. Cathy (to say) that she (to find) this puppy in the street. 7. The room (to be) empty: everybody (to go). 8. They already (to leave) when the trouble (to start)? 9. Why you (not to recognize) him? – He (to change) a lot. 10. Jenny (to have) dinner before mother (to come)? 11. It (to be) my first time I (to fly). 12. Martin (to go) to the park before you (to arrive)? 13. When he (to be) a teenager, he (to study) guitar for two years. 14. The principal (to be angry) when he (to see) that pupils (not to leave) the classroom yet. 15. When I (to open) the door, I (to see) that he (to look) as if he just (to wake) up. 16. It (to be) his first time he (to jump) with parachute. 17. She (to have) no doubt that I (to make) a great mistake. 18. It (to be) the second time she (to make) that mistake.

3. Translate into English using Past Perfect or Past Indefinite.

1. Я неожиданно вспомнил, что забыл позвонить маме. 2. Он не знал, кто послал ему это письмо. 3. Сестра сказала мне, что посмотрела интересный фильм. 4. Он открыл глаза и увидел, что солнце уже взошло. 5. Пациент умер до того, как доктор осмотрел его. 6. Где она училась до того, как пришла работать в наш офис? 7. Я закончил переводить статью до семи часов. 8. Он не заметил, что забыл часы. 9. Мы не знали, что она звонила поздно. 10. Они добрались до своего дома до того, как пошёл снег.

 

 

V. Робота з текстом за фахом.

 

WHAT IS PATHOLOGY?

Pathology is the medical specialty concerned with the study of the nature and causes of diseases. It underpins every aspect of medicine, from diagnostic testing and monitoring of chronic diseases to cutting-edge genetic research and blood transfusion technologies. Pathology is integral to the diagnosis of every cancer.

Pathology plays a vital role across all facets of medicine throughout our lives, from pre-conception to post mortem. In fact it has been said that "Medicine IS Pathology".

Due to the popularity of many television programs, the word ‘pathology’ conjures images of dead bodies and people in lab coats investigating the cause of suspicious deaths for the police. That's certainly a side of pathology, but in fact it’s far more likely that pathologists are busy in a hospital clinic or laboratory helping living people.

Pathologists are specialist medical practitioners who study the cause of disease and the ways in which diseases affect our bodies by examining changes in the tissues and in blood and other body fluids. Some of these changes show the potential to develop a disease, while others show its presence, cause or severity or monitor its progress or the effects of treatment.

The doctors you see in surgery or at a clinic all depend on the knowledge, diagnostic skills and advice of pathologists. Whether it’s a GP arranging a blood test or a surgeon wanting to know the nature of the lump removed at operation, the definitive answer is usually provided by a pathologist. Some pathologists also see patients and are involved directly in the day-to-day delivery of patient care.

Currently pathology has nine major areas of activity. They are: anatomical pathology, chemical pathology, clinical pathology, forensic pathology, general pathology, genetic pathology, haematology, immunopathology, microbiology. These relate to either the methods used or the types of disease which they investigate.

 

 

VI. Виконання післятекстових вправ.

 

1. Підготуйте до словникового диктанту слова та словосполучення:

 

pathology – [ ] –патологія

to underpin – [ ] –

chronic – [ ] –

genetic research – [ ] –

blood transfusion – [ ] –

diagnosis – [ ] –

facets – [ ] –

to conjure – [ ] –

pathologist – [ ] –

medical practitioner – [ ] –

tissue – [ ] –

body fluid – [ ] –

surgery – [ ] –

forensic – [ ] –

haematology – [ ] –

immunopathology – [ ] –

microbiology – [ ] –

 

 

2. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

 

1. What is pathology? Describe its role in medicine.

2. How do a lot of TV programs influence our understating of pathology?

3. Describe the responsibilities of pathologists.

4. How many major areas of activity does pathology possess?

5. Enumerate major areas of activity possessed by pathology.

 

3. Стисло перекажіть текст.

 

Список літератури:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ / Т.В. Барановська. – К.: ВП Логос-М, 2008. – 384 с.

2. Верба Л.Г. Граматика сучасної англійської мови/ Л.Г. Верба, Г.В. Верба. – К: ТОВ Логос-М, 2007. – 352 с.

3.Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика: сборник упражнений/ Ю.Б. Голицынский. – 3-е изд. - СПб.: Каро, 2001. – 512 с.

 

Практичне заняття №2

Тема заняття: Відкриття рахунку в закордонному банку

План заняття

І. Робота з діалогом. Робота з вправами.

1.Read and translate the dialogue

OPENING AN ACCOUNT

 

John and Mary Brown are not very rich people, but they try to do their best to save money. Mary Brown wants to open an account in the bank, but she doesn’t know what is more profitable — to start a savings account or a current account. She decides to speak to the clerk first.В банке

M: May I open a current account?
C: Yes, of course. Do you know that no interest is paid on a current account?
M: Really? I’d better start savings account then. Is it profitable? What is the highest interest?
C: Your interest will depend on the sum of money you deposit.
M: Fine. Must I fill in any paper?
C: Yes. Fill in this form, please. Do you have your passport on you?
M: Here it is. Could I also start a credit card?
C: Suit yourself. Mrs… Brown. Sign here and put the date, please.
M: Shall I write out the amount in full?
C: By all means. Did you sign on the back?
M: Oh, no. I didn’t know I must. Is that all?
C: Yes, it is. Anything else?
M: I’d like to cash the cheque.
C: The second window on your right, please.
M: Here is the cheque. May I cash it, please?
C: Will you produce your passport, please?
M: Here it is.
C: Sign this paper here, will you?.. Fine. Here is your money.
M: Could you break this into smaller notes?
C: Unfortunately we haven’t got smaller notes left.
M: Oh, nothing to worry about. I’ll pay my rent with the money. Thank you. And where is the currency exchange?
C: The third window on your right.

2.Read and translate the given phrases. Make your own dialogues with your group mate using these phrases.

I'd like to open an account I'd like to open a personal account I'd like to open a business account Could you tell me my balance, please? Could I have a statement, please? I'd like to change some money

I'd like to order some foreign currency what's the exchange rate for euros? I'd like to cancel this standing order I'd like to cancel a cheque could I order a new chequebook, please?

 

ІІ. Робота з граматичним матеріалом: Present, Past and Future Perfect.

 

Future Perfect

I We	shall (‘ll)	have written.	I We	shall not (shan’t)	have written.	Shall	I We	have written?
Will He She It You They	have written?
He She It You They	will (‘ll)	have written.	He She It You They	will not (won’t)	have written.

Вживання:

FUTURE PERFECT вживається в тій ситуації, коли будь-яку дію буде завершено в майбутньому до певного моменту часу.

Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning. She won't be at home at 9 o'clock - she'll have gone to work. - Селі завжди йде на роботу о 8.30 ранку. В 9:00 її не буде вдома - вона (до цього часу) піде на роботу.

(Тут зазначено що до 9 години вона піде на роботу, тому використовуємо future perfect.)

We're late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. - Ми запізнюємося. Фільм вже почнеться до того часу, коли ми туди прийдемо

I don't think I'll have finished these exercises by 3 o'clock. - Я не думаю, що я закінчу ці вправи до третьої години.

ІII. Виконання граматичних вправ.

1. Make up the sentences using the Future Perfect Tense.

1) Jim/to write/the re port/by next Thursday.

2) We/to clean/ the house/by the time of your arrival tomorrow.

3) I/to prepare/ all the documents/by the beginning of the meeting tomorrow.

4) The film/to finish/by 7 o'clock tomorrow.

5) They/to decorate/the square/by the beginning of the demonstration/next week.

6) The President/to finish/the press conference/by3 o'clock tomorrow.

7) Diana/to design/your wedding dress/bynext Friday.

8) I/to move/to a new house/by Christmas».

9) You/to start/your own business/by the time you are twenty-seven.

10) My father/to repair/his car/by Thursday.

 

2.Make the sentences negative and interrogative.

1) We will have played two games of cricket by 6 o'clock tomorrow.

2) They will have left the country by next Monday.

3) She will have returned from the walk by 8 o'clock tomorrow.

4) We will have done the shopping by 5 o'clock tomorrow.

5) Martin will have passed all the exams by next Wednesday.

6) You will have known the results of the test by tomorrow evening.

7) Angela will have written the essay by Tuesday.

8) The workers will have finished decorating our house by next month.

9) The performance will have finished by 8 o'clock.

10) The weather will have changed by tomorrow evening.

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1) Janet... (to make) the cake by 3 o'clock tomorrow.

2)... Chris... (to book) a table in the restaurant by next Sunday? — Yes, he....

3) Unfortunately, Sam... (not to return) from his business trip by next Wednesday.

4)... Cindy... (to prepare) her speech by Monday? — Yes, she...,

5)... the bookkeeper... (topay) all the bills by next Friday? — No, he....

6) I... (to write) a shopping list for you by tomorrow morning.

7)... you... (to speak) to your parents by tomorrow? — Yes, I....

8)... Tom... (to pack) his rucksack by the time the bus arrives? — Yes, he....

9) I'm afraid Molly... (not to make) photocopies of all the documents by the end of the working day.

10)... we... (to reach) the camp by sunset? — I hope we....

 

4. Translate into English.

1) Майк відремонтує ваше авто до вечора вівторка.

2) Ми не завершимо цей проект до кінця цього місяця.

3) Мій юрист підготує всі необхідні документи до четверга.

4) Ви отримаєте наше повідомлення до кінця робочого дня.

5) Олена приготує вечерю до сьомої вечора? — Так, во на все приготує, а ми накриємо на стіл до сьомої вечора.

6) Хто замовить квитки на літак до понеділка? — Джон їх замовить.

7) До якого часу завтра водій привезе обладнання? — Він привезе обладнання завтра до шостої вечора,

8) Ваш секретар надрукує звіт до наступного понеділка? — Так.

9) Що шкідливіше алкоголь або сигарети?— Я гадаю, і алкоголь і сигарети шкодять здоров'ю.

10) Вона напише статтю до п'ятниці? — Hi, вона до п'ятниці щє не повернеться з відрядження.

 

IV. Робота з текстом за фахом.

 

DOWN SYNDROME

Down syndrome (DS) or Down's syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this varies widely.

Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing, or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing. Since the introduction of screening, pregnancies with the diagnosis are often terminated. Regular screening for health problems common in Down syndrome is recommended throughout the person's life.

Education and proper care have been shown to improve quality of life. Some children with Down syndrome are educated in typical school classes, while others require more specialized education. Some individuals with Down syndrome graduate from high school and a few attend post-secondary education. In adulthood, about 20% in the United States do paid work in some capacity with many requiring a sheltered work environment. Support in financial and legal matters is often needed. Life expectancy is around 50 to 60 years in the developed world with proper health care.

Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans, occurring in about one per 1000 babies born each year. It is named after John Langdon Down, the British doctor who fully described the syndrome in 1866.Some aspects of the condition were described earlier by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol in 1838 and Édouard Séguinin 1844. The genetic cause of Down syndrome—an extra copy of chromosome 21—was identified by French researchers in 1959.

 

 

V. Виконання післятекстових вправ.

1. Запишіть подані слова та словосполучення до словника, за транскрибуйте та перекладіть. Підготуйтеся до словникого диктанту.

 

Genetic disorder, chromosome, physical growth delays, pregnancy, screening, specialized education, adulthood, capacity, life expectancy, abnormality, research, IQ.

 

2. Складіть анотацію до тексту, користуючись планом.

 

3. Дайте відповіді на запитання:

 

1. What is the cause of Down Syndrome?

2. What is Down syndrome associated with?

3. Can Down syndrome be identified during pregnancy?

4. Where do children with Down syndrome study?

5. Who is John Langdon Down? what is he famous for?

6. What are the problems of people who suffer from Down syndrome?

Список літератури:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ /

Т.В. Барановська. – К.: ВП Логос-М, 2008. – 384 с.

2. Верба Л.Г. Граматика сучасної англійської мови/ Л.Г. Верба, Г.В. Верба. – К.: ТОВ Логос-М, 2007. – 352 с.

3. Гужва Т.М. Reasons to Speak. Сучасні розмовні теми / Тетяна Гужва. – Х.: Торсінг Плюс, 2006. – 320 с.

Практичне заняття №3

Тема заняття: Покупки. Товари продовольчі та промислові

План заняття

І. Робота над текстом та обговорення теми практичного заняття.

1.Read the text and prepare for the discussion.

SHOPPING

When we want to buy something, we go to a shop. There are many kinds of shops in every town or city, but most of them have a food supermarket, a department store, men's and women's clothing stores, grocery, a bakery and a butchery.

A lot of people prefer going shopping at big department stores and supermarkets. They sell various goods under one roof and this is very convenient. A department store, for example, true to its name, is composed of many departments: readymade clothes, fabrics, shoes, sports goods, toys, china and glass, electric appliances, cosmetics, linen, curtains, cameras, records, etc. You can buy everything you like there.

There are also escalators in big stores which take customers to different floors. The things for sale are on the counters so that they can be easily seen. In the women's clothing department you can find dresses, costumes, blouses, skirts, coats, beautiful underwear and many other things. In the men's clothing department you can choose suits, trousers, overcoats, ties, etc.

In the knitwear department one can buy sweaters, cardigans, short-sleeved and long-sleeved pullovers, woollen jackets. In the perfumery they sell face cream and powder, lipstick, lotions and shampoos.

In a food supermarket we can also buy many different things at once: sausages, fish, sugar, macaroni, flour, cereals, tea. At the butcher's there is a wide choice of meat and poultry. At the bakery you buy brown and white bread, rolls, biscuits.

Another shop we frequently go to is the greengrocery which is stocked by cabbage, potatoes, onions, cucumbers, carrots, beetroots, green peas and what not. Everything is sold here ready-weighed and packed. If you call round at a dairy you can buy milk, cream, cheese, butter and many other products.

The methods of shopping may vary. It may be a selfservice shop where the customer goes from counter to counter selecting and putting into a basket what he wishes to buy. Then he takes the basket to the check-out counter, where the prices of the purchases are added up. If it is not a self-service shop, and most small shops are not, the shop-assistant helps the customer in finding what he wants. You pay money to the cashier and he gives you back the change.

ІІ. Виконання післятекстових вправ.

 

2.Answer the questions:

1. What do we do when we want to buy something?
2. What kinds of shops are there in every town?
3. Where do you like to do your shopping?
4. What departments is a department store composed of?
5. Where are the things for sale?
6. What can we buy in the knitwear department?
7. What can we buy in a food supermarket?
8. What methods of shopping are there?